Ancient settlements on the site of the modern Lipetsk region appeared in the 2nd century BC, and the first Slavic settlements - around the 9th - 10th centuries. n. e. In the 16th - 17th centuries. To protect Russian borders from the attacks of the Tatars and Nogais, the fortified cities of Yelets (1146), Dankov (1563), Talitsky fort, Lebedyan (1613), Ranenburg (1638) were built. In 1635, the construction of a powerful fortified line at that time began - the Belgorod Zasechnaya Line, on which, within the modern Lipetsk region, small fortresses were also built - Dobry (1615, now the village of Dobroe), Sokolsk (northern region of modern Lipetsk) and Usman.
Since the 17th century, most cities in the Lipetsk region have lost their military significance, and a period of peaceful development begins. The reforms of Peter I gave a powerful impetus to the development of agriculture and crafts. The creation of a regular army and the construction of the Russian navy increased the need for flax, hemp, and wool. Large landowners began to specialize in sowing industrial crops and commercial livestock farming. The construction of large industrial enterprises at that time began. The first metallurgical plant was built on the Bely Kolodez River in 1693. In 1700-1712, ironworks were built, which were supposed to meet the increasing needs of the Russian army for weapons, and in 1703-1706 - the Kuzminsky anchor plant and a weapons assembly workshop. Many cities in the Lipetsk region became large trade and craft centers in the 19th century. The 20th century became a period of active development of industry and communications for the Lipetsk land.
Culture
To the most remarkable architectural monuments The Lipetsk region includes a church in the village of Talitsa (16th - 17th centuries), churches of the 18th century in the village of Veshalovka and the village of Troekurovo. In Lebedyan, the buildings of the Trinity Monastery complex (founded in 1621 by order of Patriarch Philaret, the father of Tsar Mikhail Romanov), including the remains of the Trinity Cathedral (1642-1666), heavily destroyed in the late 1920s, as well as Ilyinskaya (early 17th century. ) and Assumption (1621) churches. The ensemble of the Zadonsk Mother of God Monastery with the Assumption Church (1800) and the Vladimir Church, where the relics of one of the greatest saints, Tikhon of Zadonsk, are partially preserved.
A large number of estates have been preserved in the region: a manor house in the village of Polibino (1815 - 1825, architects A.L. Vitberg and D.I. Gilardi), where I.E. Repin, K.S. Stanislavsky, N.N. Ge; M.Yu. Lermontov visited his father’s estate Kroptovo several times, I.S. Turgenev visited Lebedyan. In the village of Lev Tolstoy (formerly Astapovo, the place of the writer’s death), a memorial monument to the great writer was erected. Lipetsk region is the birthplace of the Social Democrat G.V. Plekhanov (village of Gudalovka), traveler P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, writers E.I. Zamyatin (born in Lebedyan), M.M. Prishvina.
Museums in Lipetsk, Yelets, Dankov, Usman, Lebedyan tell about the life of famous natives of the region and the history of the Lipetsk region.
By page
Lipetsk region.
Research work.
Performed
Denisova Tatyana Anatolevna,
teacher of Russian language and literature
MBOU Secondary School No. 10ig. Mud
Gryazinsky municipal district
Lipetsk region
2015
Explanatory note.
The relevance of research - The work is dedicated to the anniversary of the formation of the Lipetsk region.
Application area– extracurricular activities, local history lessons, history lessons, literature lessons (regional component)
Age age for which the work is designed is 13-17 years old.
Forms– research work on the historical and cultural past of the Lipetsk region.
Implementation methods – scientific and practical conference, presentation of research activities, correspondence excursion to the most beautiful places in the region.
Logistics – presentation, exhibition of books dedicated to the Lipetsk region.
Target: use of national and regional opportunities in the education and upbringing of students;
revival of interest in the spiritual origin of ancestors, understanding of the enduring value of Russian folk culture and the cultural heritage of the native land;
education of patriotism.
Tasks: gain additional knowledge about the history of your region;
get acquainted with the origins of metallurgy in the Lipetsk region, the development of the Lipetsk mineral water resort; the emergence of a flight school in Lipetsk;
learn about the development of the region after the formation of the region;
get information about where the main attractions of the region are located.
Table of contents.
Introduction……………………………………………………………………pp. 4-5
From time immemorial……………………………………………………….. page 6
Century XV ΙΙ ………………………………………….…................p. 7-9
Century XV ΙΙΙ …………………………………………………......p. 10-11
Lipetsk region in the 19th century...................................................... ...p. 12-13
Lipetsk region at the beginning of the 20th century. …………………………… pp. 14-15
Lipetsk region during the Great Patriotic War ……………….... ........................................ .................... pp. 16-17
Century XX………………………………………………………… p. 18
Sights of the region………………………………...pp.19-26
Conclusion……………………………………………………………... page 27
List of used literature……………………......... pp. 28-29
Application................................................. .................................. presentation
Introduction
« Love your land, know its features,
its wealth, its history - on these best
feelings for their native places and is brought up
true patriotism..."
M.I. Kalinin.
Small Motherland is not a geographical concept, it is in the heart of each of us. The residents of Lipetsk are lucky - we not only admire the classic Russian beauty of our native land, but we treat its history with reverent respect.
The region is rich in historical and cultural monuments. In the cities and villages of the region, grateful descendants preserve the memory of the courage of the Russian people, who, by the will of fate, found themselves on the path of the Golden Horde and stopped it; about the fateful acts of Peter the Great. Our land is rich in talents who create magnificent works of art, decorative and applied arts. Products of Lipetsk craftsmen can be found in many museums in Russia and abroad. These are the finest Yelets lace, the famous clay Romanov toy, as well as a unique Lipetsk Khokhloma. (Slide 2).
People living on Lipetsk soil are proud that world-famous writers Ivan Bunin and Mikhail Prishvin, the outstanding travel scientist P.P. were born here. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky and one of the founders of aerodynamics S.A. Chaplygin, revolutionaries G.V. Plekhanov and L.P. Radin. From here, Alexei Stakhanov, an innovator in the coal industry, left along a dusty country road.
Here we grew up, learned to understand the world around us, twice Hero of Socialist Labor, Nobel Prize winner, physicist N.G. Basov and People's Artist of the USSR composer T.N. Khrennikov... The ancestors of A.S. lived here. Pushkin and M.Yu. Lermontov. L.N. spent the last days of his life here. Tolstoy.
All of them became successors to the great Russian science and culture, preserved, developed and multiplied its best achievements.
The Orthodox Church plays a significant role in preserving spirituality. Far beyond the borders of the region, and even Russia, the names of Tikhon of Zadonsk, Illarion of Troekurovsky, Feofan the Recluse, Ambrose of Optina, associated with our region, are known.
Zadonsk has become the spiritual center of Russia, where pilgrims come and come from many cities and countries.
There is a city in the Lipetsk region that is a year older than Moscow. This is “Elets – the father of Russian cities. It has about 200 architectural and historical monuments. Yelets is included in the Revival program.
Today Lipetsk is known as a major producer of steel and rolled products, juices and mineral water, and as a training center for Russian aviation pilots.
From the depths of centuries...
According to archaeologists and historians, the territory where the Lipetsk region is currently located has been inhabited since ancient times. Even before the arrival of the Mongol-Tatar army, there were the cities of Yelets, Dobrinsk (now the village of Dobroye), Dubok (now the village of Dubki, Dankovsky district), Staroye Gorodishche (village of Bogorodskoye, Dankovsky district), Vorgol (destroyed), Onuza (destroyed), Voronozh (destroyed ), Lipetsk (destroyed) and others. During the Mongol-Tatar yoke, many fortified cities were destroyed.
At the very beginning of the period of fragmentation, the lands of the Lipetsk region belonged to the Chernigov principality. After 1202, that is, after the death of the Chernigov prince Igor Svyatoslavovich, the Yeletsk, Lipetsk and Vorgolsky appanage principalities arose. (Slide 3). Taking advantage of the weakness of the Chernigov principality, the Ryazan princes captured all the lands of the upper Don and the Voronezh River and annexed them to their possessions. The newly acquired territories in the south of the Ryazan Principality were subsequently assigned the name “Ryazan Ukraine”.
Ukraine (old ukraina, ukraina, in later sources outskirts) - in Rus' until the 18th century, the name of the military borderlands and lands located on the border with dangerous neighbors, similar to Western European marks (from Latin margo, “edge”). The population of these lands, subject to frequent raids, was called in Rus' Ukrainians, Ukrainians or Ukrainian people.
The territory between Oskol and Yelets was called the outskirts. In the Russian-Lithuanian treaties of the 15th century, “foreign places”, “Ukrainian places”, “Ukrainian places” are mentioned, which mean Smolensk, Lyubutsk, Mtsensk. In the agreement between two Ryazan princes in 1496, “our villages in Mordva in Tsna and in Ukraine” were named.
Century X VΙΙ…
The revival of the region began after the expulsion of the nomads. In a relatively short period of time (late 16th - early 17th centuries), fortified cities were built: Dankov, Talitsky fort, Yeletskaya fortress, Lebedyan.
In 1635, the construction of a powerful fortified line began - the Belgorod abatis line. Construction of the feature was completed by the end of the 1640s. Among the new objects are 18 fortified cities and 2 fortified areas with a system of forts, ramparts, ditches and fences in the Komaritsky volost near Sevsk and in Lebedyansky district. Within the Lipetsk region, the Belgorod abatis line included small fortresses: Sokolsk (in the northern part of Lipetsk), Dobry (Dobroye), Usman, Demshinsk, as well as many villages and hamlets. (Slide 4).
In the 17th-18th centuries, the territory of the current Lipetsk region was part of the Azov province, where the Russian fleet was born. This origin is associated with the name of Peter I. (Slide 5).
Having chosen the city of Voronezh as the location for the shipyards, Peter I was preoccupied with finding the nearest sources of metal. Rich deposits of iron ore, the abundance of forests needed for furnaces, and the presence of rivers made the Lipetsk region a center of metallurgy.
In 1692-1693, in the Romanovsky district, on the banks of the White Well, a water-powered iron smelting plant was built, which was built by Kuzma Semenovich Borin. A settlement was formed around (today the village of Borinskoye). Since 1696, Borin began supplying products to the Voronezh shipyards.
In 1700, a decision was made to create metallurgical and cannon factories on the palace lands of the Romanovsky district (center - the village of Romanovo). In 1703, near the village of Lipskoye, the first blast furnaces of the Verkhne-Lipetsk plant began to burn. The upper dam was 116 meters long, 18 meters wide and 5.5 meters high. Today its remains are the dam and pond of the Verkhne-Lipetsk plant. (Slide 6).
The construction of the plant was led by Tula master Mark Vasilyevich Krasilnikov and Ivan Timofeevich Batashov. The manager of all factories at the beginning of the 18th century was Christopher Otto. The four domnitsa had a height of 2.12 meters; they were located in the northern part of the dam. Each was designed to smelt 21 thousand pounds of pig iron per year. In the center of the dam there was a hammer factory with water wheels.
The factories used three mines - Studenetsky (Studenki village), Romanovsky (Syrsky; in the village of Syrsky) and Studenetsky (Donskoy; in the village of Donskoye). There was also a mine in Kamenny Log. (Slide 7). Today, between Gorky Street and the bridge along Tereshkova Street, you can see a funnel on the site of an ancient mine shaft. Another adit of a previously existing mine was opened during the construction of garages not far from the Church of the Transfiguration (located on Papin Street).
The enterprise expanded, and soon there were not enough hammering, drilling, and weapons workshops. We began construction of the Nizhny Plant - on the current Karl Marx Street (Lower Park). Its main workshops were commissioned in 1712. At that time, both factories had two dams, a blast furnace and weapons yards, and several hammer and drilling workshops. A village was formed next to the plant, then the settlement Lipskie Iron Plants.
In 1705, a hammer anchor plant was built in Bolshaya Kuzminka. It had weapons assembly workshops. The Kuzminsky plant, at which there was a dam 384 meters long, was a “remelting” plant - it did not have its own domain and only forged cast iron from the Verkhne-Lipetsk plant into high-quality steel. (Slide 8).
All four Lipetsk factories were under the jurisdiction of the Admiralty, and since 1743 - the Berg Collegium. In the first quarter of the 18th century, the capacity of the Lipetsk plant allowed it to produce 76 thousand pounds of cast iron per year (500 guns).
In Peter's times, 500-600 people worked at the factories, engaged in the production of metal, cannons, bombs, pistols, and muskets. Here anchors and dredges were made for the needs of the fleet. Metallurgists annually produced for Peter's army an average of more than 21 thousand tons of cast iron, about 200 tons of iron, 400 kg of wire, 500 naval guns, 1,500 fuses, 200 blunderbuss, 500 pistols.
Peter the Great's travel palace was built at the Lipetsk factories, where the Tsar stopped on his way from Moscow to Voronezh. The Tsar's Lipetsk travel palace was made of wood and consisted of only three chambers, and the walls inside were plastered with clay mixed with straw. According to archival data, wooden buildings were located on Starobazar Square, now Revolution Square. (Slides 9,10). The palace burned down in 1806.
According to Lipetsk local historians, another palace was built at the beginning of the 18th century between the current villages of Filatovka and Kuzminki near the Lipetsk-Chaplygin highway. The traveling palace itself has not been preserved, but a unique find was discovered in its place - a large casting of a section of so-called bayonet cast iron from the Lipa ironworks, as well as many household items from the Peter the Great era.
In addition to the factories, there were cloth and hat factories, which produced more than 4,000 meters of cloth, 1,800 arshins of baize, 10-20 thousand sailors’ and soldiers’ hats. There was also hosiery and leather production. To provide raw materials, sheep were raised: the number of herds reached 15 thousand heads.
Century X V ΙΙΙ…
In 1755, the Lipetsk state-owned factories were sold to Prince P.I. Repnin, who turned out to be a bad and greedy owner and brought them to complete disorder. After 16 years, the treasury bought the factories back. By 1795, fuel resources were depleted, forests were cut down, and the Lipetsk blast furnaces and forges, unable to withstand the competition of factories in southern Russia, fell into disrepair and were closed. The equipment was transported to Lugansk.
In the first decade of the 18th century, private enterprises also operated on the territory of present-day Lipetsk: 64 forges and 30 blast furnaces, but they were closed because they competed with state-owned enterprises. In Lipetsk there were 1 stone and 3 wooden churches, 2 flour mills, 6 drinking houses and 16 shops.
On March 1, 1789, the first educational institution was opened - the Small Public School, which was supported by merchant funds. The duration of training was two years, no tuition fees were paid. The subjects taught were reading and writing, arithmetic, catechism, sacred history, reading the book “On the Positions of Man and Citizen,” penmanship and drawing. Ivan Fedorovich Protopopov was appointed the first teacher. Before the opening of the school, Lipetsk mayor P.T. Burtsev reported on December 29, 1788 to the Tambov order of public charity that for the Small Public School “the house of the merchant Kirill Zabazarny has been assigned, which consists of readiness and other needs such as: tables, benches are in all repairs and children for the first time 35 people have been recruited ", and the Lipetsk society pledged to maintain the school at its own expense. The merchant's house, as it turned out, was not suitable for housing an educational institution. The following year, caretaker Koshkin and director of Tambov public schools A.A. Zhokhov was informed in the order: “The Lipetsk school is not covered and is located in a low-lying and damp place in a bad situation, the roof has collapsed,” the teacher was not given “a well-deserved salary for the Genvar, May and September thirds,” the stoves are not heated in winter, “which is why minors children felt their health was damaged and their learning had stopped.” Protopopov repeatedly appealed to the merchant society, the magistrate, the city Duma, the order of public charity and the Tambov governor with a request to put the premises in order, but the requests remained unsatisfied. Over time, the merchants also lost interest in enlightenment. On October 31, 1799, the civil society of merchants and townspeople refused to support the school. For only ten years, it was possible for young Lipetsk residents to overcome at least one step towards big science.
On September 16, 1779, by Decree of Catherine II, the Lipskiye Zavody settlement officially received the status of a district town of the Tambov governorship with the name Lipetsk. The city included two settlements - Dikinskaya and Lipetskaya, together with factories, as well as the villages - Korovino and Dikinskaya. At that time, about 6 thousand people lived here. On August 16, 1781, Lipetsk received its coat of arms. Under the Tambov provincial coat of arms (a beehive and three golden bees) there is a spreading linden tree, as a symbol of antiquity and prosperity, like the family tree of a revived city. (Slide 11).
In the 18th century, the growth of large landownership continued. The Lipetsk region, rich in black soil, became the breadbasket of the state. Subsequently, it became widely known as a mineral water resort.
Lipetsk region in the 19th centuries.
In 1806, in the wooden, chaotically built-up Lipetsk there was a big fire, after which the city began to be built according to the General Plan, with straight, wide streets and buildings made of stone and brick. (Slide 12). Noble and merchant mansions appeared on Dvoryanskaya Street (now Lenin Street). (Slide 13).
In 1805, the Lipetsk Mineral Waters resort was established, which soon gained all-Russian fame. In terms of the quality of natural healing agents - mineral waters and ferruginous mud - Lipetsk was compared with the best European resorts. Resort buildings, a hotel, and an entertainment hall were built. (Slide 14).
In 1809, a public library was opened at the resort.
In 1820, Emperor Alexander I visited the Lipetsk resort. For this event, the Tambov nobility built a wooden gallery in the Lower Park, where a ball was held on July 22, at which the emperor himself was present and took part in the dancing. Since then, the ball was given annually and was attended by nobles from neighboring provinces. In honor of the ball, illuminations and fireworks were held in the park. On the stage of the resort hall, visiting troupes gave performances based on plays by Russian and foreign playwrights. Famous musicians and actors from Moscow and St. Petersburg theaters performed on the Lipetsk stage. (Slide 15).
In 1839, in Lipetsk, at the expense of the St. Petersburg merchant Pavel Nebuchenov, who was healed at the Lipetsk resort and moved here, a memorial obelisk to Peter I was opened. Near the Lower Park, in the middle of a steep descent called Petrovsky, he threw a pointed spire high into the sky. For a provincial town this was a big event. By order of the governor, a guard was posted at the monument. Cast by master Ivan Fedorov at the Tambov Ironworks, the obelisk still has symbolic significance for the city today - its bas-reliefs reflect the history of Lipetsk. One of them depicts the forge of Hephaestus and the blacksmiths raising their hammers over a lightning arrow. Another talks about the natural resources of the region. In the center is the reclining goddess Hygeia, leaning on a vessel. Water pours from a vessel. The snake on the goddess’s chest is a symbol of the healing properties of Lipetsk mineral water. (Slide 16).
In 1867, kumys therapy was introduced at the Lipetsk resort, and in 1871, mud therapy. (Slide 17).
From 1869 to 1916, the weekly newspaper “Lipetsk Summer Leaf” was published at the resort from May 15 to September 15, which published advertisements for doctors, pharmacies, shops, as well as gossip columns. (Slide 18).
In 1891, the Golden Alley of the Lower Park, leading from the Kurhaus to the Petrovsky Pond, was illuminated for the first time with electric lights. (Slide 19).
Lipetsk region at the beginning of the 20th century.
In general, despite the fact that the Lipetsk resort also saw periods of decline, it was extremely popular among the capital’s nobility, especially during periods of numerous wars, when it was unpatriotic to visit European resorts. In 1907, at the World Exhibition in Belgium, the Lipetsk resort was awarded the Grand Prix Diploma, and six years later received the highest award at the All-Russian Hygienic Exhibition in St. Petersburg.
On May 18, 1911, the small county town of the Tambov province of Lipetsk was visited by the youngest and most beloved son of Emperor Alexander III, Mikhail. (Slide 20).
By 1917, Lipetsk was a provincial town, like thousands of other small towns in the Russian Empire. (Slide 21).
In January 1918, Lipetsk became the base of one of the six air squadrons created in Soviet Russia. At the Lipetsk Higher Flight Technical School, 300 Heroes of the Soviet Union, 7 air marshals, and 13 cosmonauts improved their flying skills. The German aviation school "Star" was located in Lipetsk. Legend claims that Goering himself studied here before the war. (Slide 22).
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the metallurgical life of the city revived again. In 1902, with the participation of Belgian capital, the construction of two blast furnaces was completed, which laid the foundation for the Svobodny Sokol metallurgical plant, which produced the first cast iron on July 15, 1902, and in 1931 another giant was founded - the Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant (NLMZ, now Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant - NLMK), which began operations on November 7, 1934. The construction of a metallurgical enterprise, conceived as a plant with a full metallurgical cycle, became a turning point in the biography of Lipetsk. It was NLMK that brought Lipetsk world fame as an industrial center. (Slides 23,24).
Since the 30s, Lipetsk has transformed from a small provincial town surrounded by greenery into a large industrial center of the Black Earth Region. In 1943, a decision was made to build the Lipetsk Tractor Plant, which was awarded orders and awards more than once. (Slide 25).
Lipetsk region during the Great Patriotic War
(Slide 26). During the Great Patriotic War, the Nazis twice invaded the Lipetsk region. The first time was in October 1941, when the front was approaching the Lipetsk region. On the territory of the Lipetsk Territory, Soviet soldiers fought stubborn defensive battles against the advancing Nazi hordes. After the capture of Efremov, the Germans launched an attack on Lebedyan, Yelets, Zadonsk and Kastornoye. The bloodiest battle was for the Yelets railway junction, which was of great strategic importance on the distant approaches to Moscow. The Nazis threw part of the second army at Yelets - a large railway junction, from where roads went in five directions. The enemy concentrated three infantry divisions on a narrow section of the front. However, using significant superiority in manpower and equipment, German troops on the evening of December 3, 1941 met Soviet troops on the outskirts of the city. The struggle continued with the same ferocity within him. Until ten o'clock in the evening on December 3, the city communications department and the power plant were working. On the night of December 3–4, the enemy captured the city. (Slide 27).
In November and early December, the Nazis occupied fully or partially the Izmalkovsky, Dolgorukovsky, Stanovlyansky, Yeletsky, Terbunsky and Volovsky districts.
On July 7, 1941, a fighter battalion was organized at the Lipetsk city department of the NKVD. The city is declared under martial law. Battalion detachments guarded factories and institutions; caught spies and saboteurs. Their headquarters was located on Revolution Square. In 1941, the 591st aviation fighter regiment was formed in Lipetsk. (Slide 28).
In July 1942, the fascist German command launched large offensive operations towards Stalingrad and the Caucasus. They began on June 28 with an offensive in the Voronezh direction. Soviet troops, under pressure from superior enemy forces, were forced to retreat to the east. In July, fascist troops again invaded our region. They occupy part of the Volovsky and current Terbunsky districts. This time the Nazis were in our region for about 7 months. On January 24-26, 1943, the troops of the Voronezh and Bryansk fronts went on the offensive. The occupied territory of what is now the Lipetsk region, part of the Voronezh and Kursk regions, was liberated from the Nazis. (Slide 29).
The invaders were finally expelled from this land in 1943. Like the entire country, cities and villages suffered irreparable losses. (Slide 30). Of the 246 thousand residents of the districts and cities that were part of the Lipetsk region who were called up, 128.5 thousand people did not return from the war. The high appreciation of the military exploits of fellow countrymen of the Lipetsk region is evidenced by the fact that for their exploits in the Great Patriotic War, 173 of them were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. (Slide 31).
Century XX...
Directly as a subject of the Federation, the region was formed by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on January 6, 1954 from the districts of five neighboring regions. (Slides 32, 33).
The region included: from the Voronezh region: the city of Lipetsk, Borinsky, Vodopyanovsky, Grachevsky, Gryazinsky, Dmitryashevsky, Dobrinsky, Lipetsk, Molotovsky, Talitsky, Usmansky, Khvorostyansky and Khlevensky districts; from the Oryol region - the city of Yelets, Volynsky, Dolgorukovsky, Yeletsky, Zadonsky, Izmalkovsky, Krasninsky, Stanovlyansky, Chernavsky and Chibisovsky districts; from the Ryazan region - Berezovsky, Voskresensky, Dankovsky, Dobrovsky, Kolybelsky, Lebedyansky, Lev-Tolstovsky, Troekurovsky, Trubetchinsky and Chaplyginsky districts; from the Kursk region - Bolshe-Polyansky, Volovsky and Terbunsky districts.
Now in the Lipetsk region there are 18 rural districts, 8 cities and 4 urban districts in the city of Lipetsk.
On July 4, 1967, the Lipetsk region was awarded the Order of Lenin for its success in the development of the national economic complex.
The area of the region is 24.1 thousand km². According to this indicator, the region ranks 71st in Russia and last among the 5 regions of the Central Black Earth economic region.
Population - 1176 thousand people (2011) - 3rd place in the Central Black Earth economic region and 45th in Russia. (Slide 34).
Sights of the region.
The territory of the Lipetsk region has preserved a rich historical and cultural heritage. A significant part of it is represented mainly by architectural monuments that are located in the cities of the region. They convey the unique atmosphere of the Russian province. The former “noble nests” of the Stakhovichs, Muromtsevs, Nechaevs, Khvostovs, Kozhins and others are of interest. The true architectural masterpieces of the Lipetsk region are many spiritual shrines - city and rural churches, as well as several monastery ensembles, including the well-known Zadonsky Bogoroditsky, Troekurovsky Ilarionovsky, Sezyonovsky St. John of Kazan, Yeletsky Znamensky, Lebedyansky Trinity monasteries. The natural “masterpieces” are unique: Galichya Mountain, Plyushchan, Vorgol Rocks, Morozova Mountain, exceptional in their picturesqueness and richness of flora and fauna.
Tourism is becoming one of the key areas of development of our region. We invite you to a virtual tour of the sights of our region.
Galichya Mountain.
Galichya Mountain is one of the smallest and most unique nature reserves not only in the Lipetsk region, but throughout the world. Now the total area of the unusual place is 230 hectares. It consists of several remote tracts of the Lipetsk region: Galichya Gora (19 ha), Morozova Gora (100 ha), Plyushchan forest tract (39.5 ha), Bykova Sheya (30.1 ha), Vorgol rocky tract ( 30 hectares) and Voronov Kamen (11.4 hectares).
The main object of protection in this beautiful place is the rare flora, groups of petrophytes on outcrops of ancient limestone and typical forest-steppe communities. The reserve is famous for its incredibly rich and unique fauna and vegetation. Linden forests, rocks, sedge and feather grass steppes, oak groves and upland birch forests, which are part of the Galichya Mountain, form bright plant groups and are considered the standards of nature in the Lipetsk region.
Today, 100 estates have been preserved in the region, which have artistic, aesthetic, scientific, educational and practical significance. (Slide 35).
Museum-Estate "Dolgorukovsky Region" .
The estate museum is located in the Dolgorukovsky district of the Lipetsk region. “Dolgorukovsky Land” is not only a collection of local history rarities; a variety of things are stored in this unique and beautiful place: an iconostasis-installation with unusual stucco molding - papier-mâché, which has nothing to do with the monastery.
The territory of the museum-estate is a continuation of the collection of various rarities: the bell tower on which Kozma Prutkov sits and looks towards the Zhemchuzhnikovs’ estate, a rock-barn with indications of grandiose battles - Borodino, Kulikovo, Poltava, Grunwald, “The Shelter of Boyarina Morozova”. Rurik, Olga Razumovskaya, and Prince Dolgorukov are also here. In the courtyard of the museum there was also a place for General Ivan Rusiyanov, a hero of the Great Patriotic War. (Slide 36).
Znamenskoye estate.
The owners of the Znamenskoye estate (now the village of Veshalovka, Lipetsk district) throughout the 18th century were the Tatishchevs. The Church of the Sign was built from 1768 to 1784 at the expense of Y.A. Tatishchev, son of Tsar Peter I’s favorite orderly A.D. Tatishcheva. The author of the project is believed to have been the famous Russian architect Vasily Bazhenov. The basis for this judgment was the features of the architectural techniques used by the author. Moreover, it is known that the cousin of the owner of the estate, Y.A. Tatishchev Pyotr Alekseevich Tatishchev (1730-1801) was a member of the board of trustees of Moscow University. In 1765 he paid off the debt to V.I. Bazhenov Academy of Arts for his retirement trip to Europe. However, no documents have yet been found confirming Bazhenov’s involvement in construction in Znamensky (Veshalovka).
At the beginning of the 19th century, the rich Lipetsk landowners Kozhins became the owners of Znamensky. Mikhail Ivanovich Kozhin begins construction of a manor palace, laying out a huge park with terraced ponds and an orchard. From the palace, which resembled a medieval castle and was destroyed after the revolution, only part of the corner tower has survived today.
Restoration work has been underway at the Church of the Sign since 1987. In 1999-2003, a large volume of repair and restoration work was carried out on the facades of the monument under the supervision of architect N.N. Smirnov and the State Directorate for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of the Lipetsk Region. The interiors of the temple have been prepared for painting, and landscaping of the territory has begun. (Slide 37).
Borkovo Castle
The Borki estate is one of the most beautiful and interesting places in the Lipetsk region. This is the only historical monument in the Lipetsk region, made in the English Gothic style. The palace ensemble was built in 1902-1903. designed by the famous architect A. I. von Gauguin. Stylized as a medieval estate with loopholes, it included a main house, services, a beautiful park and a pond.
The castle was intended for Prince A.V. Romanov, but he practically never visited these places. A few years later, in 1915, the estate was sold to the landowner Sheremetyev, and in 1917 the castle was plundered by vandals. Currently, the castle belongs to S. A. Gribanov and since 2009, work has been underway to restore the entire estate complex. (Slide 38).
Grand Ducal Church .
In the city of Yelets, Lipetsk region, there is a majestic and beautiful Grand Ducal Church, built in 1882-1913. designed by architects E. I. Vilfart and A. S. Kaminsky. The temple was attached to a chapel erected in memory of Alexander II, who was killed by the Narodnaya Volya.
On the north side of the church, a house of charity was built in memory of the Romanovs. In the southwestern part of the house there is a decorative tower, completed with a spire covered with beautiful golden tiles. The western and southern facades are richly decorated with glazed ceramic tiles. On the street side, the House of Charity and the Grand Ducal Church are surrounded by a common fence and form a single architectural complex, designed in the Art Nouveau style. (Slide 39).
Stakhovichi Estate
15 kilometers north of Yelets in the village. Palna-Mikhailovka, is the estate of the noble family of Stakhovich. In 1820, a wooden manor house was built here in the style of Russian classicism. In 1907 it burned down, and in 1910 a stone one was built in its place, which has survived to this day. The manor park, spread out on both sides of the Palna River, has survived.
Another landmark of Palna is the church-mausoleum in the form of a rotunda with a portico and a dome on a drum, built according to the plan of the Moscow architect D.I. Gilardi.
Palna-Mikhailovka gained all-Russian fame in connection with the economic, social and cultural activities of the first Palna natives - the brothers Mikhail Alexandrovich and Alexander Alexandrovich Stakhovich.
Mikhail Alexandrovich is known as a poet and playwright, writer, musician-theorist, local historian and public figure. Alexey Alexandrovich Stakhovich is the author of theatrical and literary memoirs.
At different times, prominent cultural figures visited this rich noble estate: A.S. Pushkin, L.N. Tolstoy, I. Repin, K. Stanislavsky and others (Slide 40).
Lotarevo estate.
Under the leadership of Prince L.D. Vyazemsky, from the 70s of the 19th century, to the north of the village of Korobovki in the current Gryazinsky district, the vast landowner estate of Lotarevo began to be created. A large princely house was built here, an English park with sculptural groups and fountains and a garden were laid out. The estate had its own power plant, which provided lighting for 500 light bulbs and the operation of fountains in the park. The estate had a utility yard, which housed a cowshed, a poultry house, a pigsty, a dairy barn, a livestock barn, workshops, a stud farm, barns, a glacier, a working stable, greenhouses and other buildings.
The boundaries of the estate were lined with forest belts, the planting material for which was taken from their own tree nurseries. A ten-field crop rotation was introduced on the estate. Five large ponds with dams and spillways were built. They irrigated 150 acres of fields and gardens. The estate had 3,700 acres of land.
Thanks to the proper organization of field cultivation, the estate received high and stable crop yields, despite the occasional drought. The estate had 1,700 head of dairy cows of the Swiss breed, 2,500 head of Merino sheep of the Ramboulier breed, 500 head of Yorkshire pigs. There was our own stud farm for Oryol trotters. Percheron, half-breed and Arden horses were bred for economic purposes. The estate had its own reserve “Lotarevskaya Steppe” - 200 hectares of unplowed virgin feather grass from time immemorial. It was used only for walking the horses of the own stud farm. All fields of the estate are planted with forest belts, multi-field crop rotations and irrigated agriculture are introduced.
Under Prince L.D. Vyazemsky, on his family estate "Lotarevo", organized one of the best stud farms of Oryol trotters in Russia. The estate was recognized as one of the most prosperous farms in Russia. (Slide 41).
The bridge built by Prince Vyazemsky in the 19th century (Knyazhnaya Baygora village).
It was built by the talented engineer Ivan Genrikhovich Gringof in 1911. And Prince Boris Leonidovich Vyazemsky financed the construction. The cost of the bridge in 1911 prices was 20 thousand rubles. The bridge layout is three spans of 15 meters each, plus coastal consoles of 2.5 m each. The supports consist of two columns connected by three horizontal and two diagonal connections. The roadway surface of the bridge - cobblestone pavement on a sandy base - has been preserved since its construction.
Testing of the new bridge began on November 10, 1911. Speaking about the construction time (3.5 months), you are once again amazed at the skill of I.G. Gringoff organized construction, his punctuality and scientific foresight, since reinforced concrete as a building material began to be used in Russia only at the beginning of the 20th century. (Slide 42).
Demetrius of Thessalonica Church.
The Church of Demetrius of Thessalonica is an Orthodox church of the Lipetsk and Yelets diocese. Located in the village of Korobovka, Gryazinsky district, Lipetsk region.
The first wooden church in Korobovka was brought from the village of Knyazhaya Baygora through the efforts of the landowner Nikolai Vladimirovich Velyaminov.
In 1879, Prince Leonid Dmitrievich Vyazemsky ordered a design for a new stone church in St. Petersburg from the famous Russian architect Maximilian Evgenievich Mesmacher. In 1879-1883. Messmacher built a new stone Demetrius Church.
In the documents of 1911 one can read: “The church is warm, stone, built in 1883 at the expense of Prince Leonid Vyazemsky. The throne is in the name of St. Great Martyr Demetrius. The parish was opened in 1841. In the family crypt of the Vyazemsky princes there is a sculptural work of white marble icon “The Lamentation of the Virgin Mary”, in the natural size of a person, the work of the famous professor of the Royal Academy of Arts in Rome Masini.” The crypt was located in the chapel of St. Lydia under the altar of the temple. Saint Lydia was considered the heavenly patroness of the daughter of Leonid Vyazemsky. The Vyazemskys and their closest relatives, the Velyaminovs, were buried in the crypt. From the crypt there was an underground passage to the burials of earlier years. The entrance to the crypt was from the temple. Vyazemsky acquired the sculptural marble group “Lamentation of the Virgin Mary” during his trip to Italy. Now this sculpture is in the storerooms of the Hermitage in St. Petersburg. The temple had an oak carved iconostasis, as well as a copper chandelier weighing 52 pounds. 64 candles were inserted into it, which, as they burned, independently moved outward using special springs.
On the bell of the Demetrius Church there was an inscription taken from the epigraph to Schiller’s “The Bell”: “Vivas voco, Mortuos plango. Fulgura frango" (“I call the living, I remember the dead, I hum in the fire”), to which Prince Vyazemsky added - “I save people in a snowstorm.”
An iron fence was built around the temple, and inside it were two schools with apartments for teachers. Both schools were also built at the expense of Leonid Vyazemsky. Before the First World War, in the church fence, Prince B.L. Vyazemsky built another school.
The church operated until 1938. Then it was closed.
On May 24, 2011, the grand opening of a memorial plaque to L.D. took place on the façade of the church. Vyazemsky. It is written on the board: “In the crypt of the Church of St. Demetrius of Thessalonica, its creator, a prominent statesman of Russia, hero of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878, cavalry general, Prince Leonid Dmitrievich Vyazemsky, 08/19/1848 - 11/24/1909, is buried.” (Slide 43).
Conclusion.
Take a look at the map of the European part of Russia. In its center, between fifty-second - fifty-four degrees of northern latitude and thirty-eighth - forty degrees of east longitude, the Lipetsk region lies in an irregular pentagon. Our region is one of the youngest administrative entities on the map of the Russian Federation, created on January 6, 1954 from parts of neighboring regions. The Lipetsk region combines Voronezh hospitality, Ryazan patriarchy, Kursk valor, and Oryol thoroughness. And if we take into account that previously our lands were part of the Tambov province, then without exaggeration we can say that our small homeland is the heart of Russia!
Having followed the history of the region, starting from ancient times and ending with the 21st century, it can be argued that the past and present of the Lipetsk region are interesting and educational.
The territory of the Lipetsk region has preserved a rich historical and cultural heritage. Lines by A.S. are dedicated to many places in the region. Pushkina, M.Yu. Lermontov, I.S. Turgeneva, I.A. Bunina. (Slide 44).
There is such a land
What is ringed by Koltsov’s song,
Blue-eyed Ryazan,
Nightingale Kursk Bulge.
There is such a land -
Flesh from the flesh of Orel and Tambov,
What has become supreme
Both our homeland and our destiny
And whatever the winds
We were not greeted with a chest,
Ancestors will be with hope
Look after us.
There is no higher homeland
No love, no sadness
No joy, no light
There is no homeland.
B. M. Shalnev.
Literature.
Andrievsky A.E. "Historical and statistical description of the Tambov diocese. 1911."
Astakhov, V.V. Protected nature of the Lipetsk region: At the turn of the millennium / V.V. Astakhov, Yu.V. Dyukarev, V.S. Sarychev. - Lipetsk: Photo-Prof-TASS, 2000.
Vodarsky Ya.E. Population of Russia at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century. // Historical archive. 1959.
Vyazemsky // Lipetsk Encyclopedia: in 3 volumes / ed.-comp. B.M. Shalnev, V.V. Shakhov. - Lipetsk, 1999. - T.1.
Danilov V. Exemplary owners of the Lotarevo estate / / Lipetsk Land: historical heritage: culture and art / ch. ed. A.M. Tarunov. - M, 2003.
Spiritual and contractual letters of the great and appanage princes of the XIV-XVI centuries. M.-L., 1950 (DDG).
Zhirova, I. A. Essays on the history of entrepreneurship in the Lipetsk region at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century / I. A. Zhirova, O. N. Fedorova. - Lipetsk: Center for Printing, 2006.
Land of Lipetsk: historical heritage: culture and art / ed. A. M. Tarunov. - M.: Scientific Information Publishing Center, 2003.
Martynov A.F. From the past of the Lipetsk region / A.F. Martynov, V.M. Zhdanov. - Lipetsk: Book. Publishing house, 1959.
Melikhov F. Peter I in Lipetsk / F. Melikhov // Cradle of the Fleet. - Lipetsk, 1995.
Lipetsk. A look through time: walks around the city and region / author. text by E. Makhanko; ph. P. Chaykin. - Voronezh: New Look, 2012.
Lipetsk region: Catalog of cultural heritage / comp. N. D. Ivashova [and others]. - M.: NIITsentr, 2008.
Lipetsk Encyclopedia / comp. V. V. Shakhov, B. M. Shalnev. - Lipetsk: Lipetsk Publishing House; Ryazan: Galion, 2000. - T. 2. - ISBN 5-221-00168-3.
Samotsvetov I.A. "Reference book on the Tambov diocese for 1876."
Shipbuilding and metallurgy in the Lipetsk region: History. Traditions. Modernity / ed. L. Katerinkina, comp. L. Loshkareva. - Lipetsk: Orius, 1998
Tambov province. List of populated places according to data from 1862. Published by the Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. [Processed by senior editor A. Artemyev]. St. Petersburg: Karl Wulff Printing House, 1866.
Electronic resources
State Archive of Contemporary History of the Lipetsk Region.
Materials from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia.
Site materials: Princes Vyazemsky on Lipetsk land, Lipland, Portal of Lipetsk network resources "First Lipetsk".
RIA Novosti http://ria.ru/tags/location_Lipeckaja_oblast/#13861660179314&message=resize&relto=login&action=removeClass&value=registration#ixzz2mW02SCL3
Yandex photos.
Department of Education and Science of the Lipetsk Region
Lipetsk Institute for Educational Development
Yelets State University named after.
Regional culture
Lipetsk region
from ancient times to the endXVIIIcentury
Textbook for students in grades 6 and 7
Lipetsk 2011
BBK 63.3(2R – 4 LI) I 721
Regional culture.
Lipetsk region from ancient times to the end of the 18th century.
Textbook for students in grades 6 and 7, 212 p.
Scientific adviser:
, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Russian History and Archeology, Yelets State University. .
Reviewers:
, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History and Archeology, Yelets State University. .
, candidate of historical sciences, associate professor, chairman of the Lipetsk regional organization of the Union of Writers “Military Commonwealth”, academician of the Petrovsky Academy of Sciences and Arts (PANI).
, methodologist at the Department of Humanitarian Education at the Lipetsk Institute for Educational Development (LIRO).
Gorbunova G. I ., history teacher, Honored Teacher of the Russian Federation, Deputy Director for educational work of North Kazakhstan boarding school of III–IV types.
Historical material, documents, excerpts from works of fiction, colorful, tasteful and appropriately selected illustrations, a variety of non-standard, creative and problematic tasks for schoolchildren - all of the above indicates that the manual was created at a high methodological level.
The manual contains great cognitive, developmental and educational potential, which is one of the leading advantages of the work.
The educational material traces the close integration of the history of the Fatherland and the native land, and a synthesis of the foundations of historical science and culture is carried out.
The manual is relevant and timely; it can be useful for teachers teaching local history modules not only historical, but also literary, geographical and artistic.
Introduction. 4
Archaeological map. ............................................................................6
Part one. Our region from ancient times to the 30s. XVI century.7
§ 1– 2. Our region during the period of stone and early metal. 7
§ 3. Early Iron Age in our area. 12
§ 4. The territory of the Upper Don as part of Ancient Rus'.................16 § 5. Our region during the period of feudal fragmentation.............. .........20
§ 6. “The past fate of the native land.” A. Pushkin................................22
Repetition. Rus' and our region in the 13th century.................................................... .....26
§ 7. “Rus' has languished in captivity” V. Gilyarovsky…………………………......28
§ 8. “Over the Kulikovo field there are calls to battle!” M. Belyaev 31
§ 9. Lights of the Russian land. 38
§ 10. “The graves of the Slavs will rise like mounds of glory...” A. Surkov 43
§ 11. Annexation of the Yelets principality to Moscow. 48
Final review of the first part. 53
Literature for additional reading........62
Answers........................................................ ...................................................78
Literature................................................. ...........................................79
Part two. Our region in the 16th – 18th centuries………………………. 80
TO art. Our region in the 16th – 17th centuries. ….................................................. 80
§ 12. Guarding the southern borders of Russia in the 16th – 17th centuries. 81
§ 13. Our land in the Time of Troubles. 86
§ 14. Creation of the Belgorod serif line.. 89
§ 15. Cities - fortresses of the Lipetsk region. . .......................................... 91
§ 16. From the history of small towns. 94
§ 17. Lands of the Romanovs and other patrimonial lands in our region. 98
§ 18–19. “Architecture is also a chronicle of the world...” N. Gogol …101
§ 20. Our region during the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich......10 7
Repetition. Russia and our region in the 16th–17th centuries………………....§ 21. “Sea vessels to be”........................ ....................................114
Map. Industry in the XVII–XVIII centuries.................................... 120
§ 22–23. The birth of the first factories in Lipetsk…………. . ......................121
§ 24. From the history of the “orange city”. 126
§ 25. . "Don Liberia". ......131
§ 26. The role of Peter I in our region.................................................... ......137
Our region from ancient times to the 30s. XVI century
§ 1– 2. Our land in the depths of centuries
The hunters silently followed the trail
And they opened the battle with a loud cry,
And completed a difficult victory
Light pattern, fine carving.
Valentin Berestov
How did people of the modern world learn about the past? In this they are helped by various sciences, which have a variety of sources. The oldest of them – material monuments, science studies them archeology (translated from Greek archeos – ancient, logos – word)– science of antiquity.
There are about 2,000 archaeological sites in the Lipetsk region, but there are many more. Their number increases every year as the study of their native land continues.
Archaeological sites of all eras have been found on the territory of the Lipetsk region, starting from the time of the Upper (early) Paleolithic and ending with the late Middle Ages.
Paleolithic–Old Stone Age.
On the globe, the Paleolithic began 3 million years ago and lasted until the end of the 4th millennium BC. e.
The most ancient human settlements on the territory of the Lipetsk Territory, in the Upper Don region, date back to the Upper Paleolithic (40 thousand years - 12 thousand years ago).
During the Early Paleolithic period, tundra vegetation covered our region.
Man learned to build houses, make clothes, hunted mammoth and woolly rhinoceros, reindeer, 
arctic fox and hare. Made scrapers, cutters from flint, from bone –
needles and awls, used them for sewing clothes.
At this time, it gradually developed tribal community.
The presence of people in our region during the Ice Age (about 22 thousand years BC) is evidenced by finds discovered by Leningrad archaeologists and, in the village of Gagarino, Zadonsk district, 50 km from Lipetsk.
The small village became world famous. While digging a basement by a local peasant in the summer of 1924, mammoth skull bones and a bone awl 12 cm long were discovered, which indicated the presence of man in our region in paleolithic period.
An ancient human site in the form of a round dugout up to 5.5 meters in diameter was also discovered there. It was buried half a meter into the ground, had a fireplace at the entrance and a conical roof. The inside of the dwelling was lined with stone slabs.
Flint and bone stones were found in the surrounding cultural layer.
tools, decorations made from animal teeth, pieces of mineral paint and female figurines. More than 3,000 flint tools, about 600 stone tools, and more than 100 bone items were excavated. Mammoth ivory with engraving, decorations from several fangs and incisors of an arctic fox with cut holes, two pendants made of mammoth ivory.
Findings indicate that The ancient people who lived on our territory were hunters and gatherers.
6 female figurines made from mammoth ivory deserve special attention.
232" height="165">
Neolithic – New Stone Age (5–4 thousand years BC).
Beads. Cornelian.
Novonikolsky
burial ground
The finds made during the excavations of the mound became a sensation in 2004. near the village Lenino(formerly Romanovo)Lipetsk region.
A noble woman was buried in one of the burials. Her clothes are embroidered with gold beads and small gold beads, and decorated with stamped gold plaques. A funeral canopy with gold foil appliqués depicting scenes from Iranian mythology was discovered. They are made in the Sarmatian “animal style” in the form of figurines of deer and mountain goats, located around the central figure of a bird of prey.
This is Farn – the mythical bird of good luck and happiness among Iranian-speaking nomads.
Bedspread with gold
|
applications. Reconstruction.
Kurgan near the village of Lenino
Questions and tasks:
I. ***What finds were discovered by archaeologists of the Stone and Early Metal Period? What do they indicate?
II. What changes took place in the life of ancient people?
III. Test yourself by completing a test paper.
For every two questions you answer correctly, you get a point.
In total: for 11 – 12 points – mark "5", for 10 – 8 points – “4”,
for 7 – 5 points – “3”.
1). Linguistics is a science that studies:
A). the past according to monuments of material culture;
b). oral folk art;
V). language.
2). Archeology – science that studies the past by:
A). monuments of material culture;
b). works of oral folk art;
V). language development.
3). Records of events that took place, compiled by year, were called:
A). chronicle;
b). numerator;
V). epic.
4). The Ice Age has arrived:
A). 700 thousand years ago;
b). 80 thousand years ago;
V). 12 – 14 thousand years ago.
5). Inequality in the human tribe begins to develop:
A). with the appearance of surplus labor products;
b). with the improvement of tools;
V). with the desire of elders and leaders, priests for primacy
wu among his fellow tribesmen.
6). Arrange the stages of state formation in chronological order:
A). union of tribes;
V). herd.
7). The state is:
A). organization of people's lives, in which there is a unified management system throughout the entire territory of residence;
b). association of people related by blood;
V). uniting people for the purpose of survival in harsh climatic conditions.
8). The Gagarin site of the Zadonsk region dates back to the era:
A). Iron Age;
b). Paleolithic;
V). Bronze Age.
9). To what period do the burial grounds in the village of Novonikolskoye, Dankovsky district belong:
A). to stone;
b). to bronze;
V). to iron?
10). What period of history do the finds in the burial ground near the village of Lenino indicate?
A). Stone Age;
b). Iron Age;
V). Bronze Age?
eleven). Where is the archaeological site Lipetsk Lake located:
A). in the city of Lipetsk,
b). in the Lipetsk region?
12). Where a bedspread with gold appliqués was discovered, depicting the bird of happiness and good fortune Farn:
A). in Romanovo Lebedyansky district;
b). in Lenino (Romanovo) Lipetsk region;
Distinctive features. The lands of the Lipetsk region began to be developed much later than their more successful northern neighbors. After the cities and fortresses that stood here were plundered and destroyed during the Mongol-Tatar invasion, nomads ruled these lands for a long time. And only at the end of the 16th century these lands began to be revived, new fortresses and defensive lines were built. At the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries, the first industrial enterprises began to appear here, and new cities were built, including Lipetsk.
Today, the Lipetsk region is the most important industrial region of central Russia. In terms of industrial production per capita, the region ranks first in the Central Federal District and third in the Russian Federation. This is one of the few donor regions that do not receive subsidies from the budget. The largest production of refrigerators and freezers (Indesit) is located here, as well as metallurgical enterprises, which provide the region with 4th place in the Russian Federation in the production of steel and rolled products. Since 2007, a special economic zone “Lipetsk” has been operating here, which has given an additional impetus to the development of the region’s economy.
On the lands of the Lipetsk region there are many monuments of nature, history, culture, and architecture. For example, in the Lipetsk region there is the smallest nature reserve in Russia (and perhaps in the world) - “Galichya Mountain”, famous for its unique vegetation. Another interesting object is Borkovsky Castle, made in the Gothic style. And in the Zadonsky district there is a Safari Park, which is interesting to visit for both children and adults.
Geographical location. The Lipetsk region is located in the western part of the Russian Federation, in the Central Black Earth Region. Its neighbors are: Kursk, Oryol, Tambov, Ryazan, Tula and Voronezh regions. The region is part of the Central Federal District.
The Lipetsk region is in 71st place among Russian regions in terms of territory. Its relief changes from west to east - from highlands (about 250 m above sea level) to lowlands. The largest rivers are Don and Voronezh.
Population. The Lipetsk region has a population of 1,162,235 people. Although natural population growth is still negative, it is decreasing every year, and in a few years it may even finally exceed zero. Although 92.55% of the region's residents are Russian, even this population is heterogeneous. Different areas of the region have their own characteristics due to the fact that the Lipetsk region was formed from the lands of several provinces. Ukrainians make up 0.84% of the population, Armenians - 0.61%.
The share of the urban population is 64%, and this figure has remained virtually unchanged over the past 20-30 years. The share of the male population is 45.6%.
Lipetsk Drama Theater. Photo by sinekvan (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/sinekvan/)
Crime. The Lipetsk region is a very calm region, which is confirmed by its 64th place in the ranking of regions in terms of the number of crimes. Domestic crimes committed while intoxicated mainly predominate.
Unemployment rate. The Lipetsk region is in 8th place in terms of unemployment, which in 2012 amounted to 3.56%. For this we must say thanks to the Lipetsk industry, which provides work to everyone who seeks it. But as far as payment for work is concerned, the situation here is very prosaic. In 2012, the average salary in the region was 17,274 rubles. per month, which is not so much for the Central Federal District. Very low wages are observed in light industry, retail trade, and the service sector. The highest average salaries (37.7 thousand rubles) are in the field of financial activities.
Property value. The average cost per square meter in Lipetsk is 50,764 rubles, and the price increase over the year was 10%. You can buy a one-room apartment here for 1.1 - 1.2 million rubles, but the bulk of offers start from the level of 1.5 million rubles. and higher. Two-room apartments are sold in the range of 1.8-2.2 million rubles, but for elite offers the prices are higher. For a good three-room apartment they ask for a minimum of 2.6 million rubles.
Climate Lipetsk region is temperate continental. In January the average temperature is −15°C, in July +22°C. Precipitation amount is 500-575 mm per year. In recent years, winter has become increasingly severe: frosts reach minus thirty degrees. In summer, surprises also happen in the form of terrible, sweltering heat.
Cities of the Lipetsk region
An ancient Russian city, mentioned back in 1146. During the Mongol-Tatar invasion, it was completely destroyed, and began to be restored only in 1591. Now the population of Yelets is 106,978 people. This is the center of mechanical engineering and the chemical industry. Limestone is mined in its vicinity, and the famous “Yelets lace” is a long-standing local folk craft. Among the city's problems, it is worth noting crime, dilapidated communal infrastructure, and lack of work.
Mud- this city with a not very pleasant name was founded in 1868. According to legend, this name was given to the village under Peter the Great, who, while driving through these places, got stuck in the local black soil. Now 46 thousand people live in this city. Mud is the center of mechanical engineering and the food industry. The black soils in the vicinity of the city are really excellent, which is why they were included in the city coat of arms.
