Russian speech etiquette and its reflection in proverbs and sayings. Grouping and interpretation of proverbs and sayings about language, speech and culture of speech behavior

Golden Rule of Ethics useful for every person to know. At school it is studied in the “Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture” lessons in 4th grade. And as one of the tasks within the subject, the following is given:

Pick up proverbs, consistent with the golden rule of ethics.

Let's figure it out first what is this rule. Christ said: “So in everything that you want people to do to you, do so to them.” In other words:

Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. If you want good, do good. If you want people not to spread dirty gossip about you, just tell the truth.

This rule is also called The golden rule of morality and ethics, not only ethics. In Russian there is also a lot of proverbs, reflecting this idea:

To a good hello, a good answer.
As we are to people, so are people to us.
Expect good for good, bad for bad.
When doing evil, do not hope for good.
Whoever follows evil will not find good.
For good - good, and for bad - bad.
To be kind is to be known as kind.
Good to sow, good to reap.
Virtue is rewarded.
As you go to bed, so will you sleep.
Whatever comes back, that's how you respond.
As it comes back, so will it respond.
As you sow, so shall you reap.
What goes around comes around.
A good seed is a good seed.
Don't spit in the well - you'll need to drink the water.
As they beat, so they cry.
As it is for Foma, it is the same for yourself.
How you live is how you will be known.
Whatever cup you pour for your friend, that’s what you should drink yourself.
As uncle is to people, so is he to people.
What you don’t want for yourself, don’t wish for someone else.
A good gardener has a good garden.
Life is not beautiful in days, but in deeds.
Live more humbly, it will be nicer for everyone.
A cruel disposition will not be right.
Don’t dig a hole for someone else, you will fall into it yourself.
Whoever digs a hole for another will fall into it himself.
Do not do evil - you will not be in eternal fear.
Do not do evil, you will not know evil.
A tree is recognized by its fruit, and a man by his deed.
A good start - half the battle has been pumped out.
Every person is recognized in action.
You are judged by your deeds.
A good deed does not go without reward.
The head pays for bad deeds.
He who lives inseparably with the evil will not live a prosperous life.
He who has his face to everyone, does not have his back to good people.
He who is a rogue himself does not trust others.
He who does not govern himself will not instruct others.
Whoever is thin, everything around him is bad.

We have listed proverbs that reflect the meaning of the Golden Rule of morality, ethics and ethics. And now I would like to give examples of popular sayings about good behavior and moral qualities of a person. They may also come in handy 😉

For a bad habit they call a smart person a fool.
Take care of your clothes again, and take care of your honor from a young age.
Well done, handsome, but crooked at heart.
In someone else's house, do not be noticeable, but be friendly.
By the way, to remain silent is a big word to say.
It’s an affectionate word that it’s spring day.
Scold, scold, and leave your word to the world.
At home, as I want, and in people, as they are told.
Eat the mushroom pie and keep your mouth shut.
Yesterday I lied, and today they call me a liar.
There is honey on the tongue, and ice in the heart.
A kind word also pleases the cat.

Proverbs taken from sources:

I. M. Snegirev. "Russian folk proverbs and parables."
N. Uvarov “Encyclopedia of Folk Wisdom.”
A. M. Zhigulev. "Russian folk proverbs and sayings."
O. D. Ushakova. "School's Dictionary. Proverbs, sayings, popular expressions."

Folk proverbs about speech etiquette

Ringing is not prayer, screaming is not conversation.

In verbosity, not without idle talk.

Think first, and then say it.

It's better to understate than to overstate.

The field is red with millet, and speech is with listening.

Kind silence is not the answer?

Talk without thinking, shoot without aiming.

My tongue is my enemy, it speaks before my mind.

Live among neighbors, be in conversations.

If you watch your tongue, it will protect you.

A heartfelt word reaches the heart.

Red speech is beautiful to listen to.

To be in an intelligent conversation is to gain intelligence, but to be in a stupid conversation is to lose yours.

A good word is half the battle.

The field is red with millet, and the conversation is with the mind. Smart speech is good to listen to.

Talk to a smart guy about drinking honey.

In good times to speak, and in bad times to remain silent.

The tongue will not wither from polite words.

A kind word is not difficult, but soon.

Don’t give in to a kind word, don’t be offended by a nasty word.

The word is not an arrow, but stings in the heart.

An unkind word that fire burns.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

State educational institution of higher professional education

"Orenburg State Pedagogical University"

Faculty of Philology

Department of Modern Russian Language, Rhetoric and Speech Culture

Course work

Russian speech etiquette and its reflection in proverbs and sayings

1st year students Zhumataeva A.K.

Scientific adviser:

Chebotnikova Tatyana Alekseevna,

Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor.

Orenburg

Introduction

Chapter 1. Speech etiquette of the Russian language

1.1 Specifics of Russian speech etiquette

1.2 Technique for implementing label forms

1.3 Interaction of speech and behavioral etiquette

1.4 Speech distances and taboos

1.5 Compliments. Cultural criticism in speech communication

Chapter 2. Reflection of speech etiquette in proverbs and sayings

2.1 Proverbs and sayings

2.2 Grouping and interpretation of proverbs and sayings about language, speech and culture of speech behavior

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

Russian people in the linguistic picture of the world are most expressively represented by proverbs and sayings. The fact has long been known, giving the characteristic name to the work of I. M. Snegirev “Russians in their proverbs.” Perhaps there is nothing significant in the life of a Russian person that would not be reflected in proverbs and sayings. “And what is not in these sentences did not reach the people in reality, did not care, did not make them happy and did not sadden them.” A lot of Russian proverbs and sayings are devoted to language, speech, and the culture of speech behavior. This side of life has always been in the center of personal and public attention as especially significant. Until recently, the Russian national culture of communication was distinguished by its richness and originality. The rules of speech behavior for the speaker and listener were passed down from generation to generation in the form of proverbs and sayings that expressed the opinion of the people and had the force of unwritten laws. A section in the textbook by Yu. V. Rozhdestvensky is devoted to “folklore rules of speech etiquette”, based on proverbs and sayings of the peoples of the East. In my work I use material mainly from Russian proverbs and sayings (including borrowed words). The proverbial fund of the Russian language, which most clearly expresses the Russian mentality, the figurative structure of poetic thinking, the “national physiognomy of the language” (V. G. Belinsky), is diverse both in structural-grammatical and structural-semantic terms. But before we talk about proverbs and sayings, it is necessary to define the concepts, as well as differentiate between them.

And so, proverbs are “short folk sayings that have both a literal and figurative (figurative) plan or only a figurative plan and form a grammatically complete sentence”; sayings are “short folk sayings (often of an edifying nature), having only a literal plan and in grammatically representing a complete sentence” and proverbial expressions are an intermediate type of expressions “that combine the characteristics of proverbs and sayings.”

The purpose of this course work is to understand the features of the reflection of speech etiquette in proverbs and sayings.

The objective of this course work is to analyze proverbs and sayings in order to discover reflections of the rules of speech etiquette in Russian proverbs and sayings. Accordingly, the object of study is the above-mentioned phraseological units.

The work consists of two chapters, introduction and conclusion.

The introduction explains the goals and objectives of the study, methods, material and structure of the work.

The first chapter will formulate the concepts and features of speech etiquette in the Russian language. The basic rules of speech etiquette in the Russian language will also be discussed.

In the second chapter, proverbs and sayings will be examined in detail, and their analysis will also be carried out in order to identify certain features of speech etiquette.

In conclusion, a conclusion is drawn about the results of the study.

Chapter 1. Speech etiquette of the Russian language

1.1 Specifics of Russian speech etiquette

Speech etiquette is a system of rules of speech behavior and stable formulas for polite communication.

Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect. Knowing the rules of speech etiquette and observing them allows a person to feel confident and at ease, and not experience awkwardness or difficulties in communication.

Strict adherence to speech etiquette in business communication leaves clients and partners with a favorable impression of the organization and maintains its positive reputation.

Speech etiquette has national specifics. Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. In Russian society, such qualities as tact, courtesy, tolerance, goodwill, and restraint are of particular value.

The importance of these qualities is reflected in numerous Russian proverbs and sayings that characterize ethical standards of communication. Some proverbs indicate the need to listen carefully to your interlocutor: A smart person does not speak, an ignorant person does not allow him to speak. Tongue - one, ear - two, say once, listen twice. Other proverbs point out typical mistakes in constructing a conversation: Answers when he is not asked. Grandfather talks about chicken, and grandmother talks about duck. You listen, and we will remain silent. A deaf man listens to a mute man speak. Many proverbs warn about the danger of an empty, idle or offensive word: All a person’s troubles come from his tongue. Cows are caught by the horns, people by the tongue. A word is an arrow; if you release it, it will not return. What is unspoken can be expressed, but what has been said cannot be returned. It's better to understate than to overtell. It buzzes from morning to evening, but there is nothing to listen to.

Tactfulness is an ethical norm that requires the speaker to understand the interlocutor, avoid inappropriate questions, and discuss topics that may be unpleasant for him.

Consideration lies in the ability to anticipate possible questions and wishes of the interlocutor, the willingness to inform him in detail on all topics relevant to the conversation.

Tolerance means being calm about possible differences of opinion and avoiding harsh criticism of the views of your interlocutor. You should respect the opinions of other people and try to understand why they have this or that point of view. Closely related to such a character quality as tolerance is self-control - the ability to calmly respond to unexpected or tactless questions and statements from an interlocutor.

Goodwill is necessary both in relation to the interlocutor and in the entire structure of the conversation: in its content and form, in intonation and choice of words.

1.2 Technique for implementing label forms

Any act of communication has a beginning, a main part and a final part. If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with acquaintance. Moreover, it can occur directly or indirectly. Of course, it is advisable to have someone introduce you, but there are times when you need to do it yourself.

Etiquette offers several possible formulas:

Let me get to know you.

I'd like to meet you.

Let's get acquainted.

Let's get to know each other.

When contacting an institution by phone or in person, it becomes necessary to introduce yourself:

Let me introduce myself.

My last name is Sergeev.

My name is Valery Pavlovich.

Official and informal meetings of acquaintances and strangers begin with a greeting.

Official greeting formulas:

Hello!

Good afternoon

Unofficial greeting formulas:

Hello!

The initial formulas of communication are opposed to the formulas used at the end of communication; they express the wish: All the best (good)! or hope for a new meeting: See you tomorrow. Until the evening. Goodbye.

During communication, if there is a reason, people make invitations and express congratulations.

Invitation:

Let me invite you...

Come to the celebration (anniversary, meeting).

We'll be glad to see you.

Congratulation:

Let me congratulate you on...

Please accept my sincere (heartfelt, warm) congratulations...

Warm congratulations...

The expression of the request should be polite, delicate, but without excessive ingratiation:

Do me a favor...

If it’s not difficult for you (if it’s not difficult for you)…

Please be kind...

May I ask you...

I beg you very much...

Advice and suggestions should not be expressed in a categorical manner. It is advisable to formulate advice in the form of a delicate recommendation, a message about some important circumstances for the interlocutor:

Let me draw your attention to...

I would suggest you...

The wording of refusal to fulfill a request may be as follows:

- (I) cannot (unable, unable) to help (allow, assist).

It is currently not possible to do this.

Please understand that now is not the time to make such a request.

Sorry, but we (I) cannot fulfill your request.

I am forced to refuse (prohibit, not allow).

1.3 Interaction of speech and behavioral etiquette

Etiquette is closely related to ethics. Ethics prescribes the rules of moral behavior (including communication), etiquette presupposes certain manners of behavior and requires the use of external politeness formulas expressed in specific speech acts.

Compliance with etiquette requirements when violating ethical standards is hypocrisy and deception of others. On the other hand, completely ethical behavior that is not accompanied by adherence to etiquette will inevitably make an unpleasant impression and cause people to doubt the moral qualities of the individual.

In oral communication, it is necessary to observe a number of ethical and etiquette standards that are closely related to each other.

Firstly, you must treat your interlocutor with respect and kindness. It is prohibited to offend or insult your interlocutor with your speech, or to express disdain. Direct negative assessments of the communication partner’s personality should be avoided; only specific actions can be assessed, while maintaining the necessary tact. Rude words, a cheeky form of speech, an arrogant tone are unacceptable in intelligent communication. And from a practical point of view, such features of speech behavior are inappropriate, because never contribute to achieving the desired result in communication.

Politeness in communication presupposes understanding the situation, taking into account the age, gender, official and social status of the communication partner. These factors determine the degree of formality of communication, the choice of etiquette formulas, and the range of topics suitable for discussion.

Secondly, the speaker is instructed to be modest in self-assessments, not to impose his own opinions, and to avoid being too categorical in speech.

Moreover, it is necessary to put the communication partner at the center of attention, show interest in his personality, opinion, and take into account his interest in a particular topic.

It is also necessary to take into account the listener’s ability to perceive the meaning of your statements; it is advisable to give him time to rest and concentrate. For this reason, it is worth avoiding too long sentences, it is useful to take short pauses, and use speech formulas to maintain contact: you, of course, know...; you might be interested to know...; as you can see...; note…; should be noted... etc.

The norms of communication also determine the behavior of the listener.

First, you need to put other things aside to listen to the person. This rule is especially important for those specialists whose job is to serve clients.

When listening, you must treat the speaker with respect and patience, try to listen carefully and to the end. If you are very busy, it is permissible to ask to wait or reschedule the conversation for another time. In official communication, it is completely unacceptable to interrupt the interlocutor, insert various comments, especially those that sharply characterize the interlocutor’s proposals and requests. Like the speaker, the listener puts his interlocutor at the center of attention and emphasizes his interest in communicating with him. You should also be able to express agreement or disagreement in a timely manner, answer a question, or ask your own question.

The rules of ethics and etiquette also apply to written speech.

An important issue in business letter etiquette is the choice of address. For standard letters on formal or minor occasions, the address “Dear Mr. Petrov!” For a letter to a senior manager, a letter of invitation, or any other letter on an important issue, it is advisable to use the word “respected” and call the addressee by name and patronymic.

In business documents, it is necessary to skillfully use the capabilities of the grammatical system of the Russian language.

For example, the active voice of a verb is used when it is necessary to indicate the active person. The passive voice should be used when the fact of an action is more important than the mention of the persons who performed the action.

The perfect form of the verb emphasizes the completeness of the action, and the imperfect indicates that the action is in the process of development.

In business correspondence there is a tendency to avoid the pronoun “I”. The first person is expressed by the ending of the verb.

1.4 Speech distances and taboos

Distance in verbal communication is determined by age and social status. It is expressed in speech by using the pronouns you and you.

Speech etiquette determines the rules for choosing one of these forms. In general, the choice is dictated by a complex combination of external circumstances of communication and individual reactions of the interlocutors:

· the degree of acquaintance of the partners (you - to an acquaintance, you - to a stranger);

· the formality of the communication environment (you are informal, you are official);

· the nature of the relationship (you are friendly, “warm”, you are emphatically polite or tense, aloof, “cold”);

· equality or inequality of role relationships (by age, position: you are equal and inferior, you are equal and superior).

The choice of one of the forms of address depends not only on the formal position and age, but also on the nature of the relationship of the interlocutors, their disposition towards a certain degree of formality of the conversation, linguistic taste and habits.

Thus, the you is related, friendly, informal, intimate, trusting, familiar; You are polite, respectful, formal, aloof.

Depending on the form of address to you or you, there are grammatical forms of verbs, as well as speech formulas for greetings, farewells, congratulations, and expressions of gratitude.

A taboo is a prohibition against the use of certain words due to historical, cultural, ethical, socio-political or emotional factors.

Socio-political taboos are characteristic of speech practice in societies with an authoritarian regime. They may concern the names of certain organizations, mentions of certain persons disliked by the ruling regime (for example, opposition politicians, writers, scientists), certain phenomena of social life that are officially recognized as non-existent in a given society.

Cultural and ethical taboos exist in every society. It is clear that obscene language and mention of certain physiological phenomena and body parts are prohibited.

Neglect of ethical speech prohibitions is not only a gross violation of etiquette, but also a violation of the law.

Insult, that is, humiliation of the honor and dignity of another person, expressed in an indecent form, is considered by criminal law as a crime (Article 130 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

1.5 Compliments. Culture of criticism in verbal communication

An important advantage of a person in communication is the ability to make beautiful and appropriate compliments. When said tactfully and at the right time, a compliment lifts the mood of the recipient, setting him up for a positive attitude towards the interlocutor, towards his proposals, towards the common cause.

A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, during a meeting, acquaintance, parting, or during a conversation. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere or overly enthusiastic compliment is dangerous.

A compliment can relate to appearance, excellent professional abilities, high morality, communication skills, and contain a general positive assessment:

You look good (excellent, wonderful, excellent, magnificent).

You are so (very) charming (smart, resourceful, reasonable, practical).

You are a good (excellent, excellent, excellent) specialist (economist, manager, entrepreneur).

You run (your) business (business, trade, construction) well (excellent, excellent, excellent).

You know how to lead (manage) people well (excellently) and organize them.

It’s a pleasure (good, excellent) to do business (work, cooperate) with you.

A culture of criticism is needed so that critical statements do not spoil the relationship with the interlocutor and allow him to explain his mistake.

To do this, one should criticize not the personality and qualities of the interlocutor, but specific errors in his work, shortcomings of his proposals, and inaccuracy of conclusions.

To ensure that criticism does not affect the feelings of the interlocutor, it is advisable to formulate comments in the form of reasoning, drawing attention to the discrepancy between the tasks of the work and the results obtained. It is useful to frame critical discussions of work as a joint search for solutions to complex problems.

Criticism of an opponent's arguments in a dispute should be a comparison of these arguments with general provisions that do not raise doubts in the interlocutor, reliable facts, experimentally verified conclusions, and reliable statistical data.

Criticism of an opponent’s statements should not concern his personal qualities, abilities, or character.

Criticism of joint work by one of its participants should contain constructive proposals, criticism of the same work by an outsider can be reduced to pointing out shortcomings, since the development of solutions is the work of specialists, and assessment of the state of affairs and the effectiveness of the organization is the right of any citizen.

Chapter 2. Reflection of speech etiquette in proverbs and sayings

2.1 Proverbs and sayings

etiquette Russian speech proverb saying

Proverbs and sayings are an invaluable heritage for the Russian people. They appeared long before the advent of writing and were passed down from generation to generation orally. Proverbs and sayings are practically the oldest folklore genre. Thanks to the so rich Russian language, they contain all the depth of content, imagery, and incredible brightness, which ensures their eternal life in our colloquial speech.

It is not for nothing that people say that the proverb is said for a reason. She is quoted with pleasure, she is loved and appreciated, she is both a teacher and a comforter, and even serves as an adornment to our speech.

Proverbs and sayings are nothing more than folk wisdom collected over many generations. They warn us, give advice and teach us wisdom, they praise courage, hard work and kindness, and at the same time ridicule such human qualities as laziness and cowardice, evil and selfishness, and also proverbs and sayings encourage nobility, perseverance and diligence. The basis of a proverb or saying is an example of a life situation and sometimes a hint, sometimes a direct indication of the correct decision. Guided by proverbs and sayings, you can be sure that you are doing the right thing.

2.2 Grouping and interpretation of proverbs and sayings about language, speech and culture of speech behavior

By grouping proverbs and sayings, I deliberately gave their interpretations, limiting myself, where necessary, to only brief explanations, remembering the instructions of V. I. Dal: “one must interpret and explain proverbs with extreme caution,” and “interpret a witticism or a hint that the reader himself understands.” - vulgar and cloying." If you try to compile a set of rules of speech behavior based on Russian proverbs and sayings, then it might look something like this.

Rules for the speaker

1. Remember that the tongue (word) is a great power that can be directed for good and evil.

The tongue is small, but it controls the whole body.

A small tongue makes a great man move.

Language moves kingdoms.

Language also talks with God.

The tongue is a banner, it leads the squad.

Without a tongue and the bell is mute.

The language will take you to Kyiv.

The tongue will not bring you any good.

Your tongue is the first adversary.

The tongue is as lascivious as a goat (like a cat).

The tongue leads to a sin.

The tongue will lead you to the tavern.

My tongue is my enemy (he speaks before his mind).

My tongue is my enemy: it prowls before the mind, seeks trouble.

The tongue feeds and waters, and spanks the back.

The tongue feeds bread and spoils the matter.

The tongue is a millstone: it grinds whatever hits it (whatever hits it).

The tongue is soft: it babbles whatever it wants.

Language is an anchor to the body.

A word to the word rose: with a word the Lord created the world, with a word Judas betrayed the Lord.

2. Handle your tongue (word) carefully so as not to cause trouble to yourself and others.

Don't be afraid of the knife, but of the tongue. Fear the Most High, do not say too much.

It does not defile the mouth, but defiles it from the mouth. Through the mouth (through the mouth) disease enters, and trouble comes out.

The word is lost, but people die from it.

The word is not a blow, but worse than a blow.

The word is not an arrow, but more powerful than an arrow (it strikes).

The razor scrapes, but the word cuts.

Think first, then speak.

The word is not a sparrow; if it flies out, you won’t catch it.

Once you shoot, you can’t grab the bullet; when you say a word, you can’t turn it back.

You can't intercept spit, you can't turn back your attention.

You can hold the horse on the reins, but you can’t take the words out of your mouth.

Speak up and look back.

Speak, but don't talk.

And I would give dearly for a word, but you won’t be able to redeem it.

If you say it, you won’t turn it back, if you write it, you won’t erase it, if you chop it off, you won’t put it back.

What is written with a pen cannot be cut out (cannot be cut out) with an axe.

One word can lead to a quarrel forever.

3. Remember that a person is judged by his speeches.

As are the properties, so are the speeches.

Know a magpie by its tongue.

You won't hear a kind word from a dashing person.

Storytellers are not suitable as clerks.

Strength is silent, weakness screams.

A short mind has a long tongue.

A wise man is silent when a fool grumbles.

The smart one will judge, and the stupid one will judge.

Evil Natalya's people are all crooks.

4. Don't be talkative or verbose.

Keep your mouth shut.

Eat the mushroom pie and keep your mouth shut.

Keep your tongue on a leash (on a string).

Keep your tongue short.

A tongue that is short will be stretched out, but a tongue that is long will be shortened by being smart.

In a smart conversation you gain your intelligence, in a stupid conversation you lose yours.

In someone else's conversation, everyone will buy wisdom.

Talk to a smart guy about drinking honey. Smart speeches are pleasant to listen to.

5. Be the master of your word, fulfill your promise.

He didn’t give the word - be strong, but he gave it - hold on.

Keep your word, don't run with the wind.

He said the word, so at least put some luggage on it.

The word is tin (i.e. weighty).

He doesn't waste words.

The word is given like a bullet is shot.

There is a saying about those whose words do not match their deeds: Generous in words, but stingy in deeds.

6. Don't lie. Yesterday I lied, and today they call me a liar.

Once you lie, you become a liar forever.

The villain needs a lie, but the world loves the truth.

It’s a lie, like a small coin: you won’t live long on it.

It is harmful for the young to lie, but it is indecent for the old.

What is false is rotten. 13. Don’t flatter, don’t be a hypocrite.

Where there is praise, there is blasphemy.

Speeches of praise that the waters are healing: they both heal and cripple. People have a lot of proverbs and sayings about a hypocrite and a flatterer:

It crumbles into a small demon.

Lays down softly, but sleeps hard.

With words that spread like leaves, and with deeds that with needles, they prick.

He speaks with a cross, but looks with a pestle.

He speaks to the right, but looks to the left.

He speaks straight, but acts crookedly.

Calls him a friend, but robs him all around.

There is honey on the tongue, and ice under the tongue.

There is honey on the tongue, and ice in the heart.

Speeches are like honey, but deeds are like wormwood.

Quiet in speech, but fierce in heart.

Warm greetings, but cold consequences.

Speeches are like snow, but actions are like soot.

If I knew where you were having lunch today, I would know whose song you are singing.

7. Do not judge anyone behind their backs, especially in the presence of others.

Whoever scolds someone behind his eyes is afraid of him.

Don't flatter in your eyes, and don't scold behind your eyes.

When you talk about strangers, you will also hear about your own.

He who says what he wants will hear what he doesn’t want.

About someone who is always dissatisfied with everything, grumbling, scolding, they say:

Scolding does not appease, praising does not hire.

Caws like a crow.

8. Don’t snitch, don’t snitch.

Whoever denounces will not have his head cut off.

The informer gets the first whip.

9. Do not slander yourself, and do not believe the slander of others.

Slander is like coal: if it doesn’t burn, it gets dirty.

Easy to denigrate, not easy to whitewash.

Easy to say, not easy to prove.

You can’t escape the language, it can be found everywhere.

10. Be polite, do not skimp on kind, friendly words addressed to your interlocutor and his loved ones.

Nothing is expensive, politeness is expensive.

Hello is no surprise, but it wins hearts.

Have bread for lunch and say hello.

A kind word will not dry out your tongue.

Bowing will not make your head fall off (it will not hurt).

Friendly words will not dry up your tongue.

A kind word is better than a soft pie.

A homeless person is rich with a kind word.

For a kind word, who wouldn’t thank you?

A kind (kind) word also pleases the cat.

And the dog understands a kind word.

And when you say a gentle word to a dog, he wags his tail (it won’t bite so soon).

Hello and the dog runs.

An affectionate word makes a bone ache.

A kind word is more powerful than a club.

An honest (courteous) word calms a violent head.

An affectionate word is not difficult, but quick.

An affectionate word that it’s spring day.

A kind word in pearls.

Please does not bow, and thank you does not bend your back.

Bowing forward will come in handy.

Bowing won't hurt your back, won't make your neck go crazy.

Bowing will not break your lower back.

Don’t be picky about people, be friendly at home.

An affectionate calf sucks two queens.

It’s not all drag and play and affection.

Thank you great deal.

Don’t regret your own thanks, and don’t expect someone else’s.

11. Don't be rude or impolite to anyone.

Pray to God, and don’t be rude to the devil.

Ignorance angers God too.

For bad words even your head will fly off.

Don’t fight with prison or with the official prison.

Don't swear: your mouth won't be clean.

Do not give free rein to your tongue at a feast, in conversation, or to your heart in anger.

It’s a sin to argue, but it’s a sin to scold.

Swearing is not proof.

People dry up with abuse, but with boasting they get fat.

12. Be especially friendly with guests.

Honor to the guest, honor to the owner .

A guest on the doorstep brings happiness to the house.

Even a crust of bread and a quarter of millet, even a treat from the kind owner.

Honor beer is better (more expensive).

To be honest, I call you so, to greet you on the threshold.

Glad or not glad, but say: you are welcome.

Feed him first, and then ask around.

Give him something to drink, feed him, and then ask questions after (the news).

They don’t ask: whose and who and where, but sit down to dinner.

Not to the host's guests, but to the host to thank the guests.

13. Respect the customs and rules of behavior established in society. Be polite and modest when visiting.

An unusual person cannot live with people.

They don’t go to someone else’s monastery with their own rules.

Place the cross in a written way, bow in a learned way.

At home as you wish, and at a party as you are told.

At home, as I want, and in people, as they are told.

They don’t indicate in someone else’s house.

In someone else's house, do not be noticeable, but be friendly.

Such is the honor.

Guest are guests, but I'm sorry, I'm off.

They don’t pay for bread and salt, except thanks.

Bow in a new way, but live in the old way.

14. Avoid conflict situations; If a dispute occurs, try to resolve it peacefully, do not end the conversation with a quarrel.

Speak, but don’t argue, and even if you argue, don’t be nonsense.

Scold, scold, and leave your word to the world.

Come together - fight, disperse - make up.

With whom I fight, I will make peace with.

By the way, scold, but not by the way make up.

Make peace with people, but fight with sins.

The first scolding is better than the last.

A bad fight is better than a squabble.

Every quarrel is red with peace.

Don't be quick to argue.

It is easier to avoid a quarrel than to stop it.

Tastes could not be discussed. In a dispute, be restrained, do not give free rein to your hands.

Don't pierce with a spear, pierce with your tongue.

Talk with your tongue, but don’t give free rein to your hands.

You can't tell it with your tongue, you can't spread it with your fingers.

15. In a dispute, boldly defend the truth.

Speak (stand) boldly for a just cause.

Eat the pie (bread and salt), but cut the truth.

Don't speak bluntly, cut the truth with your tongue.

However, remember: it is not safe to tell the truth.

Everyone trumpets the truth, but not everyone loves it.

Don't believe every rumor, don't tell every truth.

16. They talk about the debater:

You give him his word, and he gives you ten.

He won’t reach into his pocket for a word (he has a word, and he has ten).

Seven dogs will be discarded.

17. Don’t insist that you’re right.

If you made a mistake or did something wrong, apologize.

Guilty, but guilty - God is not disgusted.

Whoever obeys will be judged by God.

The sword does not cut off a guilty head(s). To submit is to pray to God.

18. Do not remember your previous guilt to another.

Whoever remembers the old will be punished by the devil.

Whoever remembers the old, look out.

19. Do not offend anyone, patiently endure insults yourself.

Make jokes, make jokes, but don’t bother people.

If you love jokes on Foma, then love jokes on yourself.

It is better to be offended than to be the offender.

20. Don’t boast, don’t brag, don’t be arrogant.

Whoever boasts will come to his senses.

What we boast about is why we fail.

Don't say "hop" until you jump over.

Hero, don’t boast when you go to battle, but boast when you go home.

Do not boast when you go to the army, but rather boast when you leave the army.

People dry up with abuse, but with boasting they get fat. They praise - don't be proud; they teach - don't be angry. I am the last letter in the alphabet.

21. Don’t complain about your troubles, patiently endure adversity and difficulties.

Wear a dress - don’t wash it away, endure grief - don’t tell it. God (Lord, Christ) endured and commanded us.

Don't cry, God will love you better.

Rules for the listener

22. Try to listen more than talk.

Listen more and talk less.

He who speaks sows, he who listens reaps.

God gave two ears and one tongue.

Talk less, hear more.

Good silence is better than bad grumbling.

A mouth that is tightly closed will not allow a fly to fly into it.

Speech is beautiful through listening (and conversation through humility).

23. In a dialogue, do not interrupt your interlocutor.

It's good to sing together, but talk separately.

One says red, two say motley.

If they don’t ask, don’t dance.

If you don’t like it, don’t listen (and don’t bother lying).

Don't interrupt other people's words.

Speech is beautiful through listening, and conversation through humility.

24. Don’t find fault with your interlocutor’s words, don’t be too demanding of him.

Not every bastard (word) fits into a line.

For whom the pronunciation does not live.

A mistake in a word is not a problem.

The conversation is not without words.

Every story is not without embellishment.

We say everything, but not everything comes out as said.

How many heads, so many minds.

Word after word clings.

Whoever is in pain talks about it.

Whatever makes someone happy, that’s what he talks about.

25. Don’t take everything they say to heart.

Worldly rumor is like a sea wave.

A lot of things are said, but not everything is useful.

You can't sew buttons on someone else's mouth.

You can't put a scarf over someone else's mouth.

Don't believe every rumor.

Don't believe other people's words - believe your own eyes.

The tongue is a millstone: it grinds anything. The tongue is soft: it babbles whatever it wants.

26. Do not trust flattering speeches.

He who flatters well is also good at taking revenge.

Flattery and revenge are friendly.

A flatterer under words is a snake under flowers.

Love knows no revenge, and friendship knows no flattery.

They beckon: goat, goat, but they lure: the wolf will eat you!

Don’t get angry at a rude word, don’t give in to a kind word.

Don’t be angry at scolding, don’t give in to affection.

Don’t rush at a kind word, don’t get angry at a rude word.

The affectionate word is like spring ice (unreliable).

A kind word seduces many.

Don't love a bully, love a debater.

Not the well-wisher who has honey on his lips.

From whom they expect, they call them names.

A nightingale falls for a cockroach, and a man for flattering speeches.

Conclusion

So, in this course work, proverbs and sayings that exist in the Russian language in the system of speech etiquette were examined. Individual phraseological units and their cultural context were studied. This work showed that every proverb or saying contains the most interesting cultural information that has been passed down from generation to generation for centuries. No other linguistic means can compare with proverbs and sayings in terms of the amount of information about customs and traditions.

Proverbs preserve knowledge, moral assessments and traditional spiritual values of previous generations. The “longevity” of proverbs is explained by the fact that these judgments, expressed in a laconic, figurative, expressive form, remain true, relevant and therefore always in demand.

The venerable age of proverbs, which have stood the test of time, inspires special confidence in them. The preservation of proverbs and sayings in linguistic consciousness and speech use is one of the manifestations of the vitality of Russian spiritual culture and an indicator of the speech culture of a linguistic personality.

The study of proverbs and sayings about language and speech reveals the rules of Russian speech behavior, which turn out to be much richer, more varied and more accurate than many modern “fundamental postulates for the effective transmission of information: postulates of quality (the message should not be false or without proper grounds), quantity ( the message should be neither too short nor too lengthy), attitude (the message should be relevant to the addressee) and method (the message should be clear, concise, not contain words and expressions that are incomprehensible to the addressee, etc.).” .

Thanks to the reproducibility of proverbs and sayings as elements of language and national spiritual culture (“linguoculture”), the rules of speech behavior they postulate are acquired and comprehended by people of different generations and social groups throughout their lives. But proverbs are not just maxims (aphorisms, moralistic maxims in content).

In addition to the direct or allegorical moralizing meaning, they have the richest connotations. They most often contain the main mental and cultural value.

The national and cultural connotations inherent in proverbs and sayings “themselves become knowledge, that is, a source of cognitive development.” Connotations, having a high degree of suggestiveness, significantly influence the formation of a person’s value systems and his social (including speech) behavior.

Bibliography

1. Dal V.I. Proverbs of the Russian people: Collection. In 2 volumes - T. 1 - M.: 1984.

2. Zhukov V.P. Dictionary of Russian proverbs and sayings. 11th ed., stereotype. - M.: 2004.

3. Dal V.I. Proverbs of the Russian people: Collection. In 2 volumes - T. 1 - M.: 1984.

4. Zemskaya E. A. Toward the construction of a typology of communication failures. M.: 2004.

5. Maslova V. A. Linguoculturology: Textbook. - M.: 2001.

6. Anikin V.P. The art of words in proverbs and sayings. 11th ed., stereotype. - M.: 2004.

7. Akishina A. A., Formanovskaya N. I. “Russian speech etiquette” M., 1983

8. Akishina A.A., “Speech etiquette of Russian telephone conversation”, M. 2000.

9. Arutyunova N. D. Anomalies and language. M.: 1987.

10. Arova E.V. “Be kind.”, M. 1998.

11. Arkhangelskaya M.D. “Business etiquette or playing by the rules,” M. 2001.

12. Vvedenskaya L.A. “Russian language and culture of speech”, M. 2002.

13. Goldin V.E. “Speech and Etiquette”, M.: Education, 1983.

14. Dal V.I. Proverbs of the Russian people: Collection. In 2 volumes - T. 1 - M.: 1984.

15. Zhukov V.P. Dictionary of Russian proverbs and sayings. 11th ed., stereotype. - M.: 2004.

16. Zhigulev A. - History of Russian folk proverbs and sayings. M.: 1995.

17. Zemskaya E. A. Toward the construction of a typology of communication failures. M.: 2004.

18. Illustrov I.I. The life of the Russian people in their proverbs and sayings. Ed. 3. M. 1915.

19. Maslova V. A. Linguoculturology: Textbook. - M.: 2001.

20. Podobin V.M. Zimina I.P. Russian proverbs and sayings. Lenizdat, 1956.

21. Potebnya A. A. From lectures on the history of literature. Fable, proverb, saying. Kharkiv. 1884

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23. Simoni P.K. Ancient collections of Russian proverbs, sayings, riddles, etc. XVI-XVIII centuries. St. Petersburg. 1899

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25. Uvarov N.V. Encyclopedia of folk wisdom. Proverbs, sayings, aphorisms, catchphrases, comparisons, set phrases found in the Russian living language in the second half of the 20th - early 21st centuries. M.: 2009.

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29. Internet resource www.krupenichka.ru

Posted on Allbest.ru

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The article talks about moral values such as politeness. You will learn how to teach children this quality with the help of sayings and proverbs.

All nationalities have proverbs, fairy tales, and sayings that contain folk wisdom. Thanks to them, you can learn the rules of good manners, politeness, respect, and goodwill. The Slavs taught their children these qualities from an early age using examples from oral folk art.

They read fairy tales to them before going to bed, mentioned proverbs and sayings when a situation related to this topic arose. Parents and grandparents also explained to the kids the meaning of the sayings. Children grew up and adopted good character traits from their older relatives. Next we will talk about proverbs, sayings with the theme of politeness and their semantic meaning.

Proverbs and sayings about politeness for preschool age, kindergarten: a collection with an explanation of the meaning

Many different methods are used to teach politeness. At school and kindergartens, children are taught the rules of communication in a team, various situations are discussed, which are based on examples from fairy tales, sayings, and literature.

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The best proverbs and sayings about politeness for primary and secondary school age: a collection with an explanation of the meaning

Children should know that polite words work wonders. When you address others with dignity, your interlocutors respect your statements. Proverbs teach young diplomats exactly this.

Polite children will not eat sweets without treating others
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- A kind word will open the iron gates— there are no boundaries for good-natured people; thanks to their talent for communication, you can find many friends.
- A good word travels in pearls, but an evil word strikes like an arrow.- sometimes bad wishes and statements can negatively affect people, but good ones, on the contrary, will cause an upswing in all matters.
- The big word is “please”- remember this word and always say it when it is appropriate.
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If a child has a bad upbringing, then he will be treated poorly
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