Genitive plural endings

Genitive plural endings are another difficult topic for our speech practice.

How to choose one or another ending? How to say: no stocking or stockings? Without sock or socks?

Why are we talking Armenians, But Mongols?

How to ask correctly in a store: 5 kilogram or kilograms? orange or oranges?

When choosing an ending, you should be guided by the following rules.

Masculine

1. All names of paired items have a zero ending: shoe, boot, stocking, trousers, shoulder straps, scissors.

Exception: sock ov .

2. The names of nationalities are subject to the following rules:

a) words with a base in - n, -r have null endings: Englishmen, Armenians, Georgians, Lezgins, Ossetians, Romanians, Turkmens, Gypsies, Bashkirs, Bulgarians.

Exception:black person ov.

b) words with stems starting from other letters have the ending - ov: Kyrgyz ov, Kalmyk ov, Tajik ov, Uzbek ov, Mongolian ov, Yakut ov .

Exception:Turks, Buryats.

3. The names of military groups and former branches of the military require the following endings:

a) without numerals they have a zero ending: partisan, soldier, grenadier, midshipman, hussar, dragoon, lancer;

b) the previous types of troops with numerals have endings - ov: 10th Hussars ov, 5 midshipman ov, 6th Hussars ov, 7 Lancers ov.

4. The names of units of measurement vary:

A) ampere, watt, gram, kilogram, x-ray, coulomb;

b) ampere ov, watt ov, gram ov, kilogram ov, x-ray ov, pendant ov.

Truncated forms ( ampere, gram

5. The names of the "vegetables - fruits" group have endings - ov: orange ov, mandarin ov, banana ov, tomato ov, eggplant ov.

Truncated forms ( orange, tangerine, banana, tomato) are characteristic of colloquial speech.

Feminine

1. Nouns ending in - la, -nya have a null ending: waffles, roofs, gossip, nannies, cherries, apple trees.

2. Some nouns have the ending - to her: candles to her, rake to her, sheet to her .

There are also variant forms: The game is worth the candle But: There are no candles in the house to her. However, the word candle here used in literal and figurative (phraseological) meanings (indicate which).

3. Nouns ending in - and I have an ending - th: auditor th, academician th, conservative th.

Neuter gender

1. A number of names have a zero ending: apples, shoulders, saucers of towels, mirrors.

Pay attention to the shape of the shoulders ( Dress with and without shoulders!)

2. The normative forms are: th: coast th, provincial th, drugs th.

3. There are also forms on - ev:ust ev, bolotets ev, upper reaches ev, lower ev.

How do those nouns that are always used only in the plural form the genitive case? Nouns that are always used only in the plural (without gender) form the genitive case using different types of endings:

zero: twilight; days;

-s: frost ov ;

-to her: weekday to her, nursery to her, san to her .

Questions and tasks

1. What factors influence the choice of the nominative plural ending for nouns? Name them.

2. How to form the plural of words with the element -er/-er (conductor)? From what language did these words come to us?

3. Give examples when endings -ы/-а serve to distinguish words by meaning.

4. What is the genitive plural ending for the names of paired objects (boots, trousers)? How to say correctly: no socks or no socks?

5. Which of the forms belong to the official business style, and which to the colloquial style of speech: grams, pendants / grams, pendant? tomatoes, oranges / tomato, orange?

The genitive case is necessary in Russian to express different relationships between the phenomena of the world: it can be the definition of an object through another object (a house made of wood); an action and its subject (the rustling of leaves), an action and its object (building a house), an action and its place (walking near the house), the absence of an object (no wind).

Any case is determined by the question.

What question does the genitive case of a noun answer?

When it comes to nouns, it depends on the category of animate or inanimate. The genitive case answers the question:

• whom? - animate noun
• what? - inanimate noun

The table shows nouns in the genitive case with prepositions. It is these prepositions that are used with this case of nouns.

Circumstantial questions of the genitive case

It is not always convenient to pose case questions. When a noun with a preposition in a sentence denotes the time, image, place, purpose of an action, then the genitive case is used, the questions of which will be adverbial:

• where?
• When?
• For what?

Determining the meaning of the genitive case on a question

The most convenient way to classify values ​​is in the table:

As can be seen from the table, the genitive case of nouns with prepositions has a wide range of uses as adverbials.

The biggest problem in learning the genitive case

How to correctly:

• among the Turks or among the Turks?
• two hundred grams of sausage or two hundred grams of sausage?
• kilogram of tangerines or tangerines?

If someone has these questions, it’s normal.

The biggest headache is the genitive plural form.

Of course, you can say: “We have no business, we don’t know cases.” But there are circumstances when knowledge is power. For example, the Unified State Exam in Russian is coming up.

This topic is the most difficult when studying this case, since a countless number of word forms are formed and it can be difficult not to get confused in them.

For ease of learning, you can divide the material into groups according to their type.

Feminine nouns in the genitive case

These nouns usually have zero inflection. But what is determined by the initial form before the end (singular h, im. p.)

It is worth recalling that words in the nominative case answer the question who? or what? The genitive case answers the question of whom? or what?

• In them. p. -a with hissing. in front of it: barge - barge, theft - theft, puddle - puddle, ski - ski, cloud - cloud (without b).
• In them. p. -a, -i not after hissing: waffle - waffle, shoe - shoes, blast furnace - domain, poker - poker, nanny - nanny, rod - rod, wedding - weddings, gossip - gossip, sheet - sheet, estate - estates
• In them. case - ia: lecture - lectures, army - armies, parody - parodies, surname - surnames, excursion - excursions.
• In them. p. - ya or -ya: rook - rook, article - articles, pin - pins. But: singers, jumpers, fussers, naughty girls, witches, pancakes.

• In them. p. - nya: cherry - cherries, bedroom - bedrooms, bell tower - bell tower (here without a soft sign); village - villages, kitchen - kitchens, apple tree - apple trees (here with a soft sign).
• In them. p. - b: mother - mothers, daughter - daughters, notebook - notebooks, night - nights, square - squares, bed - beds, bone - bones, whip - whips, bed - beds, stove - stoves (ending -ee).

Nouns in plurals. number of the neuter genitive case

In such nouns, the genitive case form also in most cases has a zero ending, but there are also inflections -ev, -ov.

• In them. p. -o: window - windows, sieve - sieve, mirror - mirrors, vessel - vessel; village - village, oar - oar; apple - apples But: awl - shilyev, bottom - donyev, little face - faces (ending -ev, -ov).
• In them. p. -e: field - fields, saucer - saucer, towel - towels.
• In them. p. -ie, -ye: nesting - nesting, conquest - conquests, food - food, coast - coasts, drug - drugs, land - land. But: dress - dresses, mouth - mouths, lower reaches - lower reaches (ending -ev).

• In them. P.-Ye: guns. But: copies, rabble.

The genitive case of masculine plural nouns and nouns that are used only in the plural. h.

Masculine words form a lot of genitive word forms that do not obey any rules. For convenience, you can classify them by ending and use the table for this:

Nouns that have the same plural form in the genitive case also vary and do not have a specific rule.

Adjectives and participles in the genitive case

Adjectives and participles are also declined according to cases and have endings that depend on the questions that are posed to them by nouns.

If we consider only the genitive case, the following questions are posed:

• Which one? - husband. and Wednesday sort of
• Which? - female sort of

For example:

• dawn (what?) scarlet, evening - ending -ey, -oh;
• sea ​​(what?) deep, sparkling - the end of -it;
• ship (what?) large, sailing - the end of -it.

Adjectives and participles are posed with genitive plural questions:

• which ones?
• what are they doing?
• what did they do?

For example:

Sails (what?) white, (what are they doing?) turning white, (what have they done?) unfolding.

Weigh me five kilograms of oranges.

Yeah, you need five kilograms of orange, wait a minute.

It would seem like an ordinary scene in a store, but it makes you think: who uses words correctly and who uses words incorrectly? Thus the problem arises: plural nouns.

Oranges or orange?

For the most part, masculine nouns, which in the singular have a hard consonant at the end, have the ending -ov in the form we are interested in.

• A lot of oranges needed for juice.
• Some tomatoes enough for a salad.
• Heap fly agarics grew around the stump.
• Five computers Sponsors brought them to the school.
• Dish from eggplant The food here is delicious.
• Basket honey agaric became a reward for a two-hour walk through the forest.
• Kilogram tangerines It won’t hurt for the New Year’s table.
• Pair socks from my grandmother - a New Year's gift.

Gram or grams?

The names of units of measurement have a zero ending if used in a “measurement” context:

• One hundred and twenty volt enough.
• Normal voltage - two hundred and twenty watt.
• One hundred gram it won't hurt now.
• Five ampere- too few.
• A hundred hectare the fields were empty.
• There are five hundred here gigabyte memory.
• Eighty arshin red silk went to the flags.
• Just ten hertz!

If the genitive plural of nouns does not have a counting value, then you need to use the ending -ov:

• You only need to add a hundred grams.
• Five are missing kilograms.
• Without necessary gigabytes It will not be possible to download all the information.

Turkmen or Turkmens?

The nationality of people has a collective meaning, therefore the genitive form of nouns is used mainly with a zero ending:

• Group Turkmen went to the plane's steps.
• Some Armenians made up a team of builders.
• He's among English increased.
• Arrival Bulgarians was furnished solemnly.
• Steppe games Bashkir- this is a tradition.
• Dancing Lezgin charge with their energy.
• Performances Romanian were registered in the prostocol.
• Attack Saracen was a common occurrence in those days.
• A lot of Tatars lives in Crimea.
• Offensive Turk was stopped.
• Dancing Gypsy- the highlight of the program.
• Fellowship Ossetian Petersburg welcomed new members of the community with joy.
• Some of Buryat already in those days I understood all the advantages of joining Russia.
• Songs Georgian- my weakness.

This also applies to the word “person”: several Human came out in support of the opponent.

But these genitive plural nouns also have a number of exceptions:

• Caravan Bedouins moved slowly across the desert sands.
• Selenya Berbers are not distinguished by the intricacy of their structures.
• Customs Bushmen simple and clear.
• Protest blacks on plantations in America was natural.
• Capital Kalmyks today it is a modern city.
• Performance Kyrgyz was received very favorably by the public.
• Yurts Mongols scattered throughout the vast steppe.
• Dancing Oirots mesmerizing.
• Someone from Tajiks spoke in his own language, addressing his brothers.
• Villages Tungus usually located along river banks.
• Expression of will Uzbeks was heard by their president.
• Among Khakassians There are few purebreds anymore.
• I decided to learn the language Croatians
• Arrival Yakuts I had made an appointment for the conference in advance.

This also includes military names:

• Regiment midshipman located in a small forest. (Some midshipmen were sent on patrol).
• Squadron hussar attacked from the flanks. (Form hussars is unusual).
• Songs partisans imbued with the dream of a peaceful life.
• Company soldier moved into position.

And here there are exceptions: he took it from the miners, gathered midshipmen, sent sappers.

Boot or boots?

The genitive plural of nouns denoting paired objects is mostly expressed with a zero ending:

• No shoe The child has.
• From eye sparks flew.
• Edge cuff peeking out from under the sleeves of his jacket.
• Pair shoulder strap He always kept it in his suitcase as a reserve.
• Without stocking much better.
• Shine epaulet blinded the young ladies.
• Bolt boot echoed across the paving stones.

Exception: no socks.

It is difficult to form the genitive plural form from some nouns: head, dream, prayer. And the words shchetz And firewood there are no other forms, only genitive plural forms.

Waffle or waffle?

The formation of the genitive plural of feminine nouns is characterized by a zero ending in the words:

• Tutu waffles for the child was always in the closet.
• Some domain haven't launched yet.
• There was no one in the house at all poker
• Tops roofs appeared in the distance.
• ends shaft stuck into the ground.
• Bunch rod was already soaked in the trough.
• It's time weddings- november.
• No need gossip
• Rows estates reached for the vegetable gardens.
• Nests herons darkened in the reeds.
• On hands nannies the child grew up.

Some of these nouns have the ending -е:

• There can be no equal in this matter shares.
• Lacks skittles.
• Some a handful the seeds were pumped into Kolka’s pocket from the seller’s bucket.
• Roofs sakley disappeared around the bend.
• Light candles filled the entire hall.
• We don't have any extra sheets.

Young ladies or young ladies?

The genitive plural of feminine nouns that end in -nya in the singular has a zero ending, and the soft sign is not written in all words:

Backwoods or boondocks?

Nouns of the genitive plural of the neuter gender and some of the feminine gender vary: in the bookish style of speech they have the stem in -iy, and in the colloquial style they have the ending -ev, and there are words in which there is only one normative form.

Without options it is written - ii in the following words:

• Rows of sharp copies stretched to the horizon.
• Beware the deep ones gorges.
• Enemies are afraid of ours changes.
• The grace of her subtle wrists amazed me.
• We need to cover our rear armies.
• Beware of these tricks naughty.

Some words ending in -ev have the same variant-free form:

• River forests upper reaches- protected areas.
• At the most lower reaches we are fishing.
• We install networks around mouths small rivers.
• Now she had a lot dresses.
• I should add a few links.
• The boy entered the house carrying an armful of logs
• Shine sharpened points instilled confidence in victory.
• Two apprentices slept on benches.

In nouns gun And bench, judge plural form of the genitive case: guns, benches, judges.

Saucer or saucers?

Without variants, some forms of the genitive plural of a neuter noun have:

• Basket apples stood under a tree.
• Not deep enough saucer.
• No mirror in girls.
• Lacks blanket for babies.
• Terry towels is also missing.
• I haven't tried octopus tentacles
• There are many small ones in this area swamps.
• This is a dress from Kruzhevtsev.

Some words, along with the zero ending, have variable variants:

• knees - knees - knees;
• knees - knees;
• trough - trough;
• kopyts - kopytsev.

Rake or rake?

Genitive plural nouns that do not have a singular form have a null ending or the endings -ov or -ey:

Task or task?

Genitive plural nouns with a zero ending in sibilant do not have a soft sign at the end.

• many tasks;
• several dwellings;
• your shoulders;
• heavy burdens;
• no galoshes;
• lack of storage;
• your faces;
• forest thickets;
• roofs of dachas.

Practical work

Now that you know everything about the phenomenon of forming the genitive plural form of nouns, complete several tasks.

1. Instead of a question mark, put a soft sign or a blank:

• your(?) comrade(?);
• borscht(?) hot(?);
• quickly multiply(?)those;
• will you get(?) married(?);
• the rich man is handsome, broad-shouldered(?);
• hataesh(?)sya for the tug(?);
• collapse(?) on your back(?);
• come running(?) at a gallop(?);
• open(?) wide(?);
• sword(?) sparkling(?);
• blue ink(?);
• perform(?) exactly(?)-to-exactly(?);
• accumulation of clouds(?);
• it will soon be(?) midnight(?);
• treasure chest(?);
• Buckshot(?) whistles;
• too much(?) guess(?) false(?);
• many schools(?);
• musical touch(?);
• burn(?) brick(?);
• minced meat(?) fresh(?);
• swing(?) backhand(?);
• struggling(?)to solve problems(?);
• don't say it's not hefty(?).

2. Place the words in the plural in the genitive case of the word.

Ambition, acacia, slaughterhouse, hawthorn, upper reaches, young lady, heroine, nesting place, preparation room, arable land, melon, building, definition, cherry, kitchen, bakery, estate, belief, essay, typography, rowan, history, presentation, mouth, anvil, princess, gun, dress, village, apprentice, dancer, nanny, square, operation, meditation, weapon, ovation, village, reading room.

3. Form words according to the model:

• Buryats - Buryats: Bashkirs, Turkmens, Bulgarians;
• cores - cores: numbers, chairs, logs, ribs;
• Kyrgyz - Kyrgyz: Cossacks, Uzbeks, Tajiks;
• lace - lace, trough, hoof;
• socks - socks: straps;
• boots - boots: stockings, boots, felt boots;
• lemons - lemons: eggplants, tangerines;
• amperes - amperes: microns, arshins, volts;
• grains - grains: feathers, windows;
• splashes - splashes: beads, holidays;
• stretcher - stretcher: sled, darkness;
• apples - apples: pears;
• towels - towels: blankets, saucers;
• traps - traps: nostrils, feet;
• sakli - sakley: feuds, skittles;
• shoes - shoes: waffles, shafts;
• ticks - ticks: nurseries, everyday life.

4. The nominative and genitive plurals of nouns are closely related. From the nouns in brackets (im.p.) form the correct form (r.p.).

1) A lot of new (towels), (saucers), (blankets), (bedspread) were brought in for the opening of (nursery).

2) Many (hectares) of forests burned down from the summer (fire).

3) What a delight the smell of (cherry) and (apple) trees are in bloom!

4) What beautiful bodies of water were located near (the estate)!

5) A huge amount of (vitamins) is contained in just one hundred grams of (oranges) and (lemons).

6) We had a new meter installed for 10 (amps).

7) The new collection (boots) and (shoes) has arrived in stores.