Self-realization in professional activities. Professional development and personal self-realization

SELF-REALIZATION OF PERSONALITY

Each personality is unique in its own way. The life path of an individual person can never be repeated. But if the length of our life is destined from above, then its width depends only on us. And here many people have a problem and it lies in the self-realization of a person as an individual. Some manage to find their niche, others spend their whole lives searching, and still others completely waste their best years. How to find yourself and reach your full potential? We'll talk about this now.

Psychology of personal self-realization. Self-realization is not only a process of personal improvement and self-knowledge. This is also the result of constant growth and working with internal potential. People who were able to realize their inner resources are usually said to have achieved success in life. However, for this to happen, a person must constantly develop. Psychological problems of personal self-realization lie in the discrepancy between a person’s energetic and intellectual potential and the degree of its actualization. In other words, due to various life circumstances, the true potential of an individual may not coincide with the final result of its activities. This often leads to a feeling of dissatisfaction with one's own life. Despite this, the need for self-realization remains in every individual, and this phenomenon has been studied by leading psychologists in the world for a long time.

In his research, S.L. Rubinstein came to the conclusion that the main mechanism of personality formation is motives. They manifest themselves in a person’s thoughts and actions. If, for example, a person takes responsibility, courage in making decisions and works with his fears, then subsequently these actions will take root in his consciousness in the form of certain character traits. As a result, all new properties will be connected into a single system, with the help of which a person will be able, or vice versa, will not be able to reveal himself.

K. Rogers identified two personality types:

• - fully functioning;
• - unadapted.

However, his other colleague S. Maddi compared several theories of personality and took the following characteristics of a full-fledged person as a basis for his research:

• - creativity - without it, personal fulfillment in life is impossible;
• - the “here and now” principle - includes the mobility of the individual, its high adaptability and spontaneity in decision making;
• - freedom of action in all life situations - a sense of control over your life.

Strategies for personal self-realization.

Self-realization is a process that lasts throughout a person's life. It becomes possible only when the individual himself realizes his abilities, interests and needs.

In other words, a person’s entire life is built on a chain of actions aimed at self-realization and achieving life goals. To succeed in life, it is important to make efforts that consist of certain strategies.

The implementation of these strategies is the main condition for personal self-realization.

As a person’s age changes, his needs change, which means that goals and life strategies also change.

For example, in youth a person begins to decide on his choice of professional activity, and many at first begin to resolve issues of their personal life.

When the first stage of self-realization has been achieved and a person has acquired a family and profession, correction and modification of strategies begins. When the need to acquire a position disappears, adaptation to this position, environment, etc. begins.

As for the family, something similar happens there too. Strategies are chosen by the individual, taking into account age, character and needs.

Although there are often cases when the “here and now” principle is triggered, when a person does not have time to think or the benefit of the action that comes up is obvious.

Ways of personal self-realization. A reasonable question arises - what are the ways of personal self-realization? What tools does a person use to achieve social recognition and take his place in life?

It's actually quite simple. Every day we reveal ourselves in work, in hobbies and hobbies, and recently a new way of self-realization has appeared - the global network and global information space. However, the main and main means through which a person’s full potential passes is creativity. Psychologists believe that only creative activity can lead a person to above-standard activity without pursuing any specific goal. In other words, creativity is a voluntary activity on which a person is ready to spend all his strength in order to express himself and his capabilities. But what motivates a person to work long and painstakingly on himself? These are, as a rule, well-known and universal human values, needs and mechanisms:

• - the need for respect and recognition in the group;
• - the need for intelligence development;
• - desire to start a family and offspring;
• - the desire to achieve success in sports or simply become strong and healthy;
• - the need for a prestigious profession and a job with good earnings; personality psychology self-development
• - desire to constantly improve yourself and your abilities;
• - desire to take a worthy place in life and in society;
• - the desire to get rid of bad habits and raise the level of demands on oneself.

As you can see, the driving forces of personal self-realization are quite simple. But only when a person has already been able to achieve and satisfy more than half of these motives can we say that he is a full-fledged person. This means that the process of self-realization can go on to infinity.

Human ideals are priceless, but the pursuit of them is a thousand times more valuable.

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Introduction

self-realization personality autosympathy

For modern society, the problem of self-realization seems to be the main, key one. Currently, special interest in the problem of personal self-realization is due to the understanding that self-realization is a certain determining factor in personal development. Today, the requirements for a modern person are quite high. Socio-economic conditions (high competition in the labor market) determine the prerequisites for self-development and self-improvement. According to the fair statement of E. V. Fedosenko, “only a successfully self-realizing specialist with a harmonious, versatile and developed personality can influence the successful self-realization of a child.” That is why the problem of personal self-realization has been so actively developed recently, both by foreign and domestic psychologists.

R.R. Ishmukhamedov notes that recent special interest in the psychology of self-realization is due to two classes of reasons: socio-historical and scientific.

The psychohistorical context of understanding the problem of self-realization defines the essence of the basic concept as “the process of realizing one’s own capabilities that is gradually realized by people, which is increasingly becoming understandable to people as what provides the meaning and value of their own human existence.” The need for self-realization is closely related to the evolution of man himself, the development of humanistic principles of existence in him. We can say that this is an inevitable process of development of civilization.

What is of interest is that in current social life, personal self-realization becomes a kind of norm, a social standard, “almost a cultural stereotype.” The difference between modern man and people representing other eras lies in the value and semantic foundations of his life, in other determinants of behavior. As a result, “the need for individual self-realization has become an integral part of the motivational-need sphere of many people of our time living in developed countries.” All of the above determines the relevance of our work.

Both established classical psychologists and young scientists have been and are studying the problems of self-realization. Among those who laid the foundation for the study of personal self-realization are B. G. Ananyev, L. S. Vygotsky, A. N. Leontiev. D. A. Leontyev, A. G. Maslow, A. K. Osnitsky, S. L. Rubinstein and others.

Our study is conducted on university graduates of the last 3 years. As a result, the purpose of the study is to determine the severity of professional self-realization of graduates’ personality. The object of the study is the self-realization of the individual, and the subject is the peculiarities of the self-realization of the individual in professional activities.

Based on the above, a working research hypothesis is formed: the degree of individual involvement in professional activities influences the formation and degree of expression of self-realization characteristics of graduates.

In accordance with the purpose and hypothesis, the following research objectives were set:

1. Theoretical analysis of research on the problem of personal self-realization in domestic and foreign psychology

2. Empirical study of the formation of self-realization of graduates.

Research methods: Methodology for express diagnostics of situational self-actualization of personality (SAL); self-actualization test (E. Shostrom - A. Maslow); observation; theoretical analysis.

The theoretical foundations of the work were the following sources:

A. Maslow “Far limits of the human psyche”, “Motivation and personality”; K. Rogers “A View of Psychotherapy. The Becoming of Man"; E. Fromm “The Soul of Man”; A. Asmolov “Personality Psychology”; B. Bratus “Personality Anomalies”; R. R. Ishmukhametov “Problems of personal self-realization.”

The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, and a list of references.

1. Theoreticalbasicsself-realizationpersonalities

1.1 HistoricalAndtheoreticaljustificationProblemsself-realizationpersonalities

The first appearance of the term “self-realization” was noted in the Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, published in 1892 in London. However, self-realization became an independent subject of scientific research only in the middle of the 20th century. The development of the problem of personal self-realization dates back to the 50s of the 20th century. The refusal of an analytical approach to a person and the general intention of considering the personality in its integrity and indivisibility led to the fact that European scientists delved into the problem of self-realization of the individual, without dwelling in detail on the theoretical justification of the original thesis. They understood personality as a unique system, which is not something predetermined, but an “open possibility” of self-actualization.

It is absolutely obvious that the very idea of ​​personal self-realization arises in humanistic psychology, the main postulates of which can be considered the following statements:

1) man as an integral being is greater than the sum of his parts: the study of his particular manifestations does not allow us to understand him in his entirety;

2) human existence unfolds in the context of human relationships: a person and his manifestations cannot be explained by a theory that does not take into account interpersonal experience;

3) a person is aware of himself and cannot be understood by science that does not take into account his continuous, multi-level self-awareness;

4) a person has a certain degree of freedom from external determination: a person has a choice and is not a passive observer of the process of his existence, he himself creates his own experience, thanks to the meanings and values ​​that guide him in his choice;

5) a person is endowed with the potential for continuous development and self-realization, which are part of his nature.

However, the idea of ​​self-actualization itself arose long before the formation of humanistic psychology. It comes from the works of K-G. Jung, A. Adler, K. Horney and others. Similar ideas can be found in the works of psychologists of the 1930-1950s.

For K-G. For Jung, self-realization, which he included in the process of individuation, appears as a person’s desire to become himself, to become a single, homogeneous being. Self-realization is the evolution of the self from the unconscious to moral ideals. This is one of the main life tasks of a person.

A. Adler sees the purpose of a person in overcoming one’s own inferiority, in the urge to improve oneself, to develop one’s abilities. Achieving one's goals in work, friendship and love allows a person to live life to its fullest. Having substantiated the concept of a “life style” and “life plan” unique for each person, A. Adler largely anticipated the ideas of humanistic psychology about personal self-realization.

In domestic science, the JI concept is rightly considered the “reference point” for the development of many complex issues in psychology, including the methodological foundations of the problem of personal self-realization. S. Vygotsky. He was the first to abandon the principle of mental reflection in the process of human interaction with the world in favor of the principle of generating a new reality with a dual nature - “subjectively distorted objective reality.” It is this reality that becomes “outside” for a person, from where he can influence himself. The function of the psyche, according to L. S. Vygotsky, is to change the world so that “one can act.” J.I. S. Vygotsky substantiates the principle of systemic determination of the human psyche and behavior.

In the development of the ideas of system determination, the concept of S. JI is of particular importance. Rubinstein. First of all, the very introduction of the personal principle into psychology served as the basis for updating attention to personal problems. And the famous postulate of S. L. Rubinstein that external conditions determine the result of influence on a person not directly and directly, but refracted through internal specific mental and psychological conditions, connected the external and internal in a single interaction. Internal causes come first, and external ones act only as conditions. The author clearly formulates this: “Strictly speaking, internal conditions act as causes (the problem of self-development, self-propulsion, driving forces of development, sources of development are in the very process of development as its internal causes), and external causes act as conditions, as circumstances.”

The theory of determinism by S. L. Rubinstein leads to the need to identify and study self-movement and self-development.

A. N. Leontiev made a significant contribution to the development of a systematic approach to the study of the psyche. He developed the formula of S. L. Rubinstein, shifting the pole of determination as follows: “the internal (subject) acts through the external and thereby changes itself.” It must be emphasized: A. N. Leontyev speaks of self-change of the subject. From here it is only a step to the problem of self-realization and an explanation of its sources. Personality, according to A. N. Leontyev, is not the result of “a direct layering of external influences; it acts as what a person makes of himself, affirming his human life” and further: “personality cannot develop within the framework of consumption, its development necessarily involves a shift of needs to creation, which alone knows no boundaries.” The following theses of A. N. Leontyev are also significant: “Man lives, as it were, in a reality that is increasingly expanding for him. At first, this is a narrow circle of people and objects immediately surrounding him, interaction with them..., assimilation of their meaning. But then a reality begins to open up to him that lies far beyond the boundaries of his practical activity and direct communication: the boundaries of the cognizable world he represents are expanded. The true “field” that now determines his actions is not just present, but existing...” (emphasized by A. N. Leontyev). For A. N. Leontyev, the formation of personality is associated with the development of the process of goal formation. And the goal is always an image of a future result, the achievement of which is impossible without the realization of a person’s essential powers, without his “independent activity.”

Formulated by S. JI. Rubinstein and A.N. Leontyev, the principles of determinism set the possibility of reaching a higher, level of systemic vision of psychological phenomena. V.P. Zinchenko and E.B. Morgunov write about this, emphasizing that in the last years of his life A.N. Leontyev stopped insisting that the psyche is a reflection, and brought to the fore the problem of generating an image of the world. This is the path to a new problem field, and the contours of the problem of self-realization are outlined quite clearly on this path.

In addition, it is important to understand that the origins of ideas about personal self-realization in Russian psychology are directly related to the introduction of the concept of personality, to V. M. Bekhterev’s study of the driving forces of its development. It is from this that the theory of understanding human potentials, formulated by B. G. Ananyev, grows. B. G. Ananyev, analyzing the current situation in human science, explains the genesis of personality potentials by the fact that each group of properties of the human personality is a system open to the outside world. It is in interaction with the outside world that “the activity of the constructive, creative activity of man, the embodiment, the realization in it of all the great possibilities of the historical nature of man” is manifested.

Thus, we can strictly agree with the statement of L.A. Korostyleva, who says that today “personal self-realization as a separate psychological problem has been identified and studied from the perspective of the psychology of personal self-realization in the main spheres of life.

Based on all of the above, we can agree on two non-contradictory, but complementary definitions of personal self-realization that are basic for our work. One of them was proposed by R.R. Ishmukhametov, who defines the self-realization of the individual as a mental, cognitive aspect of activity, theoretical activity, and work on the internal plane. Self-realization, thus, tends to manifest itself “in the construction and adjustment, restructuring of the “self-concept”, picture of the world and life plan, awareness of the results of previous activities (formation of the concept of the past).”

The second, which largely complements the above definition, is proposed by L. A. Korostyleva, who points out that “personal self-realization is the realization of opportunities for the development of the Self through one’s own efforts, activity, co-creation with other people (near and distant environment), society and the world as a whole . Self-realization presupposes the balanced, harmonious development of various aspects of personality through the application of adequate efforts aimed at developing genetic, individual and personal potentials.”

Based on this, the content of self-realization models is based on the already axiomatic thesis that self-realization, being a subject of self-awareness, is determined by “the interconnections of a person’s attitude to the situation, to himself, to other people, to society, to the world around him, to value orientations.”

The idea of ​​the psychological determinants of self-realization is based on the psychological concept of the regulating role of consciousness in human activity. This concept assumes that self-awareness serves as an integrating basis for human psychological activity.

The study of personality self-realization as an integral psychological phenomenon, presented at different levels of the psyche, in its procedural aspect and manifested in the context of life activity, made it possible to more clearly and systematically describe its phenomena. In accordance with the specifics of the phenomenon of personal self-realization, the developed theoretical model includes mechanisms that regulate self-realization: motivational-semantic (characterized by increased meaningfulness) and personal-situational (reflecting the ability to change the situation in the direction of the course of self-realization in connection with involvement in the regulation of life activity, determined by the guiding influence of consciousness ).

An important determinant of self-realization is the basic motives and meanings that guide a person in the process of self-realization. The motive contains a conscious reflection of the future using the experience of the past. It performs incentive, guiding, meaning-forming and stimulating functions.

Motivational and semantic mechanisms have a decisive influence on the self-realization of the individual. Particularly strong motivational formations include values ​​and needs. Motivational and semantic mechanisms involve the activation of corresponding formations. At high levels, this is characterized by an increase in the meaningfulness of motives. Low levels are characterized by the presence of simple motives - needs - and low meaningfulness.

It is important to understand that the process of personal self-realization is directed from the inside to the external environment and is carried out, first of all, through motivational and semantic mechanisms that contain general psychological mechanisms of regulation.

Thus, “motivational-semantic and personal-situational mechanisms most directly determine self-realization potential, influencing its increase or decrease.”

Such a clear differentiation of the mechanisms regulating the self-realization of the individual in no way denies the structural integrity of self-realization. As a stable ability for self-development, structural integrity is manifested in the absence or overcoming of barriers to self-realization. This quality is ensured by a certain expression and synergistic nature of the relationships between individual, personal and integral personal characteristics.

In the modern world, interest in the problem of personal self-realization is determined primarily by the economic interests of society. At this stage, the forefront is occupied by the professional self-realization of the individual, which contributes to the achievement of “more significant professional and personal heights than before,” an increase and intensification of social mobility, encouraging the choice of active life strategies.

Another reason that determines the relevance of the analysis of problems of self-realization is the desire of psychological science to gain an understanding of the most complex systemic phenomena associated with man and the human psyche.

1.2 Professionalself-realizationpersonalities

Recently, there has been an increased interest in developing the problem of professional development of the subject of activity. This problem is becoming an urgent scientific and practical task of our time. This interest is quite natural, because In modern society, not only does there exist a poorly visible range of professions, but also rapid complex innovations in the professional field are taking place, the scope of professional activities is expanding, new organizations are emerging, and socio-economic relationships are changing. This implies new requirements for the subject of activity, for the process of his development in the profession.

The scientific community has accumulated a huge number of works reflecting the essence of self-realization. The difficulty of studying this phenomenon in psychological science is largely explained by the complexity of its objective knowledge. Even one of the most famous theories, A. Maslow’s theory of self-actualization, was subject to criticism from the scientific community, given the difficulty of objectively interpreting research results and scientific postulates. The ambiguity and complexity of the phenomenon under study forces us to look for a solid scientific platform of objective methods for studying human self-realization in the profession.

In modern science, there are many similar concepts to the phenomenon we are considering: self-development, self-determination, self-improvement, self-actualization. In the works of many authors they can be found as synonymous. However, not all scientists agree with the equivalence of these definitions.

For example, E.V. Fedosenko and I.S. Sedunova point out the interdependence of the “self-development-self-realization” dichotomy. Self-realization seems to them to be an obligatory moment of human development in ontogenesis, without which adequate self-development is impossible: “self-realization in one’s development presupposes the constant accumulation and integration of self-development phenomena (self-awareness, self-knowledge, self-understanding, self-perception, etc.) as a necessary condition for one’s reproduction” .

The phenomena of self-determination and self-actualization realize the active connection and interdependence of self-development and self-realization. Self-determination not only provides, to one degree or another, a definition and assessment of oneself, but also the ability “to correlate the goals set, the chosen means and the situation of action”: “I am confident of success, I make a decision and begin to act.” Self-actualization acts as a trigger for the deployment of self-realization. In this we see the main difference between self-realization and self-actualization.

Thus, professional self-realization is understood as “a continuous heterochronic process of development of a person’s potential in creative activity throughout the entire life course.”

However, with all the differences in the stated definitions, which we, of course, will take into account in our work, it is necessary to understand that the base of test methods is being developed primarily to consider the self-actualization of the individual. This is probably due to the fact that the wide field of the concept of self-realization is extremely problematic to study taking into account all its components. Let us make a reservation that in the light of the latest scientific trends, we also refuse to reduce these two concepts as synonymous, but the survey material, the material of personality study methods, will be focused on the self-actualization of the individual and, based on the data obtained, an attempt will be made to enter the sphere of self-realization.

Our work is focused on considering, first of all, the professional self-realization of the individual. That is why we will specify what exactly we mean by professional self-realization.

As you know, the fullest development of a person’s abilities is possible only in socially significant activities. Moreover, it is important that the implementation of this activity is determined not only from the outside (by society), but also by the internal need of the individual himself. The activity of the individual in this case becomes amateur activity, and the realization of his abilities in this activity acquires the character of self-realization.

Particularly broad prospects for self-realization open up in professional activities. Professional activity occupies a central place in the lives of many people, who devote most of their time and energy to it. Within the framework of the profession, abilities are developed, career and personal growth occurs, a certain social status is achieved, and the financial foundations of life are provided. Following your profession and using professional skills is one of the essential factors in achieving a certain degree of success in life.

In the process and result of professional self-realization, a person develops a professional consciousness, which is characterized by the following features:

* awareness of one’s belonging to a certain professional community;

* knowledge, opinion about the degree of one’s compliance with professional standards, about one’s place in the system of professional roles;

* a person’s knowledge of the degree of his recognition in a professional group;

* knowledge about your strengths and weaknesses, ways of self-improvement, probable areas of success and failure;

* an idea of ​​yourself and your work in the future.

Based on the level of development of these traits, one can judge the degree of a person’s fulfillment in the profession.

However, not every professional occupation is perceived by a person and is a sphere of self-realization. It is not so important what a person’s specific professional motivation is; it does not always indicate active self-realization. In addition, the activity, carried out mainly due to volitional tension, is highly energy-consuming and therefore tiring, exhausting, quickly leading to emotional “burnout.”

A professional business should be interesting and attractive for a self-realizing person. At the same time, it is important that the basis of attractiveness is provided by an understanding of the general social and individual value of work. The dominance of labor values ​​in the hierarchy of human values ​​is practically a guarantee of successful self-realization.

A person’s orientation towards self-development in the profession is of great importance. A person’s career aspirations also determine the possibility of achieving successful self-realization in this area. Active professional self-improvement prevents the occurrence of “burnout”.

However, at the present stage of development of our country, the problems of self-realization are put aside in the background, and often in the background. Socio-economic conditions force a person to take care first of all about more pressing things, about basic necessities. It is because of this that a general deformation of a person’s professional motivation occurs. True, even in the case when a person chooses a profession without special interest, guided by other considerations, it does not always turn out that the path to full self-realization in professional activity is closed to him.

The process of professional development of the individual in domestic psychological science is studied in connection with the ontogenetic development of a person, his personal qualities, the place and role of abilities and interests, the formation of the subject of work, the problem of life path and self-determination, the identification of the requirements imposed by the profession on a person, the formation of professional consciousness and self-awareness within various schools and directions. Professional development as the development of the subject of professional activity closely interacts with the ontogenetic evolution of mental functions and the life path of an individual in society. In Russian psychology, this theory was developed in the works of S. L. Rubinstein and B. G. Ananyev. More modern researchers do not contradict them either. So, for example, the question of a person as a subject in a profession, according to A.K. Osnitsky, is resolved by the presence of “complex experience”, which includes:

* value experience (related to the formation of interests, moral norms and preferences, ideals, beliefs);

* operational experience (including general labor, professional knowledge and self-regulation skills);

* experience of reflection (knowledge about one’s capabilities in relation to the requirements of the profession);

* experience of habitual activation (implying preliminary preparedness, prompt adaptation to changing working conditions, calculation of certain efforts and a certain level of success).

This experience of subjectivity provides a person with a certain Level of success in any field of activity, including professional ones. The wider the range of a person’s values, the range of his competencies, the deeper the knowledge about himself and his capabilities, the higher the level of readiness for activity, for effort, the more effective self-realization.

Effective performance of professional activities, when a person is good at what he does, is often accompanied by “peak experiences”, indicating a high level of satisfaction of the person with the results obtained. Peak experiences are the states of a person in moments of recovery, victory, inspiration, and the completion of a job well done. At these moments, a person feels most integrated and “filled” with positive emotions. They are available to people in any professional field.

It is important to understand that self-realization is “a person’s choice of the direction of activity, the sphere of application of forces, the way of embodying oneself.” This choice is largely determined by a person’s image of the world, optimistic or pessimistic attitudes, awareness of oneself, one’s place in the natural world and among people.

The first path of self-realization is the path of activity, creativity: without activity, self-realization is impossible, a person has no other opportunity to realize himself except by doing something. Since the types of human activities are diverse. Accordingly, the spheres of self-realization are just as diverse.

The prospects for self-realization in professional activities are especially broad. Within the framework of the profession, abilities are developed, career and personal growth occurs, a certain social status is achieved, and the financial foundations of life are provided.

A professional business should be interesting and attractive for a self-realizing person. A person’s orientation towards self-development in the profession is of great importance. A person’s career aspirations also determine the possibility of achieving successful self-realization in this area. Active professional self-improvement prevents the occurrence of “burnout.”

2 . EmpiricalstudyprofessionOcashself-realizationpersonalities

2.1 Techniquesresearchself-realizationpersonalities

In our work we will use two methods for studying personal self-realization. They are quite simple, but let's look at each of them in more detail.

1. Methodology for express diagnostics of situational self-actualization of personality (SLP)

The purpose of the technique is to diagnose the degree of self-actualization experienced by a person in various life contexts (situations). The methodology is a questionnaire that includes 14 pairs of personality characteristics, reflecting the state of a person’s self-actualization in accordance with the descriptions of a self-actualizing personality according to A. Maslow. The bipolar pairs of personal characteristics that make up the methodology represent (in order) the following empirical characteristics of self-actualizing people:

1) sense of humor;

2) resistance to adherence to cultural norms; own value system;

3) peak experiences; freshness of perception;

4) focus on the problem (“they carry out a certain mission, have a certain goal in life, solve some external problem, which takes them a lot of effort and time”);

5) spontaneity;

6) acceptance;

7) human kinship;

8) peak experiences;

9) autonomy;

10) centering on the problem; creativity;

11) autonomy; tendency to solitude;

12) means and goals;

13) sense of humor; peak experiences;

14) creativity.

To increase the reliability of the results, the questionnaire is balanced by the number of positive and negative scales, which correspond to an equal number of questionnaire items.

High test scores indicate a high level of self-actualization and self-realization of the individual, manifested in a specific situation (or life context in general). A person demonstrates his activity and abilities to the fullest extent, and receives satisfaction from this; strives for success in business and achieves it; is passionate about what is happening, which is filled with meaning for him; behaves naturally and at ease; able to control his own life, freely make decisions and implement them.

Low test scores indicate a low level of self-actualization-self-realization of the individual, manifested in a specific situation (or life context in general). A person experiences depression, tension and powerlessness, dissatisfaction with himself and what is happening; the impossibility of realizing his existing abilities; failure to achieve set goals; dependence on others in making decisions and in one’s actions, the meaninglessness of what is happening; inability to independently control your life, freely make decisions and implement them.

Instructions

After reading the names of personality qualities in the list below, select from each numbered pair the quality that is characteristic of you to a greater extent, and put in the answer form the number that corresponds to the degree of expression of this quality:

1 - the quality presented in the left column appears often;

2 - the quality presented in the left column appears periodically;

3 - it is difficult to say what quality is manifested;

4 - the quality presented in the right column is more likely to appear;

5 - the quality presented in the right column appears often.

Be sincere. The results obtained will be used to improve the effectiveness of psychological services.

Situations may be taken at the discretion of the researcher.

PROCESSING RESULTS

The digital answers of the subjects are converted into points in accordance with the key.

Key. In points 2, 3, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, the answer number corresponds to the score received: i.e. for the number 1 1 point is given, for the number 2 - 2 points, for the number 3 - 3 points, etc. In paragraphs 1,4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, the translation of answer numbers into points is carried out as follows: for a number - 5 points, for a number 2 - 4 points, for a number 3 - 3 points, for a number 4.

2 points, for the number 5 - 1 point. The points scored are summed up.

Questionnaireself-actualizationpersonalities

A. Maslow's theory of self-actualization is legitimately one of the most popular and influential concepts of modern psychology. The first attempt to measure the level of self-actualization was made by Maslow's student Everett Shostrom. published the P01 questionnaire in 1963. It included two main scales of personal orientation: the first (temporal), showing that several people tend to live in the present, without postponing it for the future and without trying to return to the past, and the second (support or support), measuring a person's ability to rely on oneself rather than on the expectations or assessments of other people. In addition, there were 10 additional scales measuring such qualities as self-esteem, spontaneity, existential values, positive views on human nature, etc.

The Shostrem questionnaire was translated and improved by a group of Moscow psychologists (L.Ya. Gozman, Yu.E. Aleshina, M.V. Zagika and M.V. Croz) and published in 1987 under the name “Self-actualization test”. Below is another adaptation of the P01 test, the SAMOAL questionnaire. This technique was developed taking into account the specific features of self-actualization in our society of unfulfilled socialism and bourgeois democracy that still does not come true. In addition, the structure of the questionnaire (types of scales) and the formulation of diagnostic judgments underwent significant changes. The first version of SAMOAL was created in 1993-1994; psychologist A.V. took part in its standardization and validation. Lazukin.

INSTRUCTIONS:

Of the two options for statements, choose the one that you like best or that better agrees with your ideas and more accurately reflects your opinions. There are no good or bad, right or wrong answers; the best one will be the one given at first impulse.

Table. Test material

Table. The desire for self-actualization is expressed by the following test points:

Processing and interpretation of test results

Individual scales of the SAMOAL questionnaire are represented by the following items:

· Time orientation: 1b, 11a, 17b, 24b, 27a, 36b, 546, 63b, 73a, 80a.

· Values: 2a, 16b, 18a, 25a, 28a, 37b, 45a, 55b, 61a, 64b,72a, 81b, 85a, 96b, 98b.

· A look at human nature: 7a, 15a, 23b, 41a, 50b, 59a, 69a, 76a, 82b, 86a.

· Need for cognition: 8b, 24b, 29b, 33b, 42a, 51b, 53a, 54b, 60b, 70b.

· Creativity (desire for creativity): 9a, 13a, 16b, 25a, 28a, 33b, 34b, 43b, 52a, 55b, 61a, 64b, 70b, 71b, 77b.

· Autonomy: 56, 9a, 10a, 26b, 31b, 32a, 37b, 44a, 56b, 66b,68b, 746.75a, 876, 92a.

· Spontaneity: 5b, 21a, 31b, 38b, 39a, 48a, 57b, 67b, 74b, 83b, 87b, 89b, 91a, 92a, 94a.

· Self-understanding: 4b, 13a, 20b, 30a, 31b, 38b,47a, 66b, 79b, 93a.

· Autosympathy: 6b, 146, 21a, 22b, 32a, 40b, 49b, 58a, 67b, 68b, 79b, 84a, 89b, 95a, 97b.

· Contact: 10a, 29b, 35a, 46b, 48a, 53a, 62b, 78b, 90a, 92a.

· Flexibility in communication: 3b, 10a, 12b, 19b, 29b, 32a, 46b, 48a, 65b, 99a.

Note: Scales No. 1, 3, 4, 8, 10 and 11 each contain 10 points, while the others contain 15. To obtain comparable results, the number of points on these scales should be multiplied by 1.5.

You can get the results in percentages by solving the following proportion:

15 points (maximum on each scale) is 100%, and the number of points scored is x%.

1. The time orientation scale shows how much a person lives in the present, without postponing his life “for later” and without trying to find refuge in the past. A high result is typical for people who well understand the existential value of life “here and now”, who are able to enjoy the current moment without comparing it with past joys and without devaluing it with anticipation of future successes. Low results are people who are neurotically immersed in past experiences, with an inflated desire for achievement, suspicious and unsure of themselves.

2. Scale of values. A high score on this scale indicates that a person shares the values ​​of a self-actualizing personality, which A. Maslow included such as truth, goodness, beauty, integrity, absence of duality, vitality, uniqueness, perfection, accomplishments, justice, order, simplicity, lightness effortless, play, self-sufficiency. The preference for these values ​​indicates a desire for a harmonious existence and healthy relationships with people, far from the desire to manipulate them in one’s own interests.

3. The view of human nature can be positive (high) or negative (low). This scale describes faith in people, in the power of human capabilities. A high score can be interpreted as a stable basis for sincere and harmonious interpersonal relationships, natural sympathy and trust in people, honesty, impartiality, and goodwill.

4. A high need for knowledge is characteristic of a self-actualizing personality, always open to new impressions. This scale describes the ability for existential cognition - a disinterested thirst for something new, an interest in objects that is not directly related to the satisfaction of any needs. Such cognition, A. Maslow believes, is more accurate and effective, since its process is not distorted by desires and drives, and a person is not inclined to judge, evaluate and compare. He simply sees what is and appreciates it.

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The issue of self-realization (self-actualization) of the individual is traditionally associated with humanistic psychology, in which this term is central. Let us pay attention to the representation of the idea of ​​self-realization in domestic psychological science. Analysis allows us to discover the deep and meaningful philosophical and psychological foundations of this phenomenon. The only thing that should be taken into account is the rather rare use of the term “self-realization”.

“The basis of a person’s desire for self-realization,” notes D. A. Leontyev, “is a not always conscious desire for immortality, which can be recognized in various forms as the desire to increase knowledge, improve people’s living conditions, transfer knowledge and experience to others, and reveal meaning to people.” and so on. ". Thus, we are dealing with an essential, initial component of a person’s life, and one that cannot exist within the confines of human existence.

Successful aspirations can only be realized by going beyond these limits, but “going beyond the limits of individual existence for an individual - only by joining something larger, will not end its existence with the physical death of the individual.” But what is this “attachment”? Even A.F. Losev noted: “Personality, if it exists, is generally thought of as always and invariably influencing and acting.” So, “personality is always revealed.” Moreover, expression is not just a function of personality, but its necessary basic attribute. As we see, according to A.F. Losev, personality is, first of all, an expressive form.

Expressive being is always a synthesis of two classes, one - external, obvious and the other - internal, comprehending, such that is allowed. Expression is always a synthesis of something internal and something external. According to the philosopher, the expression of a personality represents the identity of its external and internal.

This is manifested, for example, in the fact that, perceiving a personality purely externally, we seem to embrace the internal, what appears in the external. “The term expression itself indicates some active self-transfer of the internal into the external.” This dramatic unity of the external and internal constitutes, in fact, the life of the individual, its development. It is the expressive activity of a person that causes the life movement of the individual, in which it encounters the external world, first everything social.

Thus, we have before us, as it were, three beings of personality: “internal being” - essential, semantic (the “prototype” - after Losev), “external being” - appearance, face, behavior, characteristics and the external world - the space of being. It constitutes a single moving value.

Firstly, expression as a consequence of personal activity is nothing more than the realization of its inner essence (expressed means such that it has become real). Thus, self-realization is endowed with a general and obligatory quality of life for the individual. You can, of course, talk about its stage in the life of a specific person, but the erroneous pathos of humanistic psychology disappears here.

Secondly, it is essential to understand the individual’s position in relation to the environment. For A.F. Losev, there is not just an alien, purely objective external world, but “the external world of the individual’s existence.” A person does not oppose the world, but, as it were, is enveloped in it, and this is already her world.

S. L. Rubinstein also shares this opinion: a person does not oppose the world, but is inside the world, and her life activity takes place in his world. The very expression (realization of the internal) brings about a very important transformation to the central point, which makes the process of individual existence completely unique.

Expression and its highest personal form - embodiment - gives rise to a fundamentally new form of coexistence between a person and the world around him. Embodiment (reification in the terminology of dialectical materialism) is the imprinting of living activity as a process of life of human essential forces in an object, transformation of the logic of the subject’s actions into its own objective image and the subject’s finding of his reality in objects that bear and preserve the image of his actions. It is the result of the process of action that, as already indicated, the world ceases to be in front of and against a person, turns into her world.

The condition for the emergence and existence of consciousness, as G. S. Batishchev asserts, reification is the process of self-embodiment of a person “as a substantial cultural and creative force, this is the creation by him of the objective world of his own culture, in which he asserts his subjectivity by what he acquires about “objective reality.” itself as a subject. This process does not represent a simple change of external objects, but is the realization of the complete essential human need - to self-actualize, that is, to leave a mark behind oneself.

The result of this process is always a work. “Although not a single partial, fragmentary work,” G. S. Batishchev further notes, “represents an exhaustive image of a person, nevertheless, it is in his works (and nowhere else) that a person finds for himself and for others an open and fixed expression of what what she could and thought she could become."

The concept of G. S. Batishchev is close to the psychology of A. Maslow (even lexically), and, on the other hand, how much deeper it is. The question constantly “hangs” within the framework of humanistic psychology (“what exactly should a person do in order to self-realize?”), Receives here a fairly clear and detailed answer. A person realizes himself where she is embodied in what she creates. It turns out that a work is always an “address”, and the work itself continues and ends in other activities and other subjects.

The need for self-realization is indeed an essentially and totally human quality, but it does not exist in the form of increased attention to oneself, painful reflection and self-improvement, but in the form of a desire to create something, to leave a mark on something, or in someone. This understanding, as is easy to see, fully corresponds to the context of S. L. Rubinstein’s thoughts that self-development and self-education of the individual do not lie in some isolated meditative “work on oneself,” but in active, real external activity.

This is the key point of our research: the reality of the motive for self-realization of an individual is his desire for embodiment and creative activity for practically anything (here, however, there are many ethical issues, but this is a different, moral reality), and not at all the desire for self-improvement and achieving success as a social definition. The latter, although very important, must be subordinate to the first, and not vice versa; in this case, it should not have self-realization, but social adaptation, and therefore, not development and complication, but involution and simplification of personality.

The process of reification has not only a social source - the essential forces of a social-individual subject, but also a social “address”. Moreover, the “address” of the process of reification is infinity. Here, in our opinion, an extremely significant point is “captured”: full-fledged self-reaction necessarily presupposes a communicative aspect in important dimensions, awareness of the existence of another as an “addressee” of what is created by the individual, forecasting the development of interaction, and responsibility.

Again, we can talk about a certain deepening of the theoretical structure of humanistic psychology - upon careful analysis, it is clear that it is leaning towards a kind of “Robinsonade”, and the aspect of intersubjective interaction is only added to it, because of which some artificiality and incompleteness are always felt.

V. A. Petrovsky developed the theory of “personal investments”. Considering his views adequate to understanding the process of self-realization in the domestic philosophical and psychological tradition, we should note the following. Building his theoretical scheme within the framework of, as he himself notes, the “personalization concept,” he relies on A. N. Leontiev’s idea of ​​personality as a “systemic quality” of an individual. “We specifically characterize this special quality,” writes V. A. Petrovsky, “first of all, as a person’s ability to determine changes in significant aspects of the individuality of other people, to be subjects of transformation of the behavior and consciousness of others through his own imagery (“personality”) in them.” Indeed, a person “objectifies” not only external objects, but also other people, who also become, to a certain extent, her product. And this is where the problem lies.

V. A. Petrovsky introduces the concept of “reflected subjectivity,” which “embodies the idea of ​​the personal aspect of a person’s existence in the world as a form of active” ideal * “person’s presence in the lives of other people,” the elongation of a person in a person.” And then he clarifies: “reflected subjectivity is, therefore, a form of ideal representation of this particular person in my life situation, which is defined as the source of transformation of this situation in a direction that is significant for me.”

Based on these interpretations, we will come to the conclusion that a personality, in turn, is nothing more than the “reflected subjectivity” of a large number of subjects who at one time were significant for a given individual, that is, they made their “personal contributions” into her.

But is this really so? In our opinion, there can only be a dialectical solution here, because an antinomy arises before us: a personality is certainly a certain sum of “reflected subjectivities”, since it initially exists in a situation of influence of other individuals. But at the same time, it is not and cannot be only the sum of these contributions, because in the latter case we would have a mechanism, but not a personality.

The solution to this antinomy, in our opinion, lies in the recognition that the personality overcomes reflected subjectivity, and this is, in fact, self-realization. So, what is truly important is not the quantity and essence of “contributions” to the personality of other people, but its ability, by accepting these contributions, to overcome them in its own activity, in which these contributions are melted and transformed. That is, in fact, the essence of the problem is solved by the process of self-realization itself.

Taking into account the views of V. A. Petrovsky in their “pure” form, one can quite easily conclude that, for example, the professional self-realization of a teacher or educator lies in the desire to exercise as much influence as possible on the student’s personality and leave “a lot” of reflected subjectivity.

Unfortunately, this is exactly how it is understood by most educators and adults in general. From here it would be possible to specify the psychological subject: the motive for professional self-realization of a teacher is the desire to leave a maximum of “personal contributions” in the personalities of students. The teacher, in fact, self-realizes in the self-realization of his students. In other words, the student as my work is a person whom I helped to feel like a valuable and unique individual, free, such that he sets his own goals and achieves them through his own efforts (that is, overcomes reflected subjectivity). Of course, this often depresses and irritates teachers, and especially parents, since very often the self-realization of the one you educate is, of course, existential (that is, according to the theoretical scheme of V. A. Petrovsky, as the degree of correspondence of behavior to what is brought into the person). It seems to us that K. Rogers is right after all.

It should be noted that the controversy being discussed is actually very ancient. Here is how the Russian teacher P. F. Richter wrote about this: “Every teacher, even the weakest, inspires in his pupils respect for the uniqueness of personality, for example, his own. But in the same lesson, he again works hard to ensure that each of them is nothing.” other than by repeating his own “I.” He allows himself as much individuality as he needs to eradicate someone else’s and implant his own. And, fortunately, this does not succeed only in replacing someone else’s. mediocrity with the help of one’s own, that is, imperceptible individuality with the help of another imperceptible individuality: hence the crowd of imitators...

Returning to the analysis of the philosophical and psychological foundations of the phenomenon of self-realization, we note that humanistic psychology does not at all consider the issue of the emergence and content of what should be self-realized - the inner world of the individual.

According to A. Maslow, self-actualization is a process that allows a person to become what he can become; and he limits himself to this, not paying any attention to the psychology of the one who is self-realizing. Meanwhile, in the context of our problem, this aspect cannot be ignored as a simple theoretical limitation arising from the methodological position of the author. It turns out that understanding the features of self-realization and its motivation is very related to how to understand the meaning of what is being realized.

The domestic philosophical and psychological tradition proceeds from the contradictory unity of objectification and disobjectification. If objectification is the embodiment (self-realization) of a person, as a result of which a work arises, then deobjectification is the reverse process - this is an activity that leads to a person’s disclosure of the objective essence of an object, its appropriation and transformation into his own - mental. “Disobjectification,” notes G.S. Batishchev, “is a universal” translator of “nature and objective forms of culture into the” language “of the essential forces of the social and those that communicate with other individuals, of man, that is, into the subjective” language “of the very abilities as living culture." The fact that the processes (objectification and deobjectification) occur simultaneously means that self-realization is accompanied by a progressive change in the inner world of the individual, its development.

This makes the thesis clear: self-realization occurs only in activities that involve the discovery (disobjectification) of new qualities and perspectives. That is, it provides for the development and expansion of awareness.

It turns out that self-realization is not a vector process directed from the inner world of the individual and one that consists in the unfolding of this world. Self-realization is a process of a “ring-spiral” nature: the greater the internal personal potential of an individual, the more likely and more active self-realization occurs, and its content can be discovered, “penetrated” into the depths of the environment, “enveloping” oneself in it, appropriating it and turning it into one’s potential . And this brings self-realization to the highest level: the process turns out to be truly endless, but only because the world in which a person lives is infinite, and his desire to cognize, transform this world, and leave his own imprint is necessary.

The theoretical provisions considered significantly clarify the original problem: self-realization of an individual (and, consequently, its motivation) is a “natural” and totally universal quality (attribute) of any personality. There can be no question of its additional formation. Moreover, the basic mechanisms of this process turn out to be known. Therefore, the problem is that people do not always reveal (and therefore form) all their essential powers - qualities, while remaining even ignorant of their own potential.

An analysis of the main provisions of the Russian philosophical and psychological tradition allows us to establish: self-realization of the individual is, in fact, organically inherent in any person (and theses that supposedly are very a large number of people (3% according to Maslow) - self-actualizes, since everyone “does” it).

But the circumstances may be such that they will contribute to a more active and philosophic formation (hence, self-realization) of the individual. And this is precisely what is a socio-psychological problem.

The views of the Ukrainian psychologist T. M. Titarenko are important. “My “I” as a synthesis of the finite and the infinite,” she writes, “first exists in reality, then, in order to grow, it projects itself onto the screen of the imagination, and my dreams, fantasies, bizarre deliriums reveal to me infinity, the infinity of the possible. My "I" includes many potentialities, it is a necessity and what I can become." But this “possible” is always realized only very partially.

What is the limitation? On the one hand, the “I” limits itself: “There is a danger of excessive expansion of the sphere of the possible, when imaginary constructions leave no time for their implementation. Thus, the “I” gradually turns into a continuous mirage due to a lack of a sense of reality... A person should be aware of your internal boundaries, natural boundaries, so as not to wastefully build a kaleidoscope of possibilities."

This remark, in our opinion, is quite valuable: self-realization should be based on the internal basic characteristics of a person. The opinion of A. Maslow is clarified that self-realization is a process during which a person must become what he can become. It turns out that every person cannot become anyone, determination still exists, and it is nothing more than a set of classical “internal conditions” (S. L. Rubinstein), from anatomical-physiological to psychological. However, that's not all.

Self-realization is also determined by the external features of life circumstances. Analyzing the “ordinary” and “existential” existence of a person, the author actually tracks the mechanisms of self-realization of a person at different levels of his existence. I am attracted by the ambiguity and complexity of the researcher’s position.

On the one hand, “a person remains within the immediate”, does not develop, grows. The “vulgarity of the average person”, his rigidity and “vegetation” of such a life are emphasized. As if the need for holidays, carnivals, rituals, games - everything in this life is expediently and logically justified what allows a person to self-realize and remain an individual. This is a traditional and widespread point of view. But T. M. Titarenko goes further, and then it turns out that “gray everyday life is the foundation that provides the possibility of a gradual escape from the captivity of the situation, breakthrough to real freedom."

In addition, “inclusion in being, the natural syncretism of worldview give a feeling of constancy, strength, and correctness of what is happening.” All this is, indeed, so necessary in the life of every person. Everyday forms a completely unique type of personality, for which it is undesirable to be different, to demonstrate one’s unique individuality, based on the general context. It’s easier and safer to be like everyone else, to be like others.

So, supposedly we have complete conformism and depersonalization. Continuing to vividly characterize this type of personality, the researcher notes: “They (these individuals) know how to use their abilities, navigate changing circumstances in a timely manner, save money and invest it profitably in securities. These people have already achieved success or, not without reason, are going to achieve his, their adaptability can be envied, their existence seems almost harmonious.

But are they truly themselves? The last question is the key one, and we will definitely return to it after examining the author’s entire logic as an integral structure. It turns out that along with ordinary life there is a completely different life - the life of “action”. A person commits an “action” - and currently lives in a completely different dimension of life, and life itself is fundamentally different. But the implementation of an “action” is always limited in time, and the calf of this act is a person... “returns to everyday life.”

So, there is a discreteness in a person’s life path: everyday (“without order”) existence is interrupted by an “action” and then returns to everyday life again, qualitatively changing the personality at the same time.

There is a temptation to consider an “action” as an act of self-realization of an individual, and this is how it is according to the logic of the so-called “vchinkov approach”, which is quite actively being developed by some Ukrainian authors who consider themselves followers of V. A. Romsntsya. “An act of truth”, “an act of beauty”, “an act of goodness”, “an act of existence”, etc. - this is what discrete moments of a personality’s existence look like, in which it really grows and self-realizes. We will not analyze the theoretical views of V. A. Romenz, although they deserve attention. At least in him we do not meet the listed forms of action, and we cannot meet them, because his idea was somewhat different from what is explicated in these forms.

V. A. Romenets pointed out the following forms of action: “an act of risk”, “an act of faith”, “an act of fatalism”, and in another place “an act of self-sacrifice”. The logic is very different from the above.

More important, however, is something else: V. A. Romenets considered the possibility of analyzing very similar phenomena - action and self-realization. Giving a psychological definition of an act, he notes: “... It is also the leading form and the main, conscious mechanism, a method of spiritual development.” Considering the idea of ​​self-realization of an act “quite abstract,” he expresses quite rightly, in our opinion, the remark: “The terms” self-realization “and” self-realization “have a preformist connotation and indicate the deployment of already existing content...

Self-affirmation through communication is the final formula that can express the general meaning of an act in the unity of its individual and social aspects." And, in another work, even more clearly:

“The psychological basis of an action is the action of establishing and developing new connections between a person and the environment. On this basis, new aspects of the action appear.” We do not find anywhere in V. A. Roments an unambiguous statement that an act is a discrete act in time (although the fact that it is an act is unambiguous), as we find this in the works of other thinkers who dealt with the problem of action - M. M Bakhtin, S. L. Rubinstein, A. N. Leontyev.

The concepts of “action” and “self-realization” are so close that they can be interpreted, of course, taking into account the indicated remark of V. A. Romenz on preformationism. Neither an act nor self-realization can be considered a discrete act in the sense that there is some non-independent, non-self-realization of existence, then several (situational act) occur when a person “commits” (self-realization), after which he “returns” to non-independent existence (everyday life) , in the terminology of T. M. Titarenko).

In fact, both an act and self-realization are not an act, but a process, the course of a person’s life. To stop such a person’s existence means simply to stop her as a person (the fact that this cannot be done even artificially was very clearly described by V. Frankl in his work devoted to the psychological analysis of life in concentration camps; this was also done by other researchers and writers). Therefore, we should not talk about this, but about the social consequences of self-realization (action).

We can talk about self-realization (as well as about action) only when a person does something relevant (that is, consciously and responsibly) for other people. This communicative criterion, unfortunately, is not emphasized in other studies, even within the framework of humanistic psychology, although it is one of the key ones. At least that's how we view it in our work.

An important characteristic of personal self-realization is creativity. D. A. Leontyev substantiates the key importance of creativity in self-realization, relying on a three-level model of personality structure developed by G. S. Batishchev. The content of each level here is the specific needs that dominate. “The third level is the need for reification, for the embodiment of one’s essential forces, one’s living activity in substantive contributions...

The need for self-realization can be identified with the third level of the Cellar structure and it can be argued that self-realization is actually carried out through the specific needs of this level (the need for creativity, personal communication, socially transformative activities, motherhood, etc.)."

One can only partially agree with the statement of D. A. Leontyev and with clarifications. He writes: "... The criterion of self-realization is the objective reality of the socially significant contribution made by the subject." Of course, a product of creativity (self-realization) always has social significance, since its appearance means personal growth, creates, and also influences society as a whole. But if this influence is considered as direct, very little will have to be recognized by self-realized individuals. From this point of view, we limit a person’s ability to self-realization to a circle of exceptionally gifted individuals.

We are close to the point of view, which has recently been developed by M. Molyako, according to which creativity has an extraordinary significance that does not depend on the social value of the product, since, in addition to the growth of the personality of the creator, it indirectly affects the entire society. Then creative self-realization is possible (albeit potentially) for any personality. It is associated with creativity and with “the ability for mutual development and self-actualization.”

The studies of D. B. Bogoyavlenskaya highlight the relationship between CREA-ness and personal self-realization. Two levels of human activity - the level of subjective action and the level of personal action - are heterogeneous. Therefore, she distinguishes between two levels of personal action: the level of influence of the social individual and the level of creative action. At the same time, the level of productivity of a social individual corresponds to purposeful activity, where the goal acts as awareness of the desired result. But the result is determined by the position of the individual among people. In its developed form, creative action leads to the generation of a goal, that is, at this level, goal-setting activity is carried out, and the action acquires a generative character and loses the form of a response.

In this case, activity acts as an integral personal formation, and is not reduced only to the action of purely intellectual factors. It is valuable that intellectual activity cannot be explained by the action of physiological or psychophysiological mechanisms (it cannot be explained higher from lower). Therefore, in order to demonstrate the activity of behavior, it is necessary to change the subject of research - to identify a form of activity specific to behavior.

The mechanism of personal self-realization, in our opinion, in its fundamental aspects corresponds to creativity. The key here is the moment of purposefulness. In our opinion, personality begins with one’s own goal setting and responsible experience of this phenomenon. If the goal is not externally set, then it is always mine (personal), always generative (creative) and such that it realizes the personality and at the same time develops, “grows” it: thus, personal action is, in fact, a self-realizing and self-developing action .

So, the subject (personality, self-realization) not only sets the goal himself, but also turns it into a life task, for which he himself restructures his own inner world. Thus, he becomes “the cause of his relations with the world, with society; he is the creator of his own life, creates the conditions for his development; overcomes the deformation of his own personality.”

What is important is the view of L. I. Bozhovich, who, following L. S. Vygotsky, defines a growing personality as the initiator of his own activity, the basis of which is in the motivational-need sphere. This activity forms the basis for the development of the individual as a subject. According to her, the child gradually transforms from a being subject to external influences to a subject capable of acting independently based on the consciousness of set goals and accepted intentions.

Although the concept of L. I. Bozhovich does not use the term “self-realization”, its process is explored and associated with the term “subject”, which acts as an important quality of personality, which consists in the ability to master the world, create oneself, create something new, purely his own, in society. “The efforts of the individual,” notes L. I. Antsiferova, “are mainly aimed at maintaining not so much this or that common activity, but at strengthening, expanding, increasing many dimensions of the space of one’s own life, at including the worlds of other people into its contours.”

In ontogenesis, there is a kind of doubling of self-realization as a system of personal actions. On the one hand, a person continues to actively shape the external conditions of her own development (objectification - disobjectification), on the other hand, her own inner world is now the object of molding efforts. “Isn’t the individual the author, the creator of those mental formations that, at certain stages of his personal development, begin to be realized, and therefore integrated? And the person himself does not participate in the organization - and not just in the search - of his own self, the true self?” - Asks L. I. Antsiferova, polemicizing with K. G. Jung and A. Maslow.

There is a problem of identifying the real content of that internal activity that a person carries out, developing and changing himself, self-realizing. Even the act of introspection leads to noticeable changes in the inner world of the individual. Therefore, self-knowledge and the formation of an adequate “I-conception” are an important means of the process of self-realization and its diagnostic correlate.

I. Golovakha explores self-realization in the context of an individual’s life perspective and considers it as “a holistic picture of the future in a complex contradictory relationship of programmed and expected events with which a person associates social value and the individual meaning of his life.” The perspective of an individual, the researcher notes, is the most important factor in its development and self-realization. The life perspective is not set by the individual, but is created by him, changes and is refined throughout life, passing through tense moments of crisis and excellent alternatives in the life path of the individual.

The relationship between the individual and the environment occurs both through homeostasis and heterostasis, that is, appropriation and transformation - the creation of a social environment. The latter concerns the process of self-realization to a greater extent than homeostasis, although this process has not yet been sufficiently studied and, in our opinion, involves significant internal transformative work related to self-realization.

N.V. Chspeleva, analyzing the concept of L.S. Vygotsky, comes to the conclusion: “The social situation of development is a special combination of internal processes of development and external conditions... This ratio determines the dynamics of mental development during a certain age period and qualitatively unique psychological new formations that arise at the end of this period." Each person develops during his life typical forms of behavior and emotional response to specific life situations, which N.V. Chepsleva calls “concepts.”

Important from the point of view of psychology is a psychological situation that “occurs when real circumstances prevent the achievement of a goal, the satisfaction of needs, or they are interpreted as containing certain obstacles, problems, etc.” Psychological situations can also arise due to the presence of internal obstacles. N.V. Chepeleva rightly, in our opinion, considers the psychological situation as a “task for meaning”: we mean that overcoming presupposes an act of meaning formation - an act of self-realization. It seems to us that the “task of meaning” is of central importance for solving the problem of self-realization of the individual - it is the solution of numerous psychological situations that leads to the fact that the world is no longer perceived as alienated, as such, that it stands “opposite”, but the position “person within his own world” arises ".

A system of characteristics of the need for self-realization is identified: the need for self-realization belongs to the category of higher needs; it is a qualitative characteristic of a person; this need actualizes the potential capabilities of the individual; it promotes personal development; the need for self-realization maintains the internal state of tension of the individual; it is of a contradictory nature; the need for self-realization exists in the “for others” version, that is, it has a social character; the need for self-realization is a value; it has a constant, continuous nature, the need for self-realization has the ability to be purposefully formed in the process of mastering a particular activity.

Fundamental needs create behavioral activity. Activity, carried out by a person in an effective way of life, takes the form of self-realization. It determines activity, is the driving force, the source of awakening in a person his “potentials”, which are caused by the need for activity, represents its highest level, but its character is determined and mediated by the highest life needs.

The need for self-realization is the source of personality activity, and activity determines the types of activities in which this need is satisfied.

Zueva S.P. Self-realization of a person in professional activity // Concept. -2013.- No. 02 (February). - ART 13027. - 0.4 p.l. -URL: . - Mr. reg. El No. FS 77-49965. - ISSN 2304-120X.

Zueva Svetlana Petrovna,

Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of General and Developmental Psychology, Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo zueva [email protected]

Annotation. The article is devoted to the problem of successful personal self-realization, which is determined by a person’s awareness of his own capabilities and potentials in various types of his activity. Adequate professional activity combines the instrumental and social aspects of self-realization, which allows it to be considered as the most favorable space for a person’s conscious self-realization.

Key words: self-realization, consciousness, activity, personality, professional activity, goal setting, goal achievement.

Currently, Russian society is focused on modernization and development, both in socio-economic terms and in relation to the individual. In this regard, research into mental phenomena and mechanisms of personal self-realization is in demand. The reduction in production in the country and changes in the professional structure of society have led to the need to study the relationship between the characteristics of professional activity and the process of human self-realization.

Self-realization of a person is manifested in the fulfillment of desires, hopes, and the achievement of personal goals. S.I. Kudinov points out that the term “self-realization” was first given in the “Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology.” In modern research, the concept of “self-realization” is predominantly interpreted as “realization of one’s own potential.” S.I. Kudinov notes that back in 1940, the Ukrainian psychologist G.S. Kostyuk, considering the idea of ​​self-development, noted “conscious determination” as an essential characteristic of the process. “With such determination, the individual, to some extent, begins to direct his own mental development.”

The problem of personal self-realization is studied using the foundations of various psychological directions. At the same time, it is not possible to single out a single concept of self-realization. It should be noted that the existence of a large number of theoretical studies has not led to the development of a theory of self-realization balanced in terms of points of view. It is also difficult to develop a unified definition of this concept. Attempts are being made to consider self-realization through concepts that are close in meaning - such as life strategy in Russian psychological theory, identity in the theory of E. Erikson, self-actualization in the theory of A. Maslow. In humanistic psychology, self-realization is considered as the meaning of a person’s life; the relationship between self-realization and a person’s social contribution is noted, both in relation to close people and to all of humanity, depending on the scale of a person’s personality.

The methodological problem is the uncertainty of the conceptual status of self-realization. The correlation of the phenomenon of self-realization with the three modes of the psyche requires clarification - whether it should be considered as a process, a state (need) or a personality trait.

A number of researchers define self-realization as a phenomenon caused by the desire for self-actualization inherent in human nature. In research

Self-realization of a person in professional activities

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a point of view is also presented that considers the possibility of procedural determination of the phenomenon of self-realization.

The impossibility of direct observation of the phenomenon of self-realization and, due to this circumstance, the need to be content with recording the elements of its manifestation in the behavior of subjects complicate both the theoretical description of the phenomenon of self-realization and its empirical research. The difficulty of measuring self-realization is due to the high degree of its subjectivity. It is necessary to develop specific techniques and methods for monitoring and controlling the effects of self-realization during the experiment, since it is necessary to take into account the influence of a significant number of factors.

Different approaches are found both when considering the nature of self-realization and the mechanisms of its implementation, and in the analysis and description of the conditions and factors that influence its course and success.

It is proposed to consider (R. A. Zobov, V. N. Kelasev, L. A. Korostyleva) subjective and objective factors influencing the content and dynamics of the process of self-realization.

1. Dependent on a person (subjective) - value orientations, a person’s desire and ability to work with himself, reflexivity, moral qualities, will, etc.

2. Objective ones that do not depend on a person) - the socio-economic situation in the country, standard of living, material security, the influence of the media on a person, the environmental status of a person’s life).

A number of researchers (I.P. Smirnov, E.V. Selezneva) note the importance for the process of self-realization of the influences of the external environment on the human psyche in the form of the results of education, socialization, job training, interpersonal interaction, communication with other people.

It should also be assumed that the actual psychological aspect of self-realization lies in the deployment of all personal potentials of a person in any type of activity or area of ​​life. Translated from Sanskrit, the word “self-realization” is literally translated as “manifestation of one’s spirit.” It can be assumed that human consciousness is the very spirit, the manifestation of whose activity is the process of self-realization. It will probably not be enough to consider the process of self-realization as a simple manifestation of human capabilities, abilities, knowledge, and skills.

The question arises: is the fullest development of a person’s abilities really possible only in socially significant activities? Is self-realization always a process with a plus sign, a positive phenomenon, socially acceptable? In the context of the problem of a person’s freedom of choice, we can conclude that the ethical, moral, social parameters of a person’s self-realization are not significant or essential. However, we find an appeal to moral categories when considering the problem of self-realization in the statement of T.V. Skorodumov, who claims that self-realization of an individual is the process of a person realizing in himself and in society the ideas of good and truth in their ontological unity. This approach means the fact that self-realization of the individual should be considered as a positive phenomenon, corresponding to human nature and contributing to his ascent to the heights of the spirit and development.

Personal self-realization is possible provided that a person realizes the need for self-realization in life, believes in his individual destiny, and sees in it the highest meaning of his life. Without a person’s awareness of his ways,

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Zueva S.P. Self-realization of a person in professional activity // Concept. -2013.- No. 02 (February). - ART 13027. - 0.4 p.l. -URL: http://e-koncept.ru/2013/13027.htm. - Mr. reg. El No. FS 77-49965. - ISSN 2304-120X.

personalities, interests, life preferences, self-realization cannot be realized. Probably, an equally important condition for personal self-realization is a person’s awareness of his integration into the world around him, his ability to harmoniously and constructively interact with other people and nature.

D. A. Leontyev proposes to consider the process of self-realization from the position of personal growth, noting its social orientation towards other people, society in the form of creating spiritual, cultural content or a material object for them.

The instrumental aspect of personal self-realization is associated with the knowledge, skills and abilities a person has that allow him to perform specific work activities and build systems of relationships with people and society.

Among the factors that complicate the self-realization of the individual, one should note the atomicity, solitude of a person’s existence, his lack of involvement in active life, spiritual and cultural limitations, underdeveloped consciousness, and inadequate professional choice. Such phenomena as the priority of material and narrowly pragmatic values, joining criminal structures, drug addiction, alcoholism, etc. have an unconstructive influence on the process of personal self-realization.

If in the community, socio-cultural and socio-economic space of a person’s existence there are not enough conditions for his self-realization, stagnation may occur, and socio-psychological grounds for a social and economic crisis may be created. E. E. Vakhromov notes: “The implementation of policies by the power elites aimed at impeding the processes of self-actualization is fraught with antisocial manifestations of extremism and terrorism. The growth of involutionary tendencies, the involvement of large groups of people in the processes of involution, the marginalization of individual regions and countries are fraught with a serious threat to the development of civilization and culture as a whole.” The external form of personal self-realization is represented by the individual’s activity in the profession, creativity, sports, art, study, political and social activities, etc. The internal form represents a person’s self-improvement in various aspects: moral, spiritual, physical, intellectual, aesthetic.

Thus, a person’s professional activity is one of the essential necessary conditions for the development of the process of personal self-realization. Taking into account the requirements of the activity approach, one should assume the presence in the analysis of this kind of psychological reality of the category of consciousness. It is consciousness that determines the nature of the relationship between professional activity and the process of self-realization of the individual.

V.V. Davydov defined consciousness as “a person’s reproduction of the ideal plan of his goal-setting activity and the ideal representation of the positions of other people in it.”

Conscious human behavior involves reflecting and taking into account the needs, interests and positions of other individuals. Probably, we should assume a relationship between the process of personal self-realization and the reflection, representation, and activity of society and other people.

“Whoever and whenever acts,” noted G.P. Shchedrovitsky, “he must always fix his consciousness, firstly, on the objects of his activity - he sees and knows these objects, and secondly, on the activity itself - he sees and knows himself as acting, he sees his actions, his operations, his means, and even his goals and objectives.”

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scientific and methodological electronic journal

Zueva S.P. Self-realization of a person in professional activity // Concept. -2013.- No. 02 (February). - ART 13027. - 0.4 p.l. -URL: http://e-koncept.ru/2013/13027.htm. - Mr. reg. El No. FS 77-49965. - ISSN 2304-120X.

Considering the system of functions of consciousness in the context of professional activity as an activity space for human self-realization, we can distinguish in the structure of professional consciousness professional goals, professional knowledge, professional attitude, professional plans and programs, professional self-awareness, etc.

Among the main conditions for personal self-realization, A. I. Kataev notes the presence in a person of such derivatives of consciousness as developed self-awareness and reflection with an updated ability to cognize and be aware of oneself and the world around him, real and potential abilities and opportunities, interests and values, prospects for personal and professional growth.

To analyze the phenomenon of self-realization, it is necessary to provide for the parameter of goal setting and goal achievement. Self-realization is not only the manifestation of oneself, but also the implementation by a person, the achievement of any results in the activity he realizes. The degree of a person’s awareness of himself, his goals, capabilities, potentials and resources can act as a regulatory principle, a mechanism of the process of self-realization.

Professional activity, reflected in a person’s consciousness as a space of self-realization, can provide three aspects of self-realization: the actual psychological, sociocultural and instrumental. The psychological aspect of self-realization, as noted above, acts as awareness and expression of personal potentials in professional activities. The instrumental aspect of self-realization presupposes the demand and use of potentials, resources, experience in the form of knowledge, abilities, skills, and abilities of a person. The sociocultural aspect is manifested in a person’s awareness and fulfillment of an individual mission through his professional activities in relation to other people, society, and humanity. Probably, it is precisely this construct regarding professional activity, which is formed in a person’s mind, that contributes to the successful self-realization of the individual.

The effectiveness of such a construct is determined by a person’s positive value attitude towards his professional activity, the adequacy of professional choice, and the optimality of professional self-determination. The goal of professional self-determination is the gradual formation of a person’s internal readiness to consciously and independently build, adjust and realize the prospects for their development (professional, life and personal). Taking into account the dynamism and variability in modern conditions of the structure of professional employment in society, it should be noted that the process of professional self-determination in connection with its self-realization is open, incomplete, and, consequently, relevant for the individual.

A person’s readiness to consider himself developing over time and independently find personally significant meanings in specific professional activities largely determines the effectiveness of the process of self-realization. N. R. Khakimova notes that in modern psychological research, professional self-determination is considered as “choosing oneself” in a profession, choosing a method of self-realization. Empirical research data confirms the importance for optants of such a motive for choosing a profession as the “opportunity for self-realization” motive.

At the same time, the question arises about the relationship between substantive (the purpose and meaning of professional activity as the mission of an individual in society) and pragmatic material aspects (profession as a source of income) of professional activity.

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Zueva S.P. Self-realization of a person in professional activity // Concept. -2013.- No. 02 (February). - ART 13027. - 0.4 p.l. -URL: http://e-koncept.ru/2013/13027.htm. - Mr. reg. El No. FS 77-49965. - ISSN 2304-120X.

telnosti, conscious of man. The predominance in a person’s consciousness of constructs associated with the pragmatism of professional activity for him complicates his self-realization in the profession.

The substantive aspect of a profession is reflected in a person’s consciousness by a set of ideas about the objects, goals, results and meanings of professional activity. The demand and significance for society of the results of professional activity, as well as a person’s own ideas about this, act as conscious prerequisites for the formation of a person’s attitude towards his profession as a mission in society and his own existence.

A person’s ability to fully realize himself through a profession is determined by the adequacy of his professional choice. At the same time, theoretically, one should assume the possibility of the existence of fragmentary, partial self-realization of the individual in the profession.

Thus, we can identify a number of parameters that determine the conditions for a person’s self-realization in professional activity: the degree to which a person is aware of his personal potential and instrumental resources; degree of adequacy of professional choice; the level of development of society and social production capable of ensuring accessibility to a person’s professional choice; the formation of a person’s ideas about self-realization as a mission in relation to other people and society.

1. Kudinov S.I. Experimental and theoretical aspects of the study of basic personality properties // Personal development of a specialist in the conditions of university education: Materials of the All-Russian scientific-practical conference. - Tolyatti: TSU, 2005. - pp. 95-98.

3. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya K. A. Life strategy. - M.: Mysl, 1991. - 299 p.

4. Erickson E. Identity: youth and crisis. - M.: Progress, 1997. - 340 p.

5. Maslow A. Self-actualization // Personality Psychology. Texts / Ed. Yu. B. Gippenreiter, A. A. Bubbles. - M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1982. - P.108-117.

6. Galazhinsky E. V. Systemic determination of personality self-realization. - Tomsk: Tomsk State University Publishing House, 2002. - 212 p.

7. Korostyleva L. A. Problems of self-realization of the individual in the system of human sciences // Psychological problems of self-realization of the individual. - St. Petersburg, 1997. - P. 3-19.

9. Vakhromov E. E. Psychological concepts of human development: the theory of self-actualization. - M.: International Pedagogical Academy, 2001. - 180 p.

10. Ibid.

11. Davydov V.V. Problems of developmental education. - M., 1996. - 240 p.

12. Shchedrovitsky G. P. Selected works. - M., 1995. - 800 p.

13. Kudinov S.I. Decree. op.

Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, associate professor at the chair of general psychology and psychology of development of Federal State Budget educational institution “Kemerovo State University" zueva [email protected]

Self-realization of man in professional activities

Abstract. The success of a person’s self-realization is defined by man’s realizing of his own possibilities and potentials in different kinds of his activity. In an adequate professional activity instrumental and social aspects of self-realization are combined and it allows to examine it as the most favored are of man’s conscious self-realization.

Keywords: self-realization, consciousens, professional activity, aim relief, aim achievement.

Gorev P. M., candidate of pedagogical sciences, editor-in-chief of the magazine “Concept”

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It is not enough to know your worth - you also need to be able to realize yourself (Evgeny Sagalovsky).

Each psychologically mature personality is unique in its own way and has unique individual traits. And even though the length of life’s path is predetermined by higher powers, its width and depth depend only on the individual. It is in the latter criteria that personality problems often lie, the essence of which boils down to the issue of human self-realization. Some people successfully go through the path of self-knowledge and self-acceptance, find their niche in which they manage to reveal their capabilities, tap into their potential and gain satisfaction from their actions. Others spend most of their lives in search of an idea of ​​themselves - an image of “I” and, without achieving a mature identity, they get lost in the ocean of life, unable to realize themselves. The third category of people do not try to reveal their natural talents at all and waste their lives in vain.

Personal self-realization in psychology means two phenomena:

• the very process of realizing a person’s existing natural abilities and potential acquired as a result of the individual’s purposeful activity;
• the result achieved by a person in the implementation of talents, abilities, skills, knowledge, which is perceived by the person as an important component of his existence.

Self-realization: the process of cognition, development, self-improvement

A person who has been able to develop and put into practice his internal innate and acquired resources is assessed by society as an accomplished person. In order for such an assessment by society to occur, self-recognition of the heights achieved by the individual has occurred, undoubtedly, the person must:

• to know oneself intellectually,
• accept your individuality,
• realize your stability and integrity over time,
• build true self-esteem,
• continuously develop and expand the talent structure.

That is, the process of self-realization requires from a person, first of all, the active application of volitional efforts in the conditions of specific activity.

Problems of personal self-realization

The issue of self-realization interested the outstanding minds of antiquity. In the works of Aristotle there is a lot of discussion about the significance of this phenomenon, for example: “Happiness is achievable through the realization of a person’s potential talents.”

The problem of self-realization was an aspect of the studies of the American psychologist A. Maslow. The scientist believed that a person’s need for self-actualization, self-expression, self-realization of inherent potential is at the highest level, “decorating” the pyramid of needs. Maslow believed that satisfying this highest need is the most difficult task in comparison with overcoming the initial levels: needs of a physiological nature (the need for food and water, for rest), for safety and social aspects (friendship, love, respect). According to the psychologist, no more than 4% of the human population manages to reach such a high “bar” of the pyramid, while satisfying even 40% of the thirst for self-realization, the individual feels happy.

Not all scientists share the point of view of the author of the “Hierarchy of Needs” regarding this distribution of personal needs according to the importance. However, there is no doubt about the fact: the realization by a person of his existing potential, the successful application of knowledge and skills in practice in areas of activity that are significant to a person is an invariable component for a happy life of an individual.

On the path of personality development and its ultimate goal - self-realization, serious psychological problems often arise caused by a clear discrepancy between energy potential, intellectual capabilities, the level of acquired skills and knowledge and the degree of actualization of skills in reality. Due to various circumstances: intractable or ineradicable interference from the external environment (for example: living in a zone of a protracted military conflict), interfering internal factors (for example: poor eyesight with a natural talent for drawing), a person’s true abilities do not coincide with the desired end result of the activity. This discrepancy between capabilities, aspirations, and desires with the actual situation in a person’s life leads to a feeling of dissatisfaction, and in some people it potentiates pathological mental deviations.

The sudden cessation of the prospect of bringing existing skills to life is a strong stress factor for a person. For example: a talented and purposeful athlete, as a result of an accident, is forced to content himself with moving in a wheelchair, and the natural consequence of the resulting inability to express himself in the sports field is the formation of severe and prolonged depression. Another example of external interference could be the collapse of many years of work by a promising scientist as a result of the termination of project funding. The following negative development of events clearly demonstrates: although the primary disease is essentially alcoholic depression (dependence), the disease was aggravated by the loneliness of a menopausal woman who was unable to realize herself in life in the desired capacity - as a wife and mother.

Self-realization: components of success

As a result of many years of research, S. Maddi cited the characteristics of a fully functioning person in his theory of personality. He describes a person capable of self-realization as an individual:

• having freedom of action in any life situations;
• feeling independent control over life;
• mobile, having high adaptive resources;
• acting spontaneously in decision making;
• having creative potential.

Not all psychologists unambiguously interpret the above characteristics of a person as necessary traits, qualities, conditions for self-realization of an individual. However, it is obvious: to achieve success, it is not so much innate talent that is needed, but rather acquired qualities: understanding of the goal, determination, hard work, passion for life. Self-realization is possible at that level of human development when a person discovers and develops his abilities, realizes the priorities of his interests and needs, has a certain set of character qualities, and is ready to make certain volitional efforts.

Self-realization: driving forces

What factors motivate a person to work hard for a long time to achieve self-realization? As a rule, a person is driven by natural needs and universal human values, including:

• the need for recognition as a member of society;
• need for respect;
• thirst to develop and demonstrate intelligence;
• the desire to start a family and have offspring;
• dream of setting sports records;
• the desire to occupy a worthy niche in society;
• the need to get rid of bad habits and become a physically healthy person.

The driving forces for self-realization are clear and simple, the ideals of humanity are unshakable and diverse, therefore the process of realizing one’s aspirations has no time frame.

Personal self-realization: life strategies

A significant condition for self-realization is the ability to quickly select, adjust and modify strategies, quickly adapt to new requirements, while maintaining calm and common sense.

Human life goals– concepts are relatively unstable and fickle. This is explained by the fact that with changes in age, social status, health status, and income level, the needs of the individual change, which means that new goals are formed that require a fundamental change in strategies. For example: a high school teenager has chosen a profession of interest and strives to enter a prestigious university. His strategy of action and area of ​​effort will be concentrated in the area of ​​acquiring sufficient knowledge. Having reached the first stage of self-realization, a person is puzzled by the need to obtain a position in an attractive industry, further adaptation in a new role, the desire to reach professional heights, and his life strategy is adjusted accordingly. It is not difficult to foresee how a young man's goals will change when he meets his love and feels the need for self-realization as a spouse and father.

Self-realization: spheres of embodiment of abilities

A person uses various tools to find his niche in life, achieve results of self-realization and gain public recognition. A person reveals his abilities through professional activities, creativity, sports, scientific research, and realizes himself in the family and children. There are various spheres of self-realization, and showing oneself in the best light in all aspects is not a completely realistic task, although it is achievable by some individuals.

Professional self-realization– achieving significant success in the chosen field of work that interests the individual. In particular, it can be expressed in occupying a desired position, performing professional duties that bring pleasure. The term may include, but is not identical to the concept, professional success, which largely means a high level of wages and holding a prestigious position.

Social self-realization– achieving success in relationships in society, and precisely in such quantity and quality that bring a feeling of happiness to a person, and are not limited by the standards established by society. For example, a person may experience the deepest satisfaction from his actions by providing voluntary assistance to orphans in an orphanage. At the same time, such volunteer activities for some members of society may seem like a waste of time and effort.

Self-realization for women is often interpreted as the true, natural destiny of representatives of the fairer sex. The successful fulfillment of a woman’s potential: to meet her love, to realize her family, to become a mother, for most women is a necessary component for feeling like a happy person.

Creative self-realization includes the discovery of talents not only in the field of arts and creativity, but also the successful application of one’s abilities and knowledge in scientific activities. Achieving visible success, making an outstanding discovery, creating a brilliant masterpiece is a vital goal for creative people.