Seismically active regions of Russia: where earthquakes are possible. Seismicity in Russia Earthquake map according to Google

Search results

Results found: 254283 (0.71 sec)

Free access

Limited access

License renewal is being confirmed

1

The main factors that negatively affect the health of university teachers have been identified ("bad habits", "low personal responsibility for one's own health", "high workload", "low physical activity", "high level of stressful situations"), which can be controlled using internal (personal) and external (administrative) resources. The directions for protecting the health of teachers have been identified ("formation of a healthy lifestyle", "improving the prevention of diseases", "improving the organization of psychological assistance"), as well as measures that contribute to improving the health of university teachers ("monitoring the individual health of an employee", "more in-depth examination of carrying out medical examinations" and "equipping with modern diagnostic equipment"). Managing the health of teachers is possible by improving preventive care and organizing psychological services at the university, ensuring the formation of personal responsibility for one’s health and assistance in overcoming psychological problems associated with professional activities.

workload", "low physical activity", "high level of stressful situations"), which<...>Lisitsyn: high level (no diseases, excellent health - health group I, healthy<...>Experts from a departmental university considered the health level of teaching staff to be higher, which is understandable due to the specific nature of<...>The agreement between experts on this issue is from medium to high (W = 0.3-0.8; χ2<...>

2

DIFFERENTIAL RENT ON RELATED LANDS (BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF COLLECTIVE FARMS IN POLESIE BSSR) ABSTRACT OF DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES

The work sets the task of finding out the specific nature of the excess surplus product obtained on reclaimed lands, proposing a methodology for calculating it and determining the value of this product, considering the issues of relations between collective farms and the state in the field of distribution of surplus product and suggesting ways to improve them.

soil fertility, but also a factor contributing to the construction of a socialist society/ -," : : : ::\ : "High<...>Farms engaged in wasp production. cultivated lands, obtain high agricultural yields<...>proper filling with minerals; fertilizers, new technology", varietal seeds, etc. will not provide high<...>systems, government assistance to farms during the development of drained lands, etc. Only by ensuring high<...>using reclaimed lands will be able to obtain large crop yields and high

3

The article is devoted to the analysis of the figurative system of A. Blok's play "The King in the Square". The parallels between the central images of the drama are considered. In addition, the genre definition of the work is explained: its lyrical and actual dramatic elements

“The tall beauty in black silk” chooses the path of serving the people, and in this sense she becomes

4

The article is devoted to the analysis of the possibility of citizen participation in assessing the quality of work of medical institutions. The regulatory framework for such participation, criteria for assessing the activities of medical personnel and the functioning of medical institutions are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the need to combine the vertical and horizontal axes of interaction between all subjects of the medical care system, as well as the implementation of the principles and rules of bioethics.

university teachers (“bad habits”, “low personal responsibility for one’s own health”, “high<...>workload", "low physical activity", "high level of stressful situations"), which

5

ACCLIMATIZATION ABILITIES OF LIGHT AQUITANIAN CATTLE IN BELARUS ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

BELARUSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

The purpose of the study was to study the degree of influence of new living conditions on the physiological functions of the body and economically useful traits of animals of the light aquitan breed and, based on this, determine the suitability of imported animals for breeding in the conditions of Belarus.

For imported animals of the light Akhwaten breed, the calves obtained from them are characterized by a higher salt content<...>autumn period, while among Hereford peers these indicators...remained higher<...>differing between breeds in the amount of costs, "and the low yield of calves and their low growth energy determined their high<...>The majority of imported heifers in new environmental conditions "showed high growth energy and by the first<...>-allowed suckled calves to display the high growth energy characteristic of the breed.

6

IMPROVEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR OBTAINING HEALTHY STARTING MATERIAL FOR PRIMARY POTATO SEED PRODUCTION ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

M.: MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN AND ORDER OF THE RED BANNER OF LABOR AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER K. A. TIMIRYAZEV

Purpose and objectives of the research. The goal of our work was to improve some elements of the technology for growing healthier source material for primary potato seed production, mainly health improvement and accelerated propagation.

The high efficiency of the “leaf cuttings” method has been shown separately and in combination with other methods of accelerated<...>The study showed “the high effectiveness of combining an IHV inhibitor with thermotherapy<...>culture of a "pyaks", allows you to increase the razmgr of the latter to T.0 km and "at the same time maintain a sufficiently high<...>their size (0.1-0.15, mm) there are very large random fluctuations in the yield of healthy regenerants and quite high<...>During this period, high intensity lighting of at least 12,000 lux was provided.

7

FORMATION OF SIGNS OF WOOL PRODUCTIVITY AND PROPERTIES OF WOOL OF TUSHINSKY SHEEP AND THINKORUNOKHTUSHINSKY CROSSBERS WITH HETEROMOGENEOUS WOOL ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

ALL-UNION RESEARCH INSTITUTE ANIMAL

The purpose of the research: to develop proposals for increasing wool productivity, preserving and improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics and properties of Tushino wool when restoring the Tushino breed from crossbred livestock, to clarify the directions for using the wool of Tushino and crossbred sheep.

You have identified and clearly defined quality characteristics and their indicators that determine high quality<...>Adult sheep of the Tushino breed have high (for coarse-wool sheep) wool productivity.<...>Adult sheep of the Tushino breed are characterized by high average fineness and good fiber uniformity<...>The wax content in the wool of Tushino sheep is relatively (for coarse-wool sheep) not high.<...>The elongation of down fibers is high, while that of outer fibers is much lower.

8

NUTRITION OF THE JUVENILE OF THE MAIN COMMERCIAL FISH ON THE SPREADING GROUND OF THE NORTH OF THE ARAL SEA ABSTRACT OF THE DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE KAZAKH SSR JOINT COUNCIL OF INSTITUTIONS OF ZOOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY

The purpose of our research was to study the state of the main spawning reservoirs of the north of the Aral Sea, to quantify the nutrition of juvenile fish in conditions of decreasing river flow, to reveal the nature of food relationships in juveniles, and also to clarify the role of the nutritional factor in low productivity of juveniles.

Its transparency in spring is quite high - 1.45-2.8 m.<...>The oxygen regime was characterized by high oxygen content - 80.7-230% saturation with some<...>In Kuylyus, rotifers also predominated in the spring, with the only difference being that they did not reach such a high<...>Juveniles of Red Perk and Aterpna have high nutritional plasticity.<...>In juvenile roach and shemai, the coefficient of similarity WRITE is high only in LARVAES 6-11 mm.

9

EFFECTIVENESS OF USE OF BVD AND PREMIXES IN GROWING REPLACEMENT GITS ON FEED OF OWN PRODUCTION (BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF FARMS IN THE TAMBOV REGION) ABSTRACT OF THE DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

ALL-UNION ORDER OF THE RED BANNER OF LABOR SCIENTIFIC

The goal is to study the feed value and efficiency of using BVD and premixes when raising replacement gilts, mainly on feed of our own production

. ;" high productive and operational,;: "quality of u.u.repair:_ :\ V*, gilts can be<...>Lna.shspruya.da:.b.e. By. balance, it should be noted that the higher its deposition was „<...>\b 2 higher dose of vitamin E.<...>Copyright OJSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" The higher average daily increase was<...>The animals of the experimental group were distinguished by higher reproductive qualities.

10

No. 4 [Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 2015]

Founded in 1957. Editor-in-chief Gennady Grigorievich Onishchenko - Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Honored Doctor of Russia and Kyrgyzstan, Assistant to the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. The main objectives of the journal: informing about the theoretical and scientific justification of measures aimed at improving the health of the population, the demographic situation, environmental protection, the activities of the health care system, publication of materials on legislative and regulatory acts related to improving the work of health authorities and institutions, publication of information about positive experience the work of territorial bodies and health care institutions, new ways of this work, the presentation of specific data on the health status of certain categories of the population, the sanitary and epidemiological situation in various regions of Russia. In accordance with these tasks, materials are published on the results of the implementation of national projects “Health” and “Demography”, on improving the strategy in the field of economics and health care management, on the development and implementation of new forms of organizing health care, medical technologies, on the assessment and dynamics of the state health of the population of various regions of the Russian Federation, on the training of medical personnel and advanced training.

High technologies in medicine. 2012; 11:3-7. R E F E R E N C E S 1.<...>The highest growth rates were noted among children.<...>, 0.9-0.99 - very high.<...>The average annual growth rate of the indicator is highest among the child population (5.1%).<...>The highest level of primary morbidity was observed in the pediatric population.

11

STUDYING THE STABILITY OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF PEAS AGAINST DAMAGE BY CEROPES AND THE INFLUENCE OF DDT AND HCH PREPARATIONS ON IT ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

KHARKIV ORDER OF THE RED BANNER OF LABOR AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER V. V. DOKUCHAEV

As a result of the work carried out, pea varieties that were resistant to weevil damage were found (the existence of such varieties was not known at that time) and the reasons for this were determined.

High cold resistance and a short growing season of peas make it possible to obtain high<...>Studies have shown the high effectiveness of the drug HCH in the fight against it. "" The results of the work were<...>Under. under the influence of high humidity under the leaf cover, they “peel off” and are thrown off the surface<...>The number of larvae dead in the grain reaches a high percentage in some varieties.<...>The reason for the higher resistance of these varieties against weevil damage is that the beans

12

IMPROVEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR CULTIVATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS IN ADAPTIVE LANDSCAPE AGRICULTURE OF THE CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION OF RUSSIA ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTOR OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND SOIL PROTECTION FROM EROSION

Purpose and objectives of the research. The purpose of the research was to develop scientific and practical foundations for improving technologies for cultivating agricultural crops, increasing the level of their adaptation to the conditions of agricultural landscapes of the Central Black Earth Region. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: - to conduct an agroecological assessment of the effectiveness of the adaptive landscape farming system with contour-reclamation organization of the territory in conditions of erosion-hazardous landscapes; - to study the influence of basic cultivation methods of different intensity and nature of impact on the soil in combination with different fertilizer systems in crop rotations on the agrophysical properties of chernozem soils; - determine the patterns of changes in fertility indicators of chernozem soils depending on crop rotation, basic tillage methods and fertilizers; - establish the influence of basic technological methods and agricultural technologies in general on the productivity of crop rotations, the size and quality of crop yields; - develop the main parameters of fertility models for chernozem soils in agricultural landscapes: Central Chernozem region; - give an agrotechnical, economic and bioenergy assessment of the effectiveness of farming systems and agricultural technologies; - develop practical proposals for the agro-industrial complex of the Central Black Earth Region to improve technologies for cultivating winter wheat, sugar beets, corn for grain and other agricultural crops.

In the Central Black Earth Region of Russia, a large food infrastructure has been formed, with a high<...>-X. crops with a high level of adaptation to landscape conditions, taking into account specialization and intensification<...>Of the main cultivation methods studied, the highest productivity of arable land is achieved by plowing<...>It is characteristic that the effect of mechanical tillage of the soil is noticeably reduced against the background of the introduction of higher<...>In our studies, the use of Kinmiks provided a high effect (94.5%).

13

PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF BLACKCURRANT BERRIES DEPENDING ON THE VARIETY AND FOIL FEEDING WITH MICROELEMENTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE OF THE USSR ABSTRACT OF THE DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

UKRAINIAN ORDER OF THE RED BANNER OF LABOR AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY

Purpose and objectives of the research. The objectives of our research included: to study the main agrobiological characteristics of 26 varieties of black currant, some issues of its reproduction, productivity and formation of the quality of berries; to establish the effect of foliar fertilizing with microelements on the productivity, quality and chemical composition of black currant berries. For this purpose, the role of the variety and the influence of microelements on the content of dry, pectin, tannin and coloring substances in berries were studied.

As a result of research, the best varieties of black currant have been identified, characterized by high yields<...>The variety and agrotechnical methods of growing high yields of berry crops are of no small importance.<...>Researchable; varieties in our conditions are characterized by high winter hardiness and winter hardiness.<...>The highest yield from most varieties was obtained in 1968, the lowest in 1969.<...>High content of soluble su.

14

Psychological reserves of engineering training

M.: PROMEDIA

Experience has shown that in 100 years those who have high scores on PP tests should be recommended,<...>There is an obvious loss in these students of those who could have reached a higher level.<...>According to the second criterion, an energetic, self-oriented person with high self-esteem was appointed commander.<...>of course, a high level of organization of intellectual processes.<...>The organizer must have a high, speedy quality of thinking.

15

SOIL EROSION AND COMBAT WITH IT IN WET AND DRY SUBTROPICS OF THE USSR (BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE BLACK SEA COAST OF THE KRASNODAR REGION AND TAJIKISTAN) ABSTRACT OF THE DIS. ... DOCTOR OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

M.: MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN AND ORDER OF THE RED BANNER OF LABOR AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER K. A. TIMIRYAZEV

The main task of this; The work was: 1) to study the dynamics of runoff, and. flushing, depending on various natural and economic conditions and show how much and how some of them can enhance, and others inhibit and stop the processes of mountain erosion; 2) to identify the specific features of these processes in a zonal context - in two subtropical regions that are sharply opposite in terms of moisture; 3) based on research conducted on best practices and literature sources, scientifically substantiate and outline the basic principles and ways to combat mountain erosion.

G. Vilensky needs from 3 to 5 liters of water), high field moisture content (35-15%) and quite high<...>brown carbonate soils of Tajikistan, on the contrary, have low water absorption at the top, and higher<...>Areas with high water permeability (>2.5 mm/min) on the Black Sea coast occupy about Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau<...>The runoff coefficient of melted snow water in the high foothills varies from year to year within the range of 10-38%.<...>A “high assessment is given to phytom” reclamation in the “mountains, carried out with the help of trees and shrubs.”

16

Innovative technologies based on pressing [textbook. allowance]

Publishing house SSAU

Innovative technologies based on pressing. Programs used: Adobe Acrobat. Works of SSAU employees (electronic version)

This is the “high fantasy” that has come true, which began with the in-depth thought of student R.<...>But some manifestations in the form of individual abnormally high properties are detected.<...>By increasing the rotation speed ω, it is possible to achieve a high exhaust velocity Vist.<...>The productivity of the process is high and reaches 500 kg/hour.<...>Together with the extroling section, the ABP replaces a high-performance press.

17

Project of measures to improve the organization of providing additional services (using the example of the Marriott Grand Hotel)

Checked through the text borrowing search system

And to achieve the highest possible results, it is necessary to develop a project of improvement measures<...>High demands on heads of structural units 2.<...>, meeting the high requirements of hotel standards.<...>The highest score is 4.<...>The opportunity to receive a high salary – this factor was only 19%.

18

Operation and diagnostics of hardware and software of information systems. manual for students in education. higher education programs education in areas of training 09.04.02 and 09.03.02 Inform. systems and technologies

The textbook is intended to familiarize you with the Russian market of diagnostic programs; it contains a brief description of special tools for diagnosing and optimizing hardware and software of information systems and the technology for working with some of them.

This class is complicated by a number of reasons, the most important of which are the following: a) high<...>buses over large time intervals so that rare and one-time events can be recorded; e) high<...>High performance power plan improves system performance and responsiveness<...>Select "High Performance".<...>Therefore, CCleaner should be used by anyone who wants to maintain high performance.

19

A work of a unique genre. This is a philosophical satire on post-Stalin society, primarily on the ruling communist class

Between high Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Book Service Agency 50 GRA N I No. 52<...>what he was like before being treated with party pincers, and what he has become again in his hour before death - high<...>They shine high in the green twilight, like distant suns, and it seems to me that my bed is removed<...>Outside the windows the dense growth of a young park lay green, “a high cast-iron fence loomed black in the distance.<...>Her high breasts at the point of her red silk jacket shook like a banner in the wind: “And you’re saying this,

20

Possible approaches to long-term seismic hazard forecasting are considered in connection with the practical need to justify the safety of geological isolation of long-lived radioactive waste. The required forecast period significantly exceeds that reflected in the set of maps of general seismic zoning of the territory of the Russian Federation (OSR-97). The first geological repository in the Russian Federation is planned to be created in the Nizhnekansky granite massif in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. This area is an intraplate territory and is characterized by relatively high seismicity. The article summarizes the analysis of well-known empirical generalizations and theoretical principles underlying the forecast of seismic hazard. Real seismic events constantly violate forecast estimates even over relatively short periods of time. These and other arguments indicate that the hypothesis of the stationarity of the seismic regime, which is today the basis of long-term forecasts, has limited and uncertain applicability in time. The prediction of intraplate earthquakes is especially uncertain due to the uncertainty of the causes that form tectonic stresses in such areas. The short forecast horizon based on statistical methods can be associated with the nonlinearity of seismic geodynamic processes. It is proposed to use the fundamental patterns of geotectonic processes as a scientific basis for long-term forecast of seismic hazard in areas selected for geological repositories of long-lived radioactive waste. These processes can be reflected in models of migration of seismically active boundaries of lithospheric plates and the occurrence of seismic activity in intraplate regions.

This area is an intraplate territory and is characterized by relatively high seismicity<...>This somewhat reduces the potential danger of high seismicity for geological storage facilities.<...>, for all regions without exception, the graphs of the average annual flow rate of events indicate a higher<...>The lifetime of belts of high seismicity along the boundaries of tectonic plates and, accordingly, regions<...>The area belongs to the Alpine-Himalayan belt of high seismicity and is confined to a 7-point zone (or

21

Designers of Russia, USA, Japan and Germany of the 20th century. allowance

Contains theoretical material on the development of fashion and design of the twentieth century. Particular attention is paid to leading designers from Russia, the USA, Japan and Germany.

They look great with high heels.<...>"High Fashion", Kaliningrad Grand Prix. 1999<...>I am a hybrid product with a high American sensibility.<...>In his project "a-ros" Miyake raised this dialogue to an unattainably high level.<...>He insisted that he hated all these fitted silhouettes, wasp waists, high heels and so on.

22

The prospects for research that are opened by the hypothesis about the causal relationship between magmatism and seismicity in the Tien Shan are discussed. The hypothesis leads to a new look at the causes of global phenomena and the development of the Earth as a whole

<...> <...>Seismicity of the Earth.<...> <...>

23

COMPUTATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SOIL-REINFORCED RETAINING WALLS FOR TRANSPORT SYSTEMS UNDER SEISMIC CONDITIONS [Electronic resource] / Kasharina, Kasharin // News of higher educational institutions. North Caucasus region. Technical Sciences.- 2016.- No. 3.- P. 88-95.- Access mode: https://site/efd/520365

The issues of construction of transport systems under seismic conditions are considered. Technical solutions for soil-reinforced structures to ensure the stability of transport systems during the development of regions of the Caucasus, Siberia and the Far East with high seismicity are presented. The results of experimental studies and numerical modeling are presented, as well as empirical dependencies for determining the parameters of reinforcement of the roadbed and railways.

Email: [email protected] The issues of construction of transport systems under seismic conditions are considered<...>ensuring the sustainability of transport systems during the development of regions of the Caucasus, Siberia and the Far East with high<...>seismicity.<...>Caucasus, Far East, Siberia, it is necessary to take into account the complex natural and climatic conditions associated with high<...>seismicity of the region.

24

Ceramics for technologists, textbook. allowance

Based on modern achievements of mathematics, physics and chemistry, the latest approaches to ceramic technology are presented. Technology is considered as a sequence of nonequilibrium processes; in this regard, the significant role of synergetics is shown. The presentation of theoretical issues is illustrated with specific examples in the production of various ceramic materials.

characteristics (strength, hardness, Young's modulus), as well as high melting temperatures.<...>Such a material should have high strength with a relatively low density.<...>The term "kaolin" is a corruption of the Chinese word "kualing", which means "high mountain".<...>At lower temperatures, such migration is difficult due to the high viscosity of bound water.<...>In cases of higher bound water content, this pattern is no longer observed.

25

The natural and geotechnical conditions of the main pipelines being created in various parts of Siberia are covered, which can be conditionally divided into two groups. The first group includes the built and already operating main oil pipeline Eastern Siberia - the Pacific Ocean, and the second group includes two projected gas transportation systems in Western and Eastern Siberia. In August 2015, a fundamental decision was made to create a third gas transportation system for the supply of natural fuel to China. The purpose of the article is to analyze the state and scale of transformation of the natural environment in areas of hydrocarbon transportation at sites at different stages of development and prospects for each

unique from the point of view of ensuring the reliability of the facility, achieved through the use of pipes with high<...>This allows us to preliminarily take into account the danger of a complex landscape structure with high seismicity<...>First of all, the danger is posed by high seismicity and dynamic permafrost conditions caused by<...>seismicity, etc.<...>seismicity and dynamics of the permafrost environment.

26

No. 6 [Volcanology and seismology, 2017]

The journal publishes articles containing the results of theoretical and experimental work on the following issues: modern terrestrial and underwater volcanic activity, products of volcanic eruptions, the structure of volcanoes and their roots. The journal "Volcanology and Seismology" covers the following topics: Neogene-Quaternary volcanism, the evolution of volcanism in the history of the Earth; petrology of igneous rocks, origin of magmas; geochemistry of volcanic, post-volcanic processes and associated mineral and ore formation; geothermal and hydrothermal systems of volcanic areas; seismological observations, seismicity, earthquake physics, modern movements, seismic forecast. Review articles, reports, reviews, and chronicles of events are also published. The journal “Volcanology and Seismology” is intended for volcanologists, seismologists, geologists, geophysicists, geochemists and readers of other specialties interested in the problems of volcanism and seismicity.

Towards the transfer of criteria for high seismicity of the Andes mountain belt to Kamchatka // Izvestia of the USSR Academy of Sciences.<...>On criteria for high seismicity // Dokl. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1972. T. 202. No. 6. P. 1317–1320. Gorshkov A.I.<...>about it as an outbreak of seismicity.<...>Tolud seismicity outbreak.<...>The abnormally high seismicity of the region is due to the overlap (mutual intersections) of different types of zones

27

Pedagogical process in higher education. allowance

The textbook was developed taking into account the requirements for the training of highly qualified specialists and is intended to facilitate understanding of the guidelines and main directions of psychological and pedagogical activity in higher education for teachers, undergraduates, and graduate students.

The second type – (45%) – a fairly high level of productivity.<...>E.V. Bondarevskaya highlights a high level of pedagogical culture and “mass” one.<...>I had a much higher opinion of you."<...>The lowest level is primitive, the highest is spiritual.<...>A high level of communication involves communication based on the “subject-subject” scheme.

28

The group of continental margins (transition zones) of the island-arc and alternative types is fundamentally different in all respects from the continental margins of the rift group. The main geomorphological and tectonic elements here are classical, quasi, suture-block and reduced island arc systems (ARS). They are distributed in the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans both peripherally and in the open ocean. Orographic, geomorphological and tectonic features of the structure of such ODS form the basis for their classification

seismicity (Espinosa et al., 1981).<...>seismicity, and the seismofocal surface is inclined under the island lines, towards the seismofocal<...>seismicity and the presence of many extinct and active volcanoes.<...>seismicity.<...>The South Sandwich ODS is characterized by high seismicity and active tectonic movements.

29

Development of leadership qualities in the process of professional training: psychological and acmeological aspect monograph

The theoretical aspects and practical state of the problem of leadership in the professional activity of a manager are considered. The role of the development of leadership qualities that influence the formation of the entire complex of professionally important characteristics of a manager has been determined. The features of the development of leadership qualities in the process of professional training and the psychological and acmeological conditions for their implementation in preparing students for management activities have been studied.

High demands on others. The attitude towards criticism is negative.<...>The third leadership style, “participative,” is characterized by a moderately high degree of maturity.<...>The fourth leadership style, “delegate,” involves a high degree of maturity.<...>Therefore, a leader needs high communication skills.<...>The highest correlation coefficient (0.869) was found between parameters 17 and 11.

30

The continental margin (transition zone) is characterized by a complex structure in which island arc systems (IAS) play a major role. The latter are located between blocks of lithosphere with crust of continental or subcontinental type and thickened mature crust of oceanic or suboceanic origin. Block blocks are about. New Guinea, the Admiralty-New Ireland Plateau, the foundations of the Fiji basins, part of the Solomon Sea depression, the Tonga archipelago, New Zealand, etc. Blocks with oceanic-type crust include structures included in the ODS. The strikes of the island arcs repeat the outlines of the edges of the block blocks. Seismofocal surfaces are inclined in different directions, and some of them are vertical. The ODS are, as it were, squeezed from the bottom up from the base of the lithosphere to the day surface. Therefore, this group of ODS is classified as suture-block type

The structures of the New Guinea ODS are characterized by fairly high seismicity.<...>Exceptionally high seismicity is observed on the island. New Britain.<...>The seismicity of the ODS of the Solomon Archipelago is exceptionally high and manifests itself within the boundaries of a relatively narrow<...>The seismicity of the New Hebrides ODS is very high.<...>The seismicity of the Tonga-Kermadec ODS is exceptionally high, especially in its northern half.

31

The construction of the Kerch Bridge, already built once during the Great Patriotic War according to a temporary scheme by the heroic efforts of Red Army soldiers and bridge builders and destroyed 70 years ago by a catastrophic ice drift from the Sea of ​​Azov, is becoming a reality. The new bridge will meet modern needs and the level of development of global and Russian bridge construction. In the process of pre-design studies and drawing up a feasibility study, dozens of options were considered, and today design decisions are predetermined by the design documentation at the “Project” stage

Another problem, however solved, is the high seismicity of the area (up to 10 points, which excludes construction<...>microseismic sounding to study in detail the structure and composition of fault rocks, and on this basis to reduce seismicity<...>JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" TRANSPORT CONSTRUCTION No. 10/2015 31 IN MEMORY OF A COMRADE seismicity<...>The multifaceted work activity of Alexander Petrovich was highly appreciated.

32

The complex natural environment of the zone of influence of the ESPO oil pipeline, characterized by high seismicity and the complex nature of the development of frozen rocks, as well as the geotechnical features of the complex, created and operated using the latest technologies, are highlighted. It is shown that various problems associated with the complex engineering and geological situation of the oil pipeline route and the uniqueness of the pipe crossing through one of the largest rivers in Siberia, the Lena, have been successfully resolved at the operational stage. The need for mandatory geotechnical monitoring at all stages was noted

reality) The complex natural environment of the zone of influence of the ESPO oil pipeline, characterized by high<...>seismicity and complex nature of development of frozen rocks, as well as geotechnical features of the complex<...>First of all, these are high seismicity and dynamic permafrost conditions, due to a wide<...>In areas of high seismicity, in particular, special comprehensive work was carried out to assess it<...>The experience of long-term operation of the crossing indicates a high degree of reliability of the facility, which did not cause

33

Numerous traces of paleoseismic events (seismites) have been identified in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic marine sedimentary strata of the North Caucasus. These traces are most clearly recorded in terrigenous sandy-clayey deposits of the Middle Miocene. The impact of seismic impacts on relatively weakly lithified deposits led to disruption of the primary sedimentary structure, liquefaction of sandy material and the appearance of injection bodies of different morphologies (neptunian dikes, sills); the formation of fracturing in sediments increased their vertical permeability and promoted the migration of diagenetic solutions into adjacent horizons, which led to the formation of subvertical carbonate bodies. The number and intensity of seismic events varied at different stages of accumulation of the strata, and also varied over the area of ​​the paleobasin. In the eastern sector of the North Caucasus region, apparently, already by the Middle Miocene, a general pattern of seismic activity close to the modern one had formed: maximum in Dagestan and weakening in the western direction. Traces of seismic activity were also noted in terrigenous deposits of the Maikop (Oligocene–Lower Miocene) and Lower and Middle Jurassic

An exhaustive analysis of the state of seismicity in recent times for the North Caucasus, the nature of its manifestation<...>The high seismicity of the region in the Middle Miocene time, obviously, was also the reason for the appearance inside<...>Moreover, the main traces of high seismicity here are confined to the upper half of the Chokrak strata; in Karagana<...>the intensity of seismicity clearly decreases.<...>At the same time, periods of relative peace were replaced by increased seismicity, which was often due to

34

Engineering-geological structures are distinguished by a combination of regional and zonal geological factors. Classifications of engineering-geological structures of the Earth and Russia are given. The main engineering-geological features and patterns of spatial distribution of continental subaerial, continental subaqueous, transitional predominantly subaqueous and oceanic predominantly subaquatic engineering-geological mega- and macrostructures identified on the territory of Russia are described

Characterized by a very high degree of seismicity (up to 10 points and above).<...>seismicity (up to 10 points and above).<...>Seismic activity is high.<...>Another characteristic feature of rifts is very high seismicity, up to 8–10 points or more.<...>seismicity.

35

No. 4 [Automation, telemechanization and communications in the oil industry, 2018]

Development and maintenance of measuring instruments, automation, telemechanization and communication, automated process control systems, information systems, CAD and metrological, mathematical, software

When working at the highest drilling speeds - 260 rpm, you can use MMG with almost any<...>Corresponds to the depth of the oil pipeline The ISOU is innovative, allowing for a high degree of accuracy<...>Using the above methods together provides a high degree of productivity and accuracy<...>Measurements must be carried out at a high sampling rate (up to 50 measurements/s).<...>Thus, the most significant parameters should have higher similarity ratio values, for example, you can

36

No. 5 [Physical and technical problems of mineral development, 2009]

The journal publishes articles on current issues in mining science. Traditional topics of the journal: problems of mechanics of rocks and massifs arising in connection with human activities in the exploitation of subsoil; fundamentally new methods of rock destruction; modern technologies for extracting minerals; the fundamentals of creating and ensuring the effectiveness of the use of means of mechanization of mining operations and automation of technological process control; issues of improving underground and open-pit mining; improving mining safety; problems of mineral processing.

seismicity.<...>To compare mine seismicity data with the natural seismicity regime, the catalog was used<...>For the natural seismicity of the region under consideration, it is equal to 0.88. 3.<...>Study of excited seismicity on the river.<...>High speed corresponds to the second maximum of heat release on the DSC curve.

37

Everyone has heard about earthquakes... This is understandable, because it is natural for a person to stand firmly on his feet, and therefore the slightest vibrations in the soil are remembered for a long time, and the memory of them is passed on from generation to generation. It is no wonder that the first information about earthquakes was recorded as soon as writing appeared.

The Apennine Peninsula, on which this state is located, has long been known not only as a region of high<...>seismicity, but also as a kind of testing ground for a comprehensive study of this natural phenomenon.<...>By the way, domestic researchers made a great contribution to the study of seismicity in Italy.<...>Shenkareva published the book “Seismicity of the Apennine Peninsula and Adjacent Islands,” in which she indicated

38

The article makes an attempt to position explored and developed natural and economic resources on the territory of the Sughd region of the Republic of Tajikistan in order to identify the most promising and realistic objects for development from the point of view of decision-making in terms of investment, development and deployment of production forces

economy...the level of use of the resource potential of the Sughd region is influenced to a certain extent by high<...>seismicity in the region and throughout Tajikistan, causing an increase in the cost of capital construction<...>potential of the Sughd region is influenced to a certain extent by the high seismicity of the region’s territory and the entire<...>Tajikistan will not be confirmed or their production on an industrial scale will be assessed as associated with extremely high

39

PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC CENTERS IN SETTLED AREAS OF COLLECTIVE FARMS AND STATE FARMS IN IRRIGATED AREAS OF CENTRAL ASIA ABSTRACT OF THE DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF TECHNICAL SCIENCES

M.: MOSCOW INSTITUTE OF LANDSCAPE ENGINEERS

The purpose of the dissertation work is to further develop the scientific foundations of planning, development and improvement of public centers in rural populated areas of Central Asia on the basis of studying and generalizing the patterns of their development during the period of extensive construction of a communist society, as well as the development and implementation into production practice of progressive methods for arranging centers, taking into account zonal natural features and a new settlement system.

seismicity, as well as demographics of the population, its age structure and established progressive traditions<...>The territory of Central Asia is climatically characterized by high summer temperatures,<...>Effect of seismicity.<...>Most rural settlements in Central Asia are located in areas with high

seismicity and dynamics of permafrost (permafrost).<...>, through which the gas pipeline can pass, the mountain frame of the Ukok plateau, is located in a zone of 8–9-point seismicity<...>Forces of Siberia”, allow already at the design stage of “Altai” to take into account the complex landscape structure with high<...>seismicity and dynamic permafrost conditions and provide in advance the necessary environmental protection<...>is the creation of geotechnical systems adapted to complex natural conditions, characterized by high

41

The article presents, within the framework of the Sakhalin-2 project, construction technologies using gabion structures and rolled geosynthetic materials to protect pipelines in places of tectonic faults. Technical solutions are substantiated to ensure frost-free and watertight trenches, maintaining the thermal balance of pipelines

<...>seismicity of the region.<...>technological solutions for crossing the onshore main pipeline through tectonic faults in conditions of high<...>seismicity of the region.

42

No. 4 [Geotectonics, 2018]

Materials are published on general and regional tectonics, structural geology, geodynamics, experimental tectonics, including articles that examine the relationship of tectonics with the deep structure of the Earth, magmatism, metamorphism and minerals. Reviews of scientific articles and books, information about scientific events, new scientific publications and cartographic materials, new methods of tectonic research and processing of results are also published.

The collision process continues at the present stage, which is confirmed by the high level of seismicity<...>velocity structure of the crust with modern seismicity.<...>This process is controlled by the zone of high seismicity of the Kerch–Taman branch of the KSZ, within which<...>An area of ​​high seismicity in the depth range of 10–30 km is shown, bounded from above by a waveguide at<...>In the eastern block, such high seismicity in the crust is not observed.

43

The morphostructure and heat flow in the transform fault zones of the North Atlantic and Southeast Pacific are considered. The fundamental difference in heat flow in the active and passive parts of such faults is emphasized. In the active parts located between the segments of the mid-ocean ridge (MOR) adjacent to the fault, the measured heat flow is close to that observed in the rift zones of the MOR and is considered as the total effect of conductive thermal conductivity of the oceanic crust and convective heat and mass transfer during the circulation of hydrotherms within the oceanic crust. In passive parts, the heat flow decreases with distance from the MOR to background values ​​characteristic of thalassocratons. The factors that deform the heat flow are the rate of sedimentation in the fault zone and the refraction of the conductive heat flow due to the heterogeneity of the thermophysical properties of the geological section.

Thus, magmatism of the median ridge and seismicity of the transform fault are two conjugate<...>The active part of the fault (between adjacent segments of the MAR) is seismic.<...>Latitudinal depressions are characterized by relatively stable and anomalously high values ​​(112–260 mW<...>Based on the characteristics of seismicity, underwater relief and tectonics, the zone is divided into three segments [<...>seismicity.

44

<...> <...>They are characterized by approximately the same crustal thickness (25-40, less often up to 55 km) and high seismicity<...>"; II "general seismicity background seismicity"; III "general seismicity aftershock sequence<...>CONCLUSION For Kamchatka, with its high seismicity, the issue of earthquake prediction is of paramount importance

temperatures, seismicity, etc.).<...>Reducing permafrost thickness to such limits requires increasing the calculated seismicity score.<...>Table 5.1 Assessment of seismicity of the construction site depending on soil properties Category<...>soil according to seismic properties Soils Seismicity of the construction site with seismicity of the area,<...>If the calculated seismicity is 8 points or less, it is allowed to carry out winter masonry manually with the obligatory

47

No. 1 [BULLETIN OF THE KAMCHATKA REGIONAL ASSOCIATION “EDUCATIONAL AND RESEARCH CENTER”. Series: Geosciences, 2008]

The journal publishes the results of fundamental and applied research in the field of Earth sciences (geology, geophysics, geochemistry, hydrogeology, volcanology, seismology). Magazine “Vestnik KRAUNTS. Series: Earth Sciences" is included in the list of peer-reviewed scientific journals and publications recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission for the publication of the main scientific results of a dissertation for the degree of Doctor and Candidate of Sciences.

One of the largest feathering structures of the San Andreas system is a highly seismic zone of active<...>The eastern boundary of the Bayan-Khar block (22), framed by highly seismic interblock zones, coincides<...>They are characterized by approximately the same crustal thickness (25-40, less often up to 55 km) and

Mass production of AGB in the USSR began in the late 50s. last century, when 10 plants were built, equipped with Polish equipment, with a total capacity of more than 1.5 million m3/year. The enterprises predominantly produced large-sized reinforced products with a density of 800–1000 kg/m3. Later, these factories were supplemented by factories with domestic equipment (Universal 60, Silbetblok, etc.), which made it possible to produce small blocks using cutting technology. By 1984, in the USSR there were already 99 enterprises producing cellular concrete with a total annual productivity of about 5.9 million m3, producing reinforced products and small blocks with a density of 600–700 kg/m3.

At the same time, imports of AGB products, mainly from Belarus, remain quite high.<...>In some cases, the density of manufactured products is affected by the seismicity of the region.<...>In particular, in the Southern District, the production of low-density products is difficult due to high seismicity

49

No. 1 [Bulletin of Voronezh State University. Series: Geology, 2007]

The journal is included in the List of the Higher Attestation Commission of leading peer-reviewed scientific journals and publications in which the main scientific results of dissertations for the academic degrees of Doctor and Candidate of Sciences should be published

Around intermountain depressions, seismicity is usually high.<...>It is very likely that the higher level of seismicity to the southwest of the Talas-Fergana fault is associated<...>Seismicity of the Earth.<...>Island arcs are of igneous origin; along them there is high seismicity.<...>In the Northern Hemisphere (Kamchatka, Aleutian Islands, Alaska) high seismicity reaches 60°.

50

No. 3 [Geology and Geophysics, 2019]

The monthly scientific journal has been published by the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1960. The journal publishes general theoretical and methodological articles on all issues of geology and geophysics. It differs from other geological journals in the greatest coverage of topics in the field of Earth sciences: paleontology and regional geology, mineralogy and petrology, problems of geotectonics and geomorphology of minerals, metallogeny and geochemistry, global and exploration geophysics, various aspects of experiments in modeling natural processes. Much attention is paid to covering the latest laboratory research methods and their applied use. The magazine has subscribers in all scientific centers, large industrial cities of our country and abroad. "Elsevier" distributes our journal in English in many countries around the world. The journal "Geology and Geophysics" is indexed in Сurrent Contents

Silica experiences intense polymorphism at high pressures.<...>Characterized by high concentrations of TiO2 (2.40-3.86 wt.%), Zr (244 g/t), Nb (54 g/t) and high values<...>Yuzhakovsky granites have the highest K/Rb ratio, equal to 500.<...>Among them, varieties with very high REE contents (up to 850 g/t) were found.<...>Seismicity and seismic hazard zoning in Mongolia.

Earthquakes are a terrible natural phenomenon that can bring numerous disasters. They are associated not only with destruction, which may result in human casualties. The catastrophic tsunami waves they cause can lead to even more disastrous consequences.

Which areas of the world are most affected by earthquakes? To answer this question, you need to look at where the active seismic areas are. These are zones of the earth's crust that are more mobile than the surrounding regions. They are located at the boundaries of lithospheric plates, where collisions or separation of large blocks occur. It is the movements of powerful rock layers that cause earthquakes.

Dangerous areas of the world

There are several belts on the globe that are characterized by a high frequency of underground impacts. These are seismically dangerous areas.

The first of them is usually called the Pacific Ring, since it occupies almost the entire ocean coast. Not only earthquakes, but also volcanic eruptions are frequent here, which is why the name “volcanic” or “ring of fire” is often used. The activity of the earth's crust here is determined by modern mountain-building processes.

The second large seismic belt stretches along the high young from the Alps and other mountains of Southern Europe and to the Sunda Islands through Asia Minor, the Caucasus, the mountains of Central and Central Asia and the Himalayas. The collision of lithospheric plates also occurs here, which causes frequent earthquakes.

The third belt stretches across the entire Atlantic Ocean. This is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which is the result of the spreading of the earth's crust. Iceland, known primarily for its volcanoes, also belongs to this belt. But earthquakes here are by no means a rare phenomenon.

Seismically active regions of Russia

Earthquakes also occur in our country. Seismically active regions of Russia are the Caucasus, Altai, the mountains of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, the Commander and Kuril Islands, Fr. Sakhalin. Tremors of great force can occur here.

One can recall the Sakhalin earthquake of 1995, when two-thirds of the population of the village of Neftegorsk died under the rubble of destroyed buildings. After the rescue work, it was decided not to restore the village, but to relocate the residents to other settlements.

In 2012-2014, several earthquakes occurred in the North Caucasus. Fortunately, their sources were located at great depths. There were no casualties or serious damage.

Seismic map of Russia

The map shows that the most seismically dangerous areas lie in the south and east of the country. At the same time, the eastern parts are relatively sparsely populated. But in the south, earthquakes pose a much greater danger to people, since the population density here is higher.

Irkutsk, Khabarovsk and some other large cities are in the danger zone. These are active seismic areas.

Anthropogenic earthquakes

Seismically active areas occupy approximately 20% of the country's territory. But this does not mean that the rest is completely insured against earthquakes. Shocks with a force of 3-4 points are observed even far from the boundaries of lithospheric plates, in the center of platform areas.

At the same time, with the development of the economy, the possibility of anthropogenic earthquakes increases. They are most often caused by the collapse of the roof of underground voids. Because of this, the earth's crust seems to shake, almost like a real earthquake. And there are more and more voids and cavities underground, because people extract oil and natural gas from the subsoil for their needs, pump out water, build mines for the extraction of solid minerals... And underground nuclear explosions are generally comparable to natural earthquakes in their strength.

The collapse of rock layers in itself can pose a danger to people. Indeed, in many areas, voids form directly under populated areas. Recent events in Solikamsk have only confirmed this. But even a weak earthquake can lead to dire consequences, because as a result it can destroy structures that are in disrepair, dilapidated housing in which people continue to live... Also, violation of the integrity of rock layers threatens the mines themselves, where collapses can occur.

What to do?

People are not yet able to prevent such a terrible phenomenon as an earthquake. And they haven’t even learned to predict exactly when and where it will happen. This means you need to know how you can protect yourself and your loved ones during tremors.

People living in such dangerous areas should always have an earthquake plan in place. Since a disaster may find family members in different places, there should be an agreement on a meeting place after the tremors stop. The home should be as safe as possible from falling heavy objects; it is best to attach furniture to the walls and floor. All residents should know where they can urgently turn off gas, electricity, and water in order to avoid fires, explosions and electric shocks. Stairs and passages should not be cluttered with things. Documents and a certain set of products and essentials should always be at hand.

Starting from kindergartens and schools, the population needs to be taught the correct behavior in case of a natural disaster, which will increase the chances of salvation.

Seismically active regions of Russia place special demands on both industrial and civil construction. Earthquake-resistant buildings are more difficult and expensive to build, but the cost of their construction is nothing compared to the lives saved. After all, not only those who are in such a building will be safe, but also those nearby. There will be no destruction and rubble - there will be no casualties.

The territory of Russia, in comparison with other states located in seismically active regions, is generally characterized by moderate seismicity. But in our country there are also places where there is strong shaking, and therefore it can be extremely dangerous to live.

Kuril Islands and Sakhalin

The Kuril Islands and Sakhalin are part of the volcanic Belt of Fire of the Pacific Ocean. In fact, the Kuril Islands are the tops of volcanoes rising above the surface of the ocean, and volcanoes played an important role in the formation of Sakhalin. Every day, seismic stations record tremors in this area.
On the night of May 28, 1995, the largest earthquake in Russia in the last hundred years occurred on Sakhalin. Neftegorsk was completely destroyed. Despite the fact that the intensity of the tremors barely exceeded 7 points on a 12-point scale, large-block earthquake-resistant houses collapsed. 2040 people were killed, more than 700 were injured. The real tragedy was that on this day the high school students had their graduation. The building where the school ball was held collapsed, burying the graduates.
As always during earthquakes, rescuers recorded miraculous rescues. For example, one man fell into the basement of a house, where he was able to eat leftover pickles for many days and survived.

Kamchatka

The peninsula is also part of the Pacific volcanic belt. There are 29 active volcanoes and dozens of “dormant” ones in Kamchatka. Small tremors associated with tectonic processes and volcanic activity are recorded every day. Fortunately, most earthquakes occur at sea and in sparsely populated areas.
An earthquake with a magnitude of 8.5 that occurred on November 4, 1952 in Avacha Bay was included in the 15 most powerful earthquakes of the 20th century and was called the “Great Kamchatka”. It caused a tsunami that washed away Severo-Kurilsk and reached Japan, Alaska, Hawaii and even Chile.
After this, a network of seismic stations was created in the Far East.

North Caucasus and Black Sea coast

For the danger of this region, residents should “thank” the Arabian Plate, which collides with the Eurasian Plate. Seismologists have a complex name for the region: Crimea-Caucasus-Kopet Dag zone Iran-Caucasus-Anatolian seismically active region. Earthquakes of magnitude 9 and higher often occur here. On the Russian side, the territories of Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetia and North Ossetia are considered dangerous.
The largest events are called the nine-magnitude earthquake in Chechnya in 1976 and the Chkhalta earthquake in 1963. Everyone who was born in the USSR remembers the Armenian Spitak, in which 25 thousand people died.
The Stavropol region is also uneasy. Tremors are felt in the cities of Anapa, Novorossiysk and Sochi. The great Crimean earthquake of 1927 is described in the famous novel “The Twelve Chairs”.

Lake Baikal is located in the middle of a huge rift zone - a fault in the earth's crust. Up to 5-6 thousand tremors are recorded here per year. On the rift line going into Mongolia, there is also its own “valley of dormant volcanoes” on the Oka Plateau in Buryatia.
The most famous earthquake on Lake Baikal, the Tsagan earthquake, occurred on January 12, 1863. Then, on the southeastern shore of Lake Baikal, an entire valley went under water, and Proval Bay was formed.
The last strong earthquake occurred on August 27, 2008. The epicenter was located in the southern waters of Lake Baikal, the strength was 10. In Irkutsk there were 6-7 points. People panicked, ran out into the street, and cellular communications collapsed. In Baikalsk, where the temperature reached 9 points, the work of the pulp and paper mill was interrupted.
Fortunately, most strong earthquakes in this region do not cause casualties, since the area is sparsely populated and multi-story buildings are designed to withstand tremors.

Altai and Tyva

In both Altai and Tuva, complex processes lead to earthquakes. On the one hand, the region is influenced by the huge Hindustan plate, due to the movement of which to the north the Himalayas were formed, and on the other hand, by the Baikal Fault. Seismic activity in the region is increasing.
A 10-magnitude earthquake that occurred on September 27, 2003 caused a lot of noise in Altai. It reached Novosibirsk, Kuzbass and Krasnoyarsk. Six districts of the republic were damaged, the village of Beltir was destroyed, 110 families were left homeless. Buildings in the villages of Kosh-Agach and Aktash were destroyed.
In Tuva, the local population was frightened by the earthquake that occurred on the evening of December 27, 2011. In the villages of the republic, houses cracked and collapsed. Chandeliers swayed in the homes of residents of Abakan and Novokuznetsk. What added to the fear was that it was bitterly cold outside. Seismic activity continued almost throughout the winter. So, in February 2012, seismologists counted more than 700 tremors.

In the vast area of ​​Yakutia, there are two seismic zones. The northern one goes from the Lena delta to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk along the Chersky ridge, the southern one - Baikal-Stanovoi - stretches from Lake Baikal to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Every day there are two or three tremors here. The strongest earthquake is the nine-magnitude Oymyakon earthquake of 1971. The tremors were felt over an area of ​​a million square kilometers and reached Magadan. And in April 1989, between the valleys of the Lena and Amur rivers, an 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred over an area of ​​one and a half million square kilometers! The Yakuts themselves claim that the republic accounts for almost a third of all seismic activity in Russia.

Over 300 years, 42 earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from 3 to 6.5 were recorded in the Urals.
Recent studies indicate that tremors of up to 7 magnitude are possible here. True, this happens once every 110-120 years. Now there is an increase in seismic activity.
The last strong earthquake occurred on March 30, 2010, near Kachkanar. At the epicenter, the force of the tremors was 5 points. Windows in houses shook, car alarms went off.

Of course, for those who live in the central regions, what is happening on the outskirts of Russia will seem distant, but it turns out that there are events that affect the entire country. So, on May 24, 2013, at the bottom of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, at a depth of 620 kilometers, an 8.0 magnitude shock occurred. The earthquake was unique: it swept across the entire country, becoming the fourth in Western Russia over the past 76 years.
This earthquake brought a lot of thrills to the inhabitants of the capital's skyscrapers. Some offices evacuated workers.

SEISMICITY - the susceptibility of a given area to earthquakes, characterized by the distribution and frequency of earthquakes of varying strength over time and the nature of destruction

(Bulgarian language; Български) - seismicity

(Czech language; Čeština) - seismicita

(German; Deutsch) -Seismik

(Hungarian; Magyar) - szeizmicitas

(Mongolian) - gazar khodlylt

(Polish language; Polska) - sejsmiczność

(Romanian language; Român) -seismicity

(Serbo-Croatian language; Srpski jezik; Hrvatski jezik) - seizmičnost

(Spanish; Español) - sismicidad

(English language; English) -seismicity

(French; Français) - s(e)ismicite

Construction dictionary.

See what “SEISMICITY” is in other dictionaries:

Seismicity- probable intensity of the earthquake in points on the MSK 64 scale. Source: RD 31.3.06 2000: Guidelines for recording seismic events ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

seismicity- Susceptibility of the Earth or certain territories to earthquakes. Note Seismicity is characterized by the territorial distribution of sources, intensity and other characteristics of earthquakes. [RD 01.120.00 KTN 228 06] seismicity... ... Technical Translator's Guide

1) the possibility and frequency of occurrence of an earthquake of a certain intensity; 2) distribution in space and time of earthquake sources of various amplitudes, caused by tectonic movements of rocks of the earth’s crust and upper mantle... ... Dictionary of emergency situations

Noun, number of synonyms: 2 highly seismicity (1) susceptibility to earthquakes (1) Dictionary of synonyms ... Dictionary of synonyms

Manifestation of earthquakes. The north of the region is characterized by the distribution of earthquakes over the area, the recurrence of earthquakes of different strengths over time, the nature of destruction and deformation and the area of ​​destruction, the connection of earthquake foci with geological... ... Geological encyclopedia

Seismicity- a set of earthquake foci in space and time... Source: RESOLUTION of the Gosatomnadzor of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2001 N 16 ON THE APPROVAL AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SAFETY GUIDELINES ASSESSMENT OF THE SEISMIC HAZARD OF NUCLEAR AND... Official terminology

seismicity- The susceptibility of the Earth or individual territories to earthquakes, determined by their intensity and frequency in a given region. Syn.: seismic activity… Dictionary of Geography

Seismic terminology is a set of the most important terms and concepts used in the practice of anti-seismic design of power equipment and pipelines of nuclear and thermal power plants. Antiseismic design complex... ... Wikipedia

G. Earthquake susceptibility. Ephraim's explanatory dictionary. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova

Seismicity, seismicity, seismicity, seismicity, seismicity, seismicity, seismicity, seismicity, seismicity, seismicity, seismicity, seismicity (Source: “Full accentuated paradigm according to A. A. Zaliznyak”) ... Forms of words

Books

• Statistical hydrometeorology. Part 2. Turbulence and waves. Textbook, V. A. Rozhkov. The second part of “Statistical Hydrometeorology” (Part 1 - “Turbulence and Waves” - was published by the St. Petersburg State University Publishing House in 2013) discusses the patterns of multi-scale variability...
• Modern methods of measuring, processing and interpreting electromagnetic data. Electromagnetic sounding of the Earth and seismicity, Spichak V.V.. This book was prepared on the basis of lectures given by leading Russian and foreign scientists to the participants of the III All-Russian school-seminar on electromagnetic sounding of the Earth...

Seismic(from the Greek - shaking) phenomena manifest themselves in the form of elastic vibrations of the earth's crust. This formidable natural phenomenon is typical of geosyncline areas where modern mountain-building processes are active, as well as subduction and obduction zones.

Tremors of seismic origin occur almost continuously. Special instruments record more than 100 thousand earthquakes during the year, but, fortunately, only about 100 of them lead to destructive consequences and some lead to catastrophes with the death of people and massive destruction of buildings and structures (Fig. 45).

Earthquakes also occur during volcanic eruptions (in Russia, for example, in Kamchatka), the occurrence of failures due to the collapse of rocks into large underground caves, narrow deep valleys, and also as a result of powerful explosions produced, for example, for construction purposes. The destructive effect of such earthquakes is small and they are of local significance, and the most destructive are tectonic seismic phenomena, which usually cover large areas

History knows catastrophic earthquakes when tens of thousands of people died and entire cities or most of them were destroyed (Lisbon - 1755, Tokyo - 1923, San Francisco - 1906, Chile and the island of Sicily - 1968). Only in the first half of the 20th century. there were 3,749 of them, with 300 earthquakes occurring in the Baikal region alone. The most destructive ones were in the cities of Ashgabat (1948) and Tashkent (1966).

An exceptionally powerful catastrophic earthquake occurred on December 4, 1956 in Mongolia, which was also recorded in China and Russia. It was accompanied by enormous destruction. One of the mountain peaks split in half, part of a mountain 400 m high collapsed into a gorge. A fault depression up to 18 km long and 800 m wide was formed. Cracks up to 20 m wide appeared on the surface of the earth. The main one of these cracks stretched up to 250 km.

The most catastrophic earthquake was the 1976 earthquake that occurred in Tangshan (China), as a result of which 250 thousand people died, mainly under collapsed buildings made of clay (mud brick).

Tectonic seismic phenomena occur both at the bottom of the oceans and on land. In this regard, seaquakes and earthquakes are distinguished.

Seaquakes arise in deep oceanic depressions of the Pacific, and less commonly, the Indian and Atlantic oceans. Rapid rises and falls of the ocean floor cause displacement of large masses of rocks and generate gentle waves (tsunamis) on the ocean surface with a distance between crests of up to 150 km and a very small height above the great depths of the ocean. When approaching the shore, along with the rise of the bottom, and sometimes the narrowing of the shores in the bays, the height of the waves increases to 15-20 m and even 40 m.

Tsunami move over distances of hundreds and thousands of kilometers at speeds of 500-800 and even more than 1000 km/h. As the depth of the sea decreases, the steepness of the waves increases sharply and they crash onto the shores with terrible force, causing the destruction of structures and the death of people. During the sea earthquake of 1896 in Japan, waves 30 m high were recorded. As a result of hitting the shore, they destroyed 10,500 houses, killing more than 27 thousand people.

The Japanese, Indonesian, Philippine and Hawaiian islands, as well as the Pacific coast of South America, are most often affected by tsunamis. In Russia, this phenomenon is observed on the eastern shores of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. The last catastrophic tsunami in this area occurred in November 1952 in the Pacific Ocean, 140 km from the coast. Before the wave arrived, the sea retreated from the coast to a distance of 500 m, and 40 minutes later a tsunami with sand, silt and various debris hit the coast. This was followed by a second wave up to 10-15 m high, which completed the destruction of all buildings located below the ten-meter mark.

The highest seismic wave - a tsunami - rose off the coast of Alaska in 1964; its height reached 66 m, and its speed was 585 km/h.

The frequency of tsunamis is not as high as that of earthquakes. Thus, over 200 years, only 14 of them were observed on the coast of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands, of which four were catastrophic.

On the Pacific coast in Russia and other countries, special observation services have been created that warn of the approach of a tsunami. This allows you to warn and protect people from danger in time. To combat tsunamis, engineering structures are erected in the form of protective embankments, reinforced concrete piers, wave walls, and artificial shallows are created. Buildings are placed on a high part of the terrain.

Earthquakes. Seismic waves. The source of generation of seismic waves is called the hypocenter (Fig. 46). Based on the depth of the hypocenter, earthquakes are distinguished: surface - from 1 to 10 km deep, cow - 30-50 km and deep (or plutonic) - from 100-300 to 700 km. The latter are already in the Earth's mantle and are associated with movements occurring in the deep zones of the planet. Such earthquakes were observed in the Far East, Spain and Afghanistan. The most destructive are surface and crustal earthquakes.

Directly above the hypocenter on the surface of the earth is located epicenter. In this area, surface shaking occurs first and with the greatest force. An analysis of earthquakes has shown that in seismically active regions of the Earth, 70% of the sources of seismic phenomena are located to a depth of 60 km, but the most seismic depth is still from 30 to 60 km.

Seismic waves, which by their nature are elastic vibrations, emanate from the hypocenter in all directions. Longitudinal and transverse seismic waves are distinguished as elastic vibrations propagating in the ground from the sources of earthquakes, explosions, impacts and other sources of excitation. Seismic waves - longitudinal, or /*-waves (lat. primae- the first), come to the surface of the earth first, since they have a speed 1.7 times greater than transverse waves; transverse, or 5-waves (lat. secondae- second), and superficial, or L-waves (lat. 1op-qeg- long). L-wave lengths are longer and speeds are lower than R- and 5-waves. Longitudinal seismic waves are compression and tension waves of the medium in the direction of seismic rays (in all directions from the source of the earthquake or other source of excitation); transverse seismic waves - shear waves in the direction perpendicular to the seismic rays; surface seismic waves are waves propagating along the surface of the earth. L-waves are divided into Love waves (transverse vibrations in the horizontal plane that do not have a vertical component) and Rayleigh waves (complex vibrations with a vertical component), named after the scientists who discovered them. Of greatest interest to a civil engineer are longitudinal and transverse waves. Longitudinal waves cause expansion and contraction of rocks in the direction of their movement. They spread in all media - solid, liquid and gaseous. Their speed depends on the substance of the rocks. This can be seen from the examples given in table. 11. Transverse vibrations are perpendicular to longitudinal vibrations, propagate only in a solid medium and cause shear deformation in rocks. The speed of transverse waves is approximately 1.7 times less than that of longitudinal waves.

On the surface of the earth, waves of a special kind diverge from the epicenter in all directions - surface waves, which by their nature are waves of gravity (like sea swells). The speed of their spread is lower than that of transverse ones, but they have no less detrimental effect on structures.

The action of seismic waves, or, in other words, the duration of earthquakes, usually manifests itself within a few seconds, less often minutes. Sometimes long-lasting earthquakes occur. For example, in Kamchatka in 1923, the earthquake lasted from February to April (195 tremors).

Table 11

Velocity of propagation of longitudinal (v p) and transverse (vs) waves in various rocks and in water, km/sec

Estimation of earthquake strength. Earthquakes are constantly monitored using special instruments - seismographs, which allow qualitative and quantitative assessment of the strength of earthquakes.

Seismic scales (column seismos-earthquake + lat. sca- la- ladder) is used to estimate the intensity of vibrations (shocks) on the Earth's surface during earthquakes in points. The first (close to modern) 10-point seismic scale was compiled in 1883 jointly by M. Rossi (Italy) and F. Forel (Switzerland). Currently, most countries in the world use 12-point seismic scales: “MM” in the USA (improved Mercalli-Konkani-Zieberg scale); InternationalMSK-64 (named after the authors S. Medvedev, V. Sponheuer, V. Karnik, created in 1964); Institute of Earth Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, etc. In Japan, a 7-point scale is used, compiled by F. Omori (1900) and subsequently revised many times. The score on the MSK-64 scale (refined and supplemented by the Interdepartmental Council on Seismology and Earthquake-Resistant Construction in 1973) is established:

on the behavior of people and objects (from 2 to 9 points);

according to the degree of damage or destruction of buildings and structures (from 6 to 10 points);

on seismic deformations and the occurrence of other natural processes and phenomena (from 7 to 12 points).

Is very famous Richter scale, proposed in 1935 by the American seismologist C.F. Richter, theoretically substantiated together with B. Gutenberg in 1941-1945. magnitude scale(M); refined in 1962 (Moscow-Prague scale) and recommended by the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior as standard. On this scale, the magnitude of any earthquake is defined as the decimal logarithm of the maximum amplitude of the seismic wave (expressed in micrometers) recorded by a standard seismograph at a distance of 100 km from the epicenter. At other distances from the epicenter to the seismic station, a correction is introduced to the measured amplitude in order to bring it to the one that corresponds to the standard distance. The zero of the Richter scale (M = 0) gives a focus at which the amplitude of the seismic wave at a distance of 100 km from the epicenter will be equal to 1 μm, or 0.001 mm. When the amplitude increases by 10 times, the magnitude increases by one. When the amplitude is less than 1 μm, the magnitude has negative values; known maximum magnitude values ​​M = 8.5...9. Magnitude - calculated value, relative characteristic of the seismic source, independent of the location of the recording station; used to estimate the total energy released in the source (a functional relationship between magnitude and energy has been established).

The energy released in the source can be expressed in absolute value ( E, J), energy class value (K = lgE) or a conventional quantity called magnitude, .

The magnitude of the largest earthquakes is M = 8.5...8.6, which corresponds to the release of energy or seventeenth - eighteenth energy classes. The intensity of earthquakes on the earth's surface (surface shaking) is determined using seismic intensity scales and assessed in conventional units - points. Score (I) is a function of magnitude (M), source depth (h) and distance from the point in question to the epicenter (L):

Below are comparative characteristics of different groups of earthquakes (Table 12).

To calculate the force effects (seismic loads) exerted by earthquakes on buildings and structures, the following concepts are used: vibration acceleration (A), seismicity coefficient ( To c) and maximum relative displacement (0.

In practice, the strength of earthquakes is measured in points. In Russia, a 12-point scale is used. Each point corresponds to a certain value of vibration acceleration A(mm/s 2). In table 13 shows a modern 12-point scale and gives a brief description of the consequences of earthquakes.

Seismic regions of Russia. The entire earth's surface is divided into zones: seismic, aseismic and peneseismic. TO seismic include areas that are located in geosynclinal areas. IN aseismic There are no earthquakes in areas (Russian Plain, Western and Northern Siberia). IN peneseismic In these areas, earthquakes occur relatively rarely and are of low magnitude.

For the territory of Russia, a map of the distribution of earthquakes has been compiled, indicating the points. Seismic regions include the Caucasus, Altai, Transbaikalia, the Far East, Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, and Kamchatka. These areas occupy a fifth of the territory on which large cities are located. This map is currently being updated and will contain information on the frequency of earthquakes over time.

Earthquakes contribute to the development of extremely dangerous gravitational processes - landslides, collapses, and screes. As a rule, all earthquakes of magnitude seven and above are accompanied by these phenomena, and of a catastrophic nature. The widespread development of landslides and collapses was observed, for example, during the Ashgabat earthquake (1948), a strong earthquake in Dagestan (1970), in the Chkhalta valley in the Caucasus (1963), in the valley of the river. Naryn (1946), when seismic vibrations unbalanced large massifs of weathered and destroyed rocks that were located in the upper parts of high slopes, which caused damming of rivers and the formation of large mountain lakes. Weak earthquakes also have a significant impact on the development of landslides. In these cases, they are like a push, a trigger mechanism for a massif already prepared for collapse. So, on the right slope of the river valley. Aktury in Kyrgyzstan after the earthquake in October 1970, three extensive landslides formed. Often, it is not so much the earthquakes themselves that affect buildings and structures as the landslide and landslide phenomena they cause (Karateginskoe, 1907, Sarez, 1911, Faizabad, 1943, Khaitskoe, 1949 earthquakes). The mass volume of the seismic collapse (collapse - collapse), located in the Babkha seismic structure (northern slope of the Khamar-Daban ridge, Eastern Siberia), is about 20 million m 3. The Sarez earthquake with a magnitude of 9, which occurred in February 1911, threw off the right bank of the river. Murghab at the confluence of the Usoy Darya with 2.2 billion m 3 of rock mass, which led to the formation of a dam 600-700 m high, 4 km wide, 6 km long and a lake at an altitude of 3329 m above sea level with a volume of 17-18 km 3, mirror area 86.5 km 2, 75 km long, up to 3.4 km wide, 190 m deep. A small village was under the rubble, and the village of Sarez was under water.

As a result of the seismic impact during the Khait earthquake (Tajikistan, July 10, 1949) with a magnitude of 10 points, landslide and landslide phenomena on the slope of the Takhti ridge developed greatly, after which earth avalanches and mudflows of 70 meters thickness were formed at a speed of 30 m/s. The volume of the mudflow is 140 million m3, the area of ​​destruction is 1500 km2.

Construction in seismic areas (seismic microzoning). When carrying out construction work in earthquake areas, it must be remembered that seismic map scores characterize only some average soil conditions in the area and therefore do not reflect the specific geological features of a particular construction site. These points are subject to clarification based on a specific study of the geological and hydrogeological conditions of the construction site (Table 14). This is achieved by increasing the initial scores obtained from the seismic map by one for areas composed of loose rocks, especially wet ones, and decreasing them by one for areas composed of strong rocks. Rocks of category II in terms of seismic properties retain their original value unchanged.

The adjustment of construction site scores is valid mainly for flat or hilly areas. For mountainous areas, other factors must be taken into account. Areas with highly dissected topography, river banks, slopes of ravines and gorges, landslides and karst areas are dangerous for construction. Areas located near tectonic faults are extremely dangerous. It is very difficult to build when the groundwater level is high (1-3 m). It should be taken into account that the greatest destruction during earthquakes occurs in wetlands, in water-logged silty, and in under-compacted loess rocks, which during seismic shaking are vigorously compacted, destroying buildings and structures built on them.

When conducting engineering-geological surveys in seismic areas, it is necessary to perform additional work regulated by the relevant section of SNiP 11.02-96 and SP 11.105-97.

In areas where the magnitude of earthquakes does not exceed magnitude 7, the foundations of buildings and structures are designed without taking into account seismicity. In seismic areas, i.e. areas with a calculated seismicity of 7, 8 and 9 points, the design of foundations is carried out in accordance with the chapter of the special SNiP for the design of buildings and structures in seismic areas.

In seismic areas, it is not recommended to lay water pipelines, main lines and sewer collectors in water-saturated soils (except for rocky, semi-rocky and coarse-clastic soils), in bulk soils, regardless of their moisture content, as well as in areas with tectonic disturbances. If the main source of water supply is groundwater from fractured and karst rocks, surface water bodies should always serve as an additional source.

Predicting the moment of the onset of an earthquake and its strength is of great practical importance for human life and industrial activity. There have already been noticeable successes in this work, but in general the problem of earthquake prediction is still at the development stage.

Volcanism is the process of magma breaking out from the depths of the earth's crust to the surface of the earth. Volcanoes - geological formations in the form of mountains and elevations of cone-shaped, oval and other shapes that arose in places where magma broke out onto the earth's surface.

Volcanism manifests itself in areas of subduction and obduction, and within lithospheric plates - in zones of geosynclines. The largest number of volcanoes are located along the coasts of Asia and America, on the islands of the Pacific and Indian oceans. There are also volcanoes on some islands of the Atlantic Ocean (off the coast of America), in Antarctica and Africa, in Europe (Italy and Iceland). There are active and extinct volcanoes. Active are those volcanoes that erupt constantly or periodically; extinct- those that have ceased to operate, and there is no data on their eruptions. In some cases, extinct volcanoes resume their activity again. This was the case with Vesuvius, which unexpectedly erupted in 79 AD. e.

On the territory of Russia, volcanoes are known in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands (Fig. 47). There are 129 volcanoes in Kamchatka, of which 28 are active. The most famous volcano is Klyuchevskaya Sopka (height 4850 m), the eruption of which repeats approximately every 7-8 years. Avachinsky, Karymsky, and Bezymyansky volcanoes are active. There are up to 20 volcanoes on the Kuril Islands, about half of which are active.

Extinct volcanoes in the Caucasus - Kazbek, Elbrus, Ararat. Kazbek, for example, was still active at the beginning of the Quaternary period. Its lavas cover the area of ​​the Georgian Military Road in many places.

In Siberia, extinct volcanoes have also been discovered within the Vitim Highlands. Volcanic eruptions occur in different ways. This largely depends on the type of magma that is erupting. Acidic and intermediate magmas, being very viscous, erupt with explosions, throwing out stones and ash. The outpouring of mafic magma usually occurs calmly, without explosions. In Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands, volcanic eruptions begin with tremors, followed by explosions with the release of water vapor and the outpouring of hot lava.

The eruption, for example, of Klyuchevskaya Sopka in 1944-1945. was accompanied by the formation of a hot cone up to 1500 m high above the crater, the release of hot gases and rock fragments. After this, an outpouring of lava occurred. The eruption was accompanied by a magnitude 5 earthquake. When volcanoes like Vesuvius erupt, heavy rainfall occurs due to the condensation of water vapor. Mud flows of exceptional strength and magnitude arise, which, rushing down the slopes, bring enormous destruction and devastation. Water formed as a result of melting snow on the volcanic slopes of craters can also act; and the water of lakes formed on the site of the crater.

The construction of buildings and structures in volcanic areas has certain difficulties. Earthquakes usually do not reach destructive force, but the products released by a volcano can adversely affect the integrity of buildings and structures and their stability. Many gases released during eruptions, such as sulfur dioxide, are dangerous to people. Condensation of water vapor causes catastrophic rainfall and mud flows. Lava forms streams, the width and length of which depend on the slope and topography of the area. There are known cases when the length of the lava flow reached 80 km (Iceland), and the thickness was 10-50 m. The flow speed of the main lavas is 30 km/h, acid lavas - 5-7 km/h, volcanic ash (silt particles) fly up from the volcanoes. , sand, lapilli (particles 1-3 cm in diameter), bombs (from centimeters to several meters). All of them are solidified lava and during a volcanic eruption they scatter to various distances, cover the surface of the earth with a multi-meter layer of debris, and collapse the roofs of buildings.