Children with disabilities require a special approach.
Each violation has its own correction and development scheme.
Therefore, schools for such children are divided into types according to health problems and their degree.
What are these educational institutions?
Children with health problems require special educational programs.
Unfortunately, in recent years this problem has become more pressing, as the number of children with disabilities is only growing. The Law “On Education” provides equal opportunities in obtaining education for all minors, regardless of their state of health and disorders of their psychophysical state. Special correctional educational institutions are called upon to provide them with this opportunity.
Features of such institutions is that a special developmental environment is created for students, which facilitates the acquisition of education corresponding to a special program. In addition, specific methods of education and development are used here, and all conditions have been created for the treatment and correction of developmental disorders. Great importance is attached to the socialization of such children, their self-realization in professional or social activities.
A special commission can send a child to study at such a school only after a psychological, medical and pedagogical conclusion and with the consent of his parents. Each school independently develops curriculum, within the framework of which it will implement a training program for students, taking into account the characteristics of their psychophysical development.
In addition to educational activities in such schools, students are provided with full medical and psychological support. The school staff necessarily includes pediatricians, medical specialists, and psychologists. They help teachers build the educational process taking into account developmental disorders. Children, if necessary, receive medicinal treatment, physiotherapy, physical therapy classes, massage and other corrective and therapeutic activities are organized for them.
Schools for children with disabilities can be like public and private. By decision of the commission, the child can be transferred to a regular secondary school if it has all the conditions for working with such children. In recent years, it has become widespread form of inclusive education when children with developmental disabilities study together with healthy ones.
Types of institutions
For children with special needs there are several types educational institutions.
Depending on the types and degree of violations of the student’s psychophysical health, such institutions are divided into 8 types.
For deaf students
Here, teachers and educators, together with medical specialists and psychologists, are engaged in the upbringing, education, socialization and professional training of children with complete hearing loss.
Main attention is devoted to the formation of logical thinking skills, the development of verbal speech, and the expansion of speech practice.
Much work is done to develop and preserve as much residual hearing as possible. Children attend school for 12 years in classes of no more than 12 people. 
Hearing impaired and late deaf people
Main task specialists working in such schools is to overcome and correct the consequences associated with hearing impairment or loss.
Teachers should stimulate speech development, develop lip reading skills. In such schools, children study in two departments.
In the first - those with minor problems associated with hearing impairment, such as dysgraphia and dyslexia, phonetic-phonemic deviations in speech.
Another department works with students who have major problems in speech development due to serious hearing impairment.
Depending on the degree of development of the deviations, children study in such a school from 10 to 12 years. With successful correction over time, by decision of the commission, the child can be transferred to general education institutions.
Blind
Children with complete absence or minimal residual vision study here.
Maximum saving residual vision is what the school staff set as their main goal. Training is based on tactile-kinesthetic and auditory perception.
An ophthalmologist, pediatrician and neuropsychiatrist are in constant contact with students. A lot of attention is paid to ensuring that blind students have the opportunity to communicate and collaborate with sighted adults and children. This contributes to their better development and helps to avoid some deviations.
Training programs here they correspond to ordinary educational schools, but taking into account the specifics and special approaches to physical education, industrial training, drawing and painting.
Visually impaired
Unlike type III schools main task, which is decided by the specialists of this institution, is compensation for visual impairment and, if possible, its restoration. For this purpose, a special gentle regime is created.
The success of training and correction of violations depends on the created conditions. The work uses special technical means, including audio recordings, relief visual material, special technical and optical means.
Important compliance to lighting, individual regimen, dosing of visual loads.
With speech impairments
These are special centers that can be created at clinics in which speech therapists help children and adults eliminate speech disorders.
Specialized kindergartens and schools also belong to this type.
With severe speech pathology
If a child has a severe speech development disorder that does not give him the opportunity to study in a regular educational institution, then a special commission gives him a referral to study in such an institution.
Here are engaged in treatment and correction violations in oral and written speech. At the end of each school year, the commission evaluates the child’s condition; if improvement is observed, he can be sent to study at a regular educational institution.
With dysfunctions of the musculoskeletal system
These schools provide not only educational but also therapeutic activities.
Main task, in addition to training, this is the maximum restoration of the motor functions of the body, overcoming disorders, vocational training and social rehabilitation of such children.
Mental retardation
Here educational work is carried out with children lagging behind in intellectual and mental development.
In addition, therapeutic and educational measures are carried out to help eliminate the causes of school failure.
Based on the results of each year, a decision is made on the child’s further education, his ability to return to a general education school or to be sent to a specialized educational institution of another type.
Mentally retarded
Main task The specialists of this school prepare students for studying in a special correctional school.
In addition to educational work, therapeutic activities are also carried out. Much attention is paid not only to mastering the school curriculum, but also to obtaining a job specialty, preparing for professional activity, independent living and integration into society.
In addition to the main schools of 8 types, there are also specialized boarding schools for blind, deaf and mute children, centers for students with autism and Down syndrome.
Organization of the educational process
Depending on the type of school, they all develop their own individual plans and programs to ensure that children have the opportunity to receive affordable education and medical support.
However, they are all based on basic principles:
This is the basis for the work of correctional schools working with children with disabilities. In addition, an individual approach to each child and the creation of psychological comfort play a big role here. In their work, specialists from such educational institutions use special methods to activate cognitive activity, develop oral and written speech, and develop educational skills.
Much attention is paid to restoring and strengthening mental health: classes and exercises are conducted to relieve tension and develop emotions.
Distribution of such establishments
Today in our country several forms of education for children with disabilities and children with disabilities are successfully functioning.
This is the use of the so-called inclusive teaching method, distance schools, allowing children who are home-schooled to integrate into society. In addition, there are traditional educational institutions for students with disabilities. In large cities, in addition to public schools, there are private schools.
In Moscow There are at least 10 large public schools and centers for working with special children, correctional classes have been created in some general education schools, and an inclusive education system is being actively used and implemented. About 10 private educational institutions and kindergartens also offer their educational and correctional services to students with disabilities.
In St. Petersburg and Leningrad region There are about 90 such institutions, both private and public. They accept children with varying degrees of disabilities of preschool and school age.
Similar educational institutions have been created in all regions of the country: Krasnodar, Kazan, Siberia, etc.
An example of the work of one of these educational institutions is presented in the following video:
A disabled child, upon reaching a certain age, has the opportunity to go to school. The school should not refuse to admit a child with disabilities, but at the same time, it should not create special conditions for him, that is, the child is educated in the same way as all children.
At school, disabled children have some benefits, which manifest themselves more in material compensation and minimal physical activity. In terms of psychological assistance, the school should provide sessions with a psychologist who will help them adapt to the team and conduct conversations with other children in the class.
It is worth noting that often children at school may have poor communication, due to the fact that a disabled child is not like everyone else. However, if there is a good atmosphere in the classroom and the class teacher pays attention to the behavior of his students, the learning process can be quite effective.
A disabled child has the right to free meals at school, preferential conditions for taking exams, and the child himself chooses the format of this exam. And also a disabled child may not attend physical education classes if there are restrictions on physical activity.
They have the right to choose exactly how their child will receive secondary education. If a child cannot attend school, the choice is between two options: education at home or in a special boarding school. When teaching at home, parents must either teach the child themselves or hire a teacher who can work with the child in special conditions.
When educating a child at home, parents have the right to compensation for the costs of educating the child. Since, according to the law, every child is entitled to free secondary education, the state is obliged to compensate all material expenses for the child’s education, even if it occurs at home.
The advantage of this type of education is the opportunity to protect the child from cruel children who can cause moral trauma to the child, and the opportunity to receive education under the supervision of parents.
Free admission to an art school for gifted children
Since many people who have limited opportunities often show their talents in artistic fields, the state gives them the opportunity to study for free at an art school.
Such training can take place both in a school attached to an educational institution, and in those schools that have the status of an independent art school. In order to cover all expenses for the art school, parents simply must provide a certificate of the child’s health. But it is worth noting that such schools do not create special conditions for children with disabilities.
Training takes place on the same conditions as other children, both in terms of demands and in terms of all amenities.
School certification. What are the conditions for disabled children?
In schools, tests are carried out on a general basis; those with disabilities write them without any special conditions. If training is carried out at home, then the child must contact the teacher via video call, and the teacher must see the entire student’s workplace.
In this case, it is not allowed to copy or use additional materials. If a student completes tasks slowly, then the test can be taken in several stages, and the teacher does not have the right to rush the child.
When entering a university, he is given 90 minutes to prepare for the exam; the form of the exam cannot be different, oral or written.
And after a child is enrolled in education, the program is compiled individually for each child with disabilities, which is agreed upon with a psychologist and doctors.
How to enter a university. Is a disabled child entitled to preferential treatment?
- Disabled children have the right to be enrolled in a higher education institution without competition, that is, on the budget. At the same time, he also takes an exam, and if the number of points meets the minimum conditions, then the child successfully passes the certification. When taking the exam, a disabled child has one advantage over other children - 90 minutes to prepare.
- Children with disabilities of groups 1 and 2 who have no contraindications to education have the right to attend universities. In some cases, a child has the right to be accompanied by his parents if moving independently causes inconvenience.
- In order to receive compensation for educating a child at home, parents must contact the social security authorities with a special certificate stating that the child is undergoing a home education program. Parents can receive financial assistance after the child reaches the age of six and a half years; it is from this age that the child begins to attend school.
The most important thing for parents is to show that he is the same as all children, has the right to education and additional hobbies in art schools. And the state will promote the education and self-development of such a child in every sense.
About choosing a school for a disabled child in the video:
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Dear parents!
The Moscow Department of Education and the Board of Directors of the Moscow branch of the Association of Non-Profit Educational Organizations of Russian Regions (ASNOOR) initiate from September 1, 2017. a new project aimed at expanding educational opportunities and improving the learning conditions for children with disabilities in the educational space of Moscow.
Your children are special. This word is often used to more delicately name disabled children, but we interpret it differently, considering that every child is special, and a child with health problems is doubly so. We understand that these problems often impose certain (sometimes very large) restrictions on everyday life, but also, often, they lead to the fact that mentally and intellectually a disabled child is in many ways superior to ordinary children, being deeper, brighter and often turning out to be "a beacon" for his peers.
From September 1, 2017, the Department of Education will begin to subsidize the education of disabled children in private educational organizations in the same amount as in state educational organizations at ALL levels of education (this also applies to preschoolers!!).
What can private educational organizations in the capital offer to disabled children?
training in small groups (class size in private educational institutions is from 8 to 12 people)
taking into account the individual capabilities and needs of the child in the learning process
development (if necessary) of individual educational plans - this implies not only simplification of the program in some cases, but also work on the development of giftedness, early career guidance in accordance with the capabilities of a particular child
individual correctional and developmental work (with a psychologist, speech therapist, defectologist)
a wide range of additional education: classes in clubs, electives and sections of various directions
