The force of gravity

Not only the most mysterious forces of nature but also the most powerful.

Man on the way to progress

Historically, it has been human as you move forward along paths of progress mastered the ever more powerful forces of nature. He started when he had nothing but a stick in his fist and his own physical strength.

But he was wise, and he brought the physical strength of animals to his service, making them domestic. The horse accelerated his run, the camel made the desert passable, the elephant the marshy jungle. But the physical forces of even the strongest animals are immeasurably small compared to the forces of nature.

The first person subjugated the element of fire, but only in its most weakened versions. Initially - for many centuries - he used only wood as a fuel - a very low-energy-intensive type of fuel. Somewhat later, he learned to use wind energy from this source of energy, a man lifted the white wing of the sail into the air - and a light ship flew like a bird over the waves.

Sailboat on the waves

He exposed the blades of the windmill to the gusts of wind - and the heavy stones of the millstones spun, the pestles of the groats rattled. But it is clear to everyone that the energy of air jets is far from being concentrated. In addition, both the sail and the windmill were afraid of wind blows: the storm tore the sails and sank the ships, the storm broke the wings and overturned the mills.

Even later, man began to conquer the flowing water. The wheel is not only the most primitive of devices capable of converting the energy of water into rotational motion, but also the most underpowered compared to various ones.

Man was moving forward on the ladder of progress and needed more and more energy.
He began to use new types of fuel - already the transition to burning coal increased the energy intensity of a kilogram of fuel from 2500 kcal to 7000 kcal - almost three times. Then came the time for oil and gas. Again, the energy content of each kilogram of fossil fuels increased by one and a half to two times.

Steam engines were replaced by steam turbines; mill wheels were replaced by hydraulic turbines. Then the man extended his hand to the fissile uranium atom. However, the first use of a new type of energy had tragic consequences - the nuclear flame of Hiroshima in 1945 incinerated 70 thousand human hearts within minutes.

In 1954, the world's first Soviet nuclear power plant went into operation, turning the power of uranium into the radiant power of electric current. And it should be noted that a kilogram of uranium contains two million times more energy than a kilogram of the best oil.

It was a fundamentally new fire, which could be called physical, because it was physicists who studied the processes leading to the birth of such fabulous amounts of energy.
Uranium is not the only nuclear fuel. A more powerful type of fuel is already being used - hydrogen isotopes.

Unfortunately, man has not yet been able to subdue the hydrogen-helium nuclear flame. He knows how to momentarily ignite his all-burning fire, setting fire to the reaction in a hydrogen bomb with a flash of a uranium explosion. But closer and closer, scientists see a hydrogen reactor, which will generate an electric current as a result of the fusion of nuclei of hydrogen isotopes into helium nuclei.

Again, the amount of energy that a person can take from each kilogram of fuel will increase almost tenfold. But will this step be the last in the coming history of human power over the forces of nature?

Not! Ahead - the mastery of the gravitational form of energy. It is even more prudently packaged by nature than even the energy of hydrogen-helium fusion. Today it is the most concentrated form of energy that a person can even guess about.

Nothing further is yet visible there, beyond the cutting edge of science. And although we can confidently say that power plants will work for a person, processing gravitational energy into electric current (or maybe into a stream of gas flying out of a jet engine nozzle, or into the planned transformation of the ubiquitous atoms of silicon and oxygen into atoms of ultra-rare metals), we cannot yet say anything about the details of such a power plant (rocket engine, physical reactor).

The force of universal gravitation at the origins of the birth of galaxies

The force of universal gravitation is at the origins of the birth of galaxies from prestellar matter, as academician V.A. Ambartsumyan is convinced. It also extinguishes the stars that have burnt out their time, having spent the stellar fuel allotted to them at birth.

Yes, look around: everything on Earth is largely controlled by this force.

It is she who determines the layered structure of our planet - the alternation of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. It is she who keeps a thick layer of air gases, at the bottom of which and thanks to which we all exist.

If there were no gravity, the Earth would immediately break out of its orbit around the Sun, and the globe itself would fall apart, torn apart by centrifugal forces. It is difficult to find anything that would not be, to one degree or another, dependent on the force of universal gravitation.

Of course, the ancient philosophers, very observant people, could not fail to notice that a stone thrown upwards always comes back. Plato in the 4th century BC explained this by the fact that all the substances of the universe tend to where most of the similar substances are concentrated: a thrown stone falls to the ground or goes to the bottom, spilled water seeps into the nearest pond or into a river that makes its way to the sea , the smoke of a fire rushes to its kindred clouds.

A student of Plato, Aristotle, clarified that all bodies have special properties of heaviness and lightness. Heavy bodies - stones, metals - rush to the center of the universe, light - fire, smoke, vapors - to the periphery. This hypothesis, which explains some of the phenomena associated with the force of universal gravitation, has existed for more than 2 thousand years.

Scientists about the force of gravity

Probably the first to raise the question of force of gravity really scientific, was the genius of the Renaissance - Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo proclaimed that gravitation is characteristic not only of the Earth, that there are many centers of gravity. And he also suggested that the force of gravity depends on the distance to the center of gravity.

The works of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Robert Hooke brought closer and closer to the idea of ​​the law of universal gravitation, but in its final formulation this law is forever associated with the name of Isaac Newton.

Isaac Newton on the force of gravity

Born January 4, 1643. He graduated from the University of Cambridge, became a bachelor, then - a master of science.

Everything that follows is an endless wealth of scientific works. But his main work is the "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", published in 1687 and usually called simply "Beginnings". It is in them that the great is formulated. Probably everyone remembers him from high school.

All bodies are attracted to each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of the masses of these bodies and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them ...

Some provisions of this formulation could be anticipated by Newton's predecessors, but it has not yet been given to anyone in its entirety. Newton's genius was needed to assemble these fragments into a single whole in order to spread the attraction of the Earth to the Moon, and the Sun - to the entire planetary system.

From the law of universal gravitation, Newton derived all the laws of motion of the planets, discovered before by Kepler. They were simply its consequences. Moreover, Newton showed that not only Kepler's laws, but also deviations from these laws (in the world of three or more bodies) are the result of universal gravitation ... This was a great triumph of science.

It seemed that the main force of nature, which moves the worlds, was finally discovered and mathematically described, the force to which the molecules of air, and apples, and the Sun are subject. Giant, immeasurably huge was the step taken by Newton.

The first popularizer of the work of a brilliant scientist, the French writer Francois Marie Arouet, world-famous under the pseudonym Voltaire, said that Newton suddenly guessed the existence of a law named after him when he looked at a falling apple.

Newton himself never mentioned this apple. And it is hardly worth wasting time today on the refutation of this beautiful legend. And, apparently, Newton came to comprehend the great power of nature by logical reasoning. It is likely that it was included in the corresponding chapter of the "Beginnings".

The force of gravity affects the flight of the nucleus

Let us suppose that on a very high mountain, so high that its top is already out of the atmosphere, we have set up a gigantic artillery piece. Its barrel was placed strictly parallel to the surface of the globe and fired. Describing the arc the core falls to the ground.

We increase the charge, improve the quality of gunpowder, in one way or another we make the core move at a higher speed after the next shot. The arc described by the core becomes flatter. The core falls much farther from the foot of our mountain.

We also increase the charge and shoot. The nucleus flies along such a gentle trajectory that it descends parallel to the surface of the globe. The core can no longer fall to the Earth: with the same speed with which it falls, the Earth escapes from under it. And, having described the ring around our planet, the core returns to the point of departure.

The gun can be removed in the meantime. After all, the flight of the nucleus around the globe will take more than an hour. And then the core will swiftly sweep over the top of the mountain and go to a new circle around the Earth. Fall, if, as we agreed, the core does not experience any air resistance, it will never be able to.

The core speed for this should be close to 8 km/sec. And if you increase the speed of the flight of the core? It will first fly in an arc, more gentle than the curvature of the earth's surface, and begin to move away from the Earth. At the same time, its speed under the influence of the Earth's gravity will decrease.

And, finally, turning around, it will begin, as it were, to fall back to the Earth, but it will fly past it and will no longer complete a circle, but an ellipse. The core will move around the Earth in exactly the same way as the Earth moves around the Sun, namely, along an ellipse, in one of the focuses of which the center of our planet will be located.

If we further increase the initial velocity of the nucleus, the ellipse will turn out to be more stretched. It is possible to stretch this ellipse in such a way that the nucleus will reach the lunar orbit or even much further. But until the initial velocity of this nucleus exceeds 11.2 km/s, it will remain a satellite of the Earth.

The nucleus, which received a speed of over 11.2 km / s when fired, will forever fly away from the Earth along a parabolic trajectory. If an ellipse is a closed curve, then a parabola is a curve that has two branches going to infinity. Moving along an ellipse, no matter how elongated it may be, we will inevitably systematically return to the starting point. Moving along a parabola, we will never return to the starting point.

But, having left the Earth with this speed, the nucleus will not yet be able to fly to infinity. The powerful gravitation of the Sun will bend the trajectory of its flight, close around itself like the trajectory of a planet. The core will become Earth's sister, a tiny planet in our own family of planets.

In order to direct the nucleus outside the planetary system, to overcome the solar attraction, it is necessary to tell it a speed of more than 16.7 km / s, and direct it so that the speed of the Earth's own motion is added to this speed.

A speed of about 8 km / s (this speed depends on the height of the mountain from which our gun shoots) is called circular speed, speeds from 8 to 11.2 km / s are elliptical, from 11.2 to 16.7 km / s are parabolic , and above this number - liberating speeds.

Here it should be added that the given values ​​of these velocities are valid only for the Earth. If we lived on Mars, the circular speed would be much easier for us to achieve - it is only about 3.6 km / s there, and the parabolic speed is only slightly more than 5 km / s.

On the other hand, it would be much more difficult to send the nucleus on a space flight from Jupiter than from Earth: the circular speed on this planet is 42.2 km / s, and the parabolic speed is even 61.8 km / s!

It would be most difficult for the inhabitants of the Sun to leave their world (if, of course, such could exist). The circular speed of this giant should be 437.6, and the separation speed - 618.8 km / s!

So Newton at the end of the 17th century, a hundred years before the first flight of the hot-air balloon filled with warm air by the Montgolfier brothers, two hundred years before the first flights of the Wright brothers' airplane, and almost a quarter of a millennium before the take-off of the first liquid rockets, pointed the way to the sky for satellites and spaceships.

The force of gravity is inherent in every sphere

By using law of gravity unknown planets were discovered, cosmogonic hypotheses of the origin of the solar system were created. The main force of nature, which controls the stars, planets, apples in the garden, and gas molecules in the atmosphere, has been discovered and mathematically described.

But we do not know the mechanism of universal gravitation. Newtonian gravitation does not explain, but visually represents the current state of planetary motion.

We do not know what causes the interaction of all bodies of the Universe. And it cannot be said that Newton was not interested in this reason. For many years he pondered over its possible mechanism.

By the way, this is indeed an extremely mysterious power. A force that manifests itself through hundreds of millions of kilometers of space, devoid of any material formations at first glance, with the help of which one could explain the transfer of interaction.

Newton's hypotheses

And Newton resorted to hypothesis about the existence of a certain ether that allegedly fills the entire Universe. In 1675, he explained the attraction to the Earth by the fact that the ether filling the entire Universe rushes to the center of the Earth in continuous streams, capturing all objects in this movement and creating a gravitational force. The same flow of ether rushes to the Sun and, dragging the planets, comets, ensures their elliptical trajectories...

It was not a very convincing, although absolutely mathematically logical hypothesis. But now, in 1679, Newton created a new hypothesis explaining the mechanism of gravity. This time he endows the ether with the property of having a different concentration near the planets and far from them. The farther from the center of the planet, the supposedly denser the ether. And it has the property of squeezing all material bodies out of their denser layers into less dense ones. And all bodies are squeezed out to the surface of the Earth.

In 1706, Newton sharply denies the very existence of the ether. In 1717 he returns again to the hypothesis of the squeezing out ether.

The ingenious brain of Newton fought over the solution of the great mystery and did not find it. This explains such sharp throwing from side to side. Newton used to say:

I don't make hypotheses.

And although, as we have only been able to verify, this is not entirely true, we can definitely state something else: Newton was able to clearly distinguish things that are indisputable from unsteady and controversial hypotheses. And in the Elements there is a formula of the great law, but there is no attempt to explain its mechanism.
The great physicist bequeathed this riddle to the man of the future. He died in 1727.
It has not been solved even today.

The discussion about the physical essence of Newton's law took two centuries. And perhaps this discussion would not concern the very essence of the law, if he answered exactly all the questions put to him.

But the fact of the matter is that over time it turned out that this law is not universal. That there are cases when he cannot explain this or that phenomenon. Let's give examples.

The force of gravity in Seeliger's calculations

The first of these is Seeliger's paradox. Considering the Universe to be infinite and uniformly filled with matter, Seeliger tried to calculate, according to Newton's law, the universal gravitational force created by the entire infinitely large mass of the infinite Universe at some point in it.

It was not an easy task from the point of view of pure mathematics. Having overcome all the difficulties of the most complex transformations, Seeliger found that the desired force of universal gravitation is proportional to the radius of the Universe. And since this radius is equal to infinity, then the gravitational force must be infinitely large. However, we do not see this in practice. This means that the law of universal gravitation does not apply to the entire universe.

However, other explanations for the paradox are also possible. For example, we can assume that matter does not evenly fill the entire Universe, but its density gradually decreases and, finally, somewhere very far away there is no matter at all. But to imagine such a picture means to admit the possibility of the existence of space without matter, which is generally absurd.

We can assume that the force of gravity weakens faster than the square of the distance increases. But this casts doubt on the surprising harmony of Newton's law. No, and this explanation did not satisfy scientists. The paradox remained a paradox.

Observations of the movement of Mercury

Another fact, the action of the force of universal gravitation, not explained by Newton's law, brought observation of the motion of Mercury- closest to the planet. Exact calculations according to Newton's law showed that perehelion - the point of the ellipse along which Mercury moves closest to the Sun - should shift by 531 arc seconds in 100 years.

And astronomers have found that this shift is equal to 573 arc seconds. This excess - 42 arc seconds - also could not be explained by scientists, using only formulas arising from Newton's law.

He explained both Seeliger's paradox, and the displacement of Mercury's perhelion, and many other paradoxical phenomena and inexplicable facts Albert Einstein, one of the greatest, if not the greatest physicist of all time. Among the annoying little things was the question of ethereal wind.

Experiments by Albert Michelson

It seemed that this question did not directly concern the problem of gravitation. He related to optics, to light. More precisely, to the definition of its speed.

The Danish astronomer was the first to determine the speed of light. Olaf Remer watching the eclipse of Jupiter's moons. This happened as early as 1675.

American physicist Albert Michelson at the end of the 18th century, he conducted a series of determinations of the speed of light under terrestrial conditions, using the apparatus he had designed.

In 1927, he gave the speed of light as 299796 + 4 km/s, which was an excellent accuracy for those times. But the essence of the matter is different. In 1880 he decided to investigate the ethereal wind. He wanted to finally establish the existence of that very ether, by the presence of which they tried to explain both the transmission of gravitational interaction and the transmission of light waves.

Michelson was probably the most remarkable experimenter of his time. He had excellent equipment. And he was almost sure of success.

Essence of experience

An experience was conceived like this. The earth moves in its orbit at a speed of about 30 km/sec.. Moves through the air. This means that the speed of light from a source that is ahead of the receiver relative to the motion of the Earth must be greater than from a source that is on the other side. In the first case, the speed of the ethereal wind must be added to the speed of light; in the second case, the speed of light must decrease by this value.

He split the beam into two equal streams and directed them in mutually perpendicular directions: along the meridian and along the parallel. Reflected from the mirrors, the rays returned. If the beam going along the parallel experienced the influence of the ethereal wind, when it was added to the meridional beam, interference fringes should have arisen, the waves of the two beams would have been shifted in phase.

However, it was difficult for Michelson to measure the paths of both rays with such great accuracy so that they were exactly the same. Therefore, he built the apparatus so that there were no interference fringes, and then turned it 90 degrees.

The meridional beam became latitudinal and vice versa. If there is an ethereal wind, black and light stripes should appear under the eyepiece! But they weren't. Perhaps, when turning the device, the scientist moved it.

He set it up at noon and fixed it. After all, besides the fact that, it also rotates around an axis. And therefore, at different times of the day, the latitudinal beam occupies a different position relative to the oncoming ethereal wind. Now, when the apparatus is strictly motionless, one can be convinced of the accuracy of the experiment.

There were no interference fringes again. The experiment was carried out many times, and Michelson, and with him all the physicists of that time, were amazed. The ethereal wind was not detected! The light traveled in all directions at the same speed!

Nobody has been able to explain this. Michelson repeated the experiment again and again, improved the equipment, and finally achieved an almost incredible measurement accuracy, an order of magnitude greater than was necessary for the success of the experiment. And again nothing!

Experiments by Albert Einstein

The next big step in knowledge of the force of gravity did Albert Einstein.
Albert Einstein was once asked:

How did you arrive at your special theory of relativity? Under what circumstances did you come up with a brilliant idea? The scientist replied: “It always seemed to me that this is the case.

Maybe he did not want to be frank, maybe he wanted to get rid of the annoying interlocutor. But it is difficult to imagine that Einstein's idea of ​​the connections between time, space and speed was innate.

No, of course, at first there was a hunch, bright as lightning. Then the development began. No, there are no contradictions with known phenomena. And then those five pages full of formulas appeared, which were published in a physical journal. Pages that opened a new era in physics.

Imagine a spaceship flying through space. We’ll warn you right away: the starship is very peculiar, the kind you haven’t read about in science fiction stories. Its length is 300 thousand kilometers, and its speed is, well, let's say, 240 thousand km / s. And this spaceship flies past one of the intermediate platforms in space, without stopping at it. At full speed.

One of the passengers is standing on the deck of the starship with a watch. And you and I, reader, are standing on a platform - its length must correspond to the size of a starship, that is, 300 thousand kilometers, otherwise it will not be able to stick to it. And we also have a watch in our hands.

We notice that at the moment when the bow of the starship caught up with the rear edge of our platform, a lantern flashed on it, illuminating the space surrounding it. A second later, a beam of light reached the front edge of our platform. We do not doubt this, because we know the speed of light, and we have managed to pinpoint exactly the corresponding moment on the clock. And on a starship...

But the starship also flew towards the beam of light. And we quite definitely saw that the light illuminated its stern at the moment when it was somewhere near the middle of the platform. We definitely saw that the beam of light did not cover 300 thousand kilometers from the bow to the stern of the ship.

But the passengers on the deck of the starship are sure of something else. They are sure that their beam covered the entire distance from bow to stern of 300 thousand kilometers. After all, he spent a whole second on it. They, too, absolutely accurately recorded it on their watches. And how could it be otherwise: after all, the speed of light does not depend on the speed of the source ...

How so? We see one thing from a fixed platform, and another to them on the deck of a starship? What's the matter?

Einstein's theory of relativity

It should be noted immediately: Einstein's theory of relativity at first glance, it absolutely contradicts our established idea of ​​the structure of the world. We can say that it also contradicts common sense, as we are used to presenting it. This has happened many times in the history of science.

But the discovery of the sphericity of the Earth was contrary to common sense. How can people live on the opposite side and not fall into the abyss?

For us, the sphericity of the Earth is an undoubted fact, and from the point of view of common sense, any other assumption is meaningless and wild. But step back from your time, imagine the first appearance of this idea, and you will understand how difficult it would be to accept it.

Well, was it easier to admit that the Earth is not motionless, but flies along its trajectory dozens of times faster than a cannonball?

All these were wrecks of common sense. Therefore, modern physicists never refer to it.

Now back to the special theory of relativity. The world recognized her for the first time in 1905 from an article signed by a little-known name - Albert Einstein. And he was only 26 at the time.

Einstein made a very simple and logical assumption out of this paradox: from the point of view of an observer on the platform, less time has passed in a moving car than your wristwatch measured. In the car, the passage of time slowed down compared to the time on the stationary platform.

Quite amazing things logically followed from this assumption. It turned out that a person traveling to work in a tram, in comparison with a pedestrian going the same way, not only saves time due to speed, but it also goes more slowly for him.

However, do not try to preserve eternal youth in this way: even if you become a carriage driver and spend a third of your life in a tram, in 30 years you will gain hardly more than a millionth of a second. In order for the gain in time to become noticeable, it is necessary to move at a speed close to the speed of light.

It turns out that the increase in the speed of bodies is reflected in their mass. The closer the speed of a body to the speed of light, the greater its mass. At the speed of a body equal to the speed of light, its mass is equal to infinity, that is, it is greater than the mass of the Earth, the Sun, the Galaxy, our entire Universe ... This is how much mass can be concentrated in a simple cobblestone, accelerating it to speed
Sveta!

This imposes a limitation that does not allow any material body to develop a speed equal to the speed of light. After all, as the mass grows, it becomes more and more difficult to disperse it. And an infinite mass cannot be moved by any force.

However, nature has made a very important exception to this law for a whole class of particles. For example, for photons. They can move at the speed of light. More precisely, they cannot move at any other speed. It is unthinkable to imagine a motionless photon.

When stationary, it has no mass. Also, neutrinos do not have a rest mass, and they are also condemned to an eternal unrestrained flight through space at the maximum possible speed in our Universe, without overtaking light and keeping up with it.

Isn't it true that each of the consequences of the special theory of relativity listed by us is surprising, paradoxical! And each, of course, is contrary to "common sense"!

But here's what's interesting: not in its concrete form, but as a broad philosophical position, all these amazing consequences were predicted by the founders of dialectical materialism. What do these implications say? About the connections that interconnect energy and mass, mass and speed, speed and time, speed and length of a moving object…

Einstein's discovery of interdependence, like cement (more:), connecting together reinforcement, or foundation stones, connected together things and phenomena that had previously seemed independent of each other and created the foundation on which for the first time in the history of science it was possible to build a harmonious building. This building is a representation of how our universe works.

But first, at least a few words about the general theory of relativity, also created by Albert Einstein.

Gravitational collapse

Let's talk about an amazing phenomenon of a cosmic nature - about gravitational collapse (catastrophic compression). This phenomenon occurs in gigantic accumulations of matter, where gravitational forces reach such enormous magnitudes that no other forces existing in nature can resist them.

Remember Newton's famous formula: the greater the force of gravity, the smaller the square of the distance between gravitating bodies. Thus, the denser the material formation becomes, the smaller its size, the more rapidly the gravitational forces increase, the more inevitable is their destructive embrace.

There is a cunning technique by which nature struggles with the seemingly limitless compression of matter. To do this, it stops the very course of time in the sphere of action of supergiant gravitational forces, and the shackled masses of matter are, as it were, switched off from our Universe, frozen in a strange lethargic dream.

The first of these "black holes" of the cosmos has probably already been discovered. According to the assumption of Soviet scientists O. Kh. Huseynov and A. Sh. Novruzova, it is the Gemini delta - a double star with one invisible component.

The visible component has a mass of 1.8 solar, and its invisible "partner" should be, according to calculations, four times more massive than the visible one. But there are no traces of it: it is impossible to see the most amazing creation of nature, the "black hole".

The Soviet scientist Professor K.P. Stanyukovich, as they say, “on the tip of a pen”, showed through purely theoretical constructions that the particles of “frozen matter” can be very diverse in size.

• Its gigantic formations are possible, similar to quasars, continuously radiating as much energy as all 100 billion stars of our Galaxy radiate.
• Much more modest clumps are possible, equal to only a few solar masses. Both those and other objects can arise themselves from ordinary, not “sleeping” matter.
• And formations of a completely different class are possible, commensurate in mass with elementary particles.

In order for them to arise, it is necessary to first subject the matter that makes them up to gigantic pressure and drive it into the limits of the Schwarzschild sphere - a sphere where time for an external observer stops completely. And even if after that the pressure is even removed, the particles for which time has stopped will continue to exist independently of our Universe.

plankeons

Plankeons are a very special class of particles. They possess, according to K.P. Stanyukovich, an extremely interesting property: they carry matter in themselves in an unchanged form, such as it was millions and billions of years ago. Looking inside the plankeon, we could see matter as it was at the time of the birth of our universe. According to theoretical calculations, there are about 1080 plankeons in the Universe, approximately one plankeon in a cube of space with a side of 10 centimeters. By the way, at the same time as Stanyukovich and (regardless of him, the hypothesis of plankeons was put forward by Academician M.A. Markov. Only Markov gave them a different name - maximons.

Special properties of plankeons can also be used to explain sometimes paradoxical transformations of elementary particles. It is known that when two particles collide, fragments never form, but other elementary particles arise. This is truly amazing: in the ordinary world, breaking a vase, we will never get whole cups or even rosettes. But suppose that in the depths of each elementary particle there is a plankeon, one or several, and sometimes many plankeons.

At the moment of collision of particles, the tightly tied "bag" of the plankeon opens slightly, some particles will "fall" into it, and instead of "jump out" those that we consider to have arisen during the collision. At the same time, the plankeon, as a diligent accountant, will ensure all the "conservation laws" adopted in the world of elementary particles.
Well, what does the mechanism of universal gravitation have to do with it?

"Responsible" for gravitation, according to the hypothesis of K. P. Stanyukovich, are tiny particles, the so-called gravitons, continuously emitted by elementary particles. Gravitons are as much smaller than the latter, as a speck of dust dancing in a sunbeam is smaller than the globe.

The radiation of gravitons obeys a number of regularities. In particular, they are easier to fly into that region of space. Which contains fewer gravitons. This means that if there are two celestial bodies in space, both will radiate gravitons predominantly “outwards”, in directions opposite to each other. This creates an impulse that causes the bodies to approach each other, to attract each other.

Leaving their elementary particles, gravitons carry away with them part of the mass. No matter how small they are, the loss of mass cannot but be noticeable with time. But the time is unimaginably huge. It will take about 100 billion years for all the matter in the universe to turn into a gravitational field.