Words with a prefix and suffix. Word formation

Morphemics is a branch of the science of language that studies the composition of words and their division into morphemes.

Morpheme is the smallest significant part of a word. Morphemes include: prefixes, roots, suffixes, postfixes and endings.

Significant parts of a word

Root- this is the main significant part of the word, which contains the general meaning of all words with the same root. The root in a word is highlighted with an arc - :

Words that have a common root and are formed from any one word are called related or cognate. For example, in related words

the root is - Sol-, which contains the general meaning of related words.

Console- this is a significant part of the word that comes before the root and serves to form new words. Prefixes are designated:

Suffix- this is a significant part of a word that comes after the root and serves to form new words. Suffixes are indicated by:

Ending of the word

Ending- This variable part of word, the ending serves to connect words in a sentence and indicates the form of the word. The ending is indicated by .

elephant, elephants, about elephants

Please note that the ending may be zero; in this case, just an empty cell is placed.

Only inflected words have endings. Adverbs and immutable nouns do not have endings, not even zero endings:

hot, warm, embarrassing

metro, coat, coffee

The basis

The basis- this is the whole word without ending. The stem expresses the semantic meaning of the word. The stem may include a prefix, root and suffix. The basis is designated:

Bases can be derived or non-derivative. Non-derivative basis- this is a base consisting only of the root, for example.

Word formation- a branch of the science of language that studies the structure of words (what parts they consist of) and methods of their formation.

Composition of the word.

A word consists of a stem and an ending. The basis is: prefix, root suffix. Prefix, root, suffix, ending are parts of a word.

Base and ending.

In mutable independent words, the base and ending are distinguished, and in unchangeable words, only the base is distinguished.

The basis- this is part of a modified word without an ending. The basis of a word is its lexical meaning.

Ending- this is a variable significant part of a word that forms the form of a word and serves to connect words in phrases and sentences.

Notes.

1. To highlight the ending, you need to change the word.
2. Immutable words have no endings.

When a word changes or any of its forms are formed: number, gender, case, person, the endings change.

The ending expresses different grammatical meanings: for nouns, numerals and personal pronouns (without a preposition, go with it) - case and number; for adjectives, participles, some pronouns - case, number, gender; for verbs in the present and future tense - person and number, and in the past tense - gender and number.
The ending may be zero, that is, one that is not expressed by sounds. It is revealed by comparing the forms of a word. In the nominative case, the zero ending (like any other in indirect cases) means that the noun horse, eagle used in the nominative case, singular, masculine, 2nd declension.
At the heart of an independent word, significant parts of the word can be distinguished: prefix, root, suffix.

Root of the word.

Root- this is the main part of the word, which contains the general meaning of all words with the same root. Words with the same root are called cognate.

Notes.

1. Words with the same root can refer to the same part of speech or to different ones.
2. It is necessary to distinguish between roots that have the same sound but different meanings (homonymous). Words with similar roots are not the same root.
3. There are relatively few words in the Russian language consisting of a root and an ending; most word stems consist of a root and a suffix; root, prefix and suffix.
4. Some roots are not found in a “free” form (root + ending). They are found in words only in combination with prefixes, suffixes or other roots:
   - de -- put on, change clothes;
   - nya -- borrow, hire, take away;
   - Fri -- chick, little bird, bird;
   - syag -- oath, reach, encroach;
   - y -- take off your shoes, put on your shoes;
   - st -- street, alley;
   - th -- enter, leave, pass, enter.

Suffix.

Suffix- this is the significant part of the word, which is located after the root and is usually used to form words.

Note.

Suffixes can be used to form the forms of words.

Console.

Notes.

1. The vast majority of consoles are originally Russian ( o-, from-, under-, over-, over- and etc.). There are few foreign language prefixes in the Russian language: a-, anti-, arch-, inter-, counter-, ultra-, de-, dez-, dis-, re-, ex-, im-.
2. Prefixes can be multi-valued. Yes, prefix at- means approaching, joining, incomplete action, being close to something.
3. In many words, prefixes have merged with the root and are no longer distinguished as independent parts of the word: admire, admire, get, start, gloomy, adore, disappear and etc.

Ways to form words.

New words in the Russian language are formed on the basis of words, phrases, and less often - sentences, which for a new word are original.
Words in the Russian language are formed in the following main ways: prefixal, suffixal, prefix-suffixal, suffixless, addition, transition of one part of speech to another.

Add-on method.

When forming words prefixed way the prefix is ​​added to the original, ready-made word. In this case, the new word belongs to the same part of speech as the original word. This is how they are formed nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs.

Suffix method.

Suffix method consists in adding a suffix to the base of the original word. In this way, words of all independent parts of speech are formed.
Words formed in a suffixal manner are usually another part of speech.
The suffixal method is the main one for the formation of nouns, adjectives and adverbs. It is more complex than the prefix method, since the suffix is ​​added not to the whole word, but to its base, and the base of the word is sometimes modified: part of the base is cut off, its sound composition changes, and sounds alternate.

Prefix-suffix method.

Prefix-suffix method consists in simultaneously attaching a prefix and a suffix to the base of the original word.
Nouns with suffixes are most often formed in this way -nick, -y (e), -ok, verbs with suffix -xia, adverbs in prefix By- and suffixes -and, -oh, -him.

Suffixless method.

Addition as a way to form words.

Notes.

1. Can act as a connecting vowel And: five year old.
2. Complex words can have no connecting vowel.

1. Addition of whole words: sofa bed, test pilot;
2. Adding the stems of words without connecting vowels ( wall newspaper, sports ground, car plant) or connecting vowels O And e (snowfall, diesel locomotive, digger);
3. Using connecting vowels O And e, connecting part of the word stem with the whole word: new building, reinforced concrete, grain procurement, arts and crafts;
4. Addition of stems with simultaneous addition of a suffix: farming, dizzy;
5. By combining words: evergreen, highly respected, daredevil, the undersigned.

Addition of abbreviated stems.

Many words are formed by addition of abbreviated stems of original words. As a result, compound words.

Compound words are formed:

1. adding syllables or parts of words of the full name: kolkhoz (collective farm), educational program (liquidation of illiteracy), spetskor (special correspondent);
2. adding the names of the initial letters: Central Committee (Central Committee), VDNH (Exhibition of National Economic Achievements);
3. addition of initial sounds: university (higher educational institution), Moscow Art Theater (Moscow Art Academic Theater);
4. in a mixed way (adding a syllable with a sound, a sound with a syllable, letters with a sound, etc.): glavk (main committee), rayon (district department of public education).

The transition of words from one part of speech to another.

Words are also formed by transition from one part of speech to another. At the same time, when used as another part of speech, they acquire a different general meaning and lose a number of their grammatical features. For example: we drove at a walk (word step, being an adverb, does not change).

Word formation- a branch of the science of language that studies the structure of words (what parts they consist of) and methods of their formation.

Composition of the word.

A word consists of a stem and an ending. The basis is: prefix, root suffix. Prefix, root, suffix, ending are parts of a word.

Base and ending.

In mutable independent words, the base and ending are distinguished, and in unchangeable words, only the base is distinguished. The basis- this is part of a modified word without an ending. The basis of a word is its lexical meaning. Ending- this is a variable significant part of a word that forms the form of a word and serves to connect words in phrases and sentences. Notes. 1. To highlight the ending, you need to change the word. 2. Immutable words have no endings. When a word changes or any of its forms are formed: number, gender, case, person, the endings change. The ending expresses different grammatical meanings: for nouns, numerals and personal pronouns (without a preposition, go with it) - case and number; for adjectives, participles, some pronouns - case, number, gender; for verbs in the present and future tense - person and number, and in the past tense - gender and number. The ending may be zero, that is, one that is not expressed by sounds. It is revealed by comparing the forms of a word. In the nominative case, the zero ending (like any other in indirect cases) means that the noun horse, eagle used in the nominative case, singular, masculine, 2nd declension. At the heart of an independent word, significant parts of the word can be distinguished: prefix, root, suffix.

Root of the word.

Root- this is the main part of the word, which contains the general meaning of all words with the same root. Words with the same root are called cognate. Notes.

1. Words with the same root can refer to the same part of speech or to different ones.
2. It is necessary to distinguish between roots that have the same sound but different meanings (homonymous). Words with similar roots are not the same root.
3. There are relatively few words in the Russian language consisting of a root and an ending; most word stems consist of a root and a suffix; root, prefix and suffix.
4. Some roots are not found in a “free” form (root + ending). They are found in words only in combination with prefixes, suffixes or other roots: - de -- put on, change clothes; - nya -- borrow, hire, take away; — Fri —- chick, little bird, bird; - syag -- oath, reach, encroach; - y -- take off your shoes, put on your shoes; - st -- street, alley; - th -- enter, leave, pass, enter.

A word can have one root or two roots.

Suffix- this is the significant part of the word, which is located after the root and is usually used to form words. Note. Suffixes can be used to form the forms of words.

Ways to form words.

New words in the Russian language are formed on the basis of words, phrases, and less often - sentences, which for a new word are original. Words in the Russian language are formed in the following main ways: prefixal, suffixal, prefix-suffixal, suffixless, addition, transition of one part of speech to another.

Add-on method.

When forming words prefixed way the prefix is ​​added to the original, ready-made word. In this case, the new word belongs to the same part of speech as the original word. This is how they are formed nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs.

Suffix method.

Suffix method consists in adding a suffix to the base of the original word. In this way, words of all independent parts of speech are formed. Words formed in a suffixal manner are usually another part of speech. The suffixal method is the main one for the formation of nouns, adjectives and adverbs. It is more complex than the prefix method, since the suffix is ​​added not to the whole word, but to its base, and the base of the word is sometimes modified: part of the base is cut off, its sound composition changes, and sounds alternate.

Prefix-suffix method.

Prefix-suffix method consists in simultaneously attaching a prefix and a suffix to the base of the original word. Nouns with suffixes are most often formed in this way -nick, -y (e), -ok, verbs with suffix -xia, adverbs in prefix By- and suffixes -and, -oh, -him.

Suffixless method.

Addition as a way to form words.

Addition of abbreviated stems.

Many words are formed by addition of abbreviated stems of original words. As a result, compound words.Compound words are formed:

1. adding syllables or parts of words of the full name: kolkhoz (collective farm), educational program (liquidation of illiteracy), spetskor (special correspondent);
2. adding the names of the initial letters: Central Committee (Central Committee), VDNH (Exhibition of National Economic Achievements);
3. addition of initial sounds: university (higher educational institution), Moscow Art Theater (Moscow Art Academic Theater);
4. in a mixed way (adding a syllable with a sound, a sound with a syllable, letters with a sound, etc.): glavk (main committee), rayon (district department of public education).

Complex and compound abbreviations words can serve as the basis for the formation of new words: university - university student; collective farm - collective farmer - collective farmer.

The transition of words from one part of speech to another.

Words are also formed by transition from one part of speech to another. At the same time, when used as another part of speech, they acquire a different general meaning and lose a number of their grammatical features. For example: we drove at a walk (word step, being an adverb, does not change).

edu.glavsprav.ru

Words with prefix, root, suffix and ending

Examples of parsing words that have all the basic morphemes: prefix, root, suffix, ending.

5. cleaning
6. astonishment
7. harvest
8. satellite
9. gloomy
10. pa' water ok
11. translator
12. translator chitsa
13. re-cry to a
14. cross the forest ok
15. nose bridge
16. correspondence to a
17. rebuild to a
18. cross street ok
19. by white
20. management
21. order
22. present
23. under water nick
24. ready and ready
25. under business
26. support
27. on business
28. underground
29. duvet cover
30. windowsill
31. by road nickname
32. came up
33. friend to a
34. under the candle nickname
35. under the snow nickname
36. duel
37. could help
38. by assistant nickname
39. float ok
40. on that topic
41. walking
42. before the thunderstorms oh
43. before destination
44. pre-designated
45. very boring
46. coastal
47. profit
48. at gate nick
49. habit
50. suburban
51. at mountains ok
52. roadside

• with wings
• when man to a
• seaside
• brought
• when pe in
• the man came
• at school
• about running
• about water to a
• conductor
• walk
• about writing
• about gender
• about guilt
• education
• Union
• obezdchik
• o drank to and
• About the glow
• loud
• from the wing l
• opening
• outdoor

See examples of words with different morphemes:

Or select the necessary words with the necessary parts of the word through a word search by morphemes.

morphemeonline.ru

Base word and ending

The morphemic composition of a word can be divided into prefix, root, suffix and ending. The word stem includes all these morphemes except the ending.

Composition of the word

In modified words, minimal significant parts - morphemes - are distinguished:

Morpheme is a term of Greek origin. Translated from Greek, this word means "form".

For example, in the word "sunny" Let's highlight the following morphemes:

sunny - root/suffix/ending.

Morphemics studies morphemes.

Root of the word

The main morpheme in a word is the root. Some non-derivative words consist only of a root and an ending:

The lexical meaning of the word depends on the meaning of the root. Words serve us to name objects, signs or actions. What a single word means is its lexical meaning, for example:

there is a subject "grass", and in a word "grass" called the green cover of the earth. This is the lexical meaning of this word contained in the root.

The root contains the common meaning that all words with the same root have:

house, house ik, houseless, houseless, oh house.

All of the listed cognates are connected by a common lexical meaning with home - "a building where a person and his family live permanently".



All other significant parts of the word are grouped around the root:

The prefix is ​​in front of the root. With the help of this morpheme new words are formed:

heading - under the heading (additional heading);

cloudy (covered with clouds) - without cloudy (lack of clouds);

swim - cross (overcome the river, end up on the other side).

The prefix introduces different semantic shades into the original lexical meaning of a word or changes its lexical meaning.



A suffix is ​​a significant part of a word. Like a prefix, it forms new words:

golden - golden (slightly golden color);

mountain - mountain (small mountain);

grandmother - grandmother (belonging to grandmother).

A suffix, when added to a root, changes the original meaning of words.



Unlike prefixes and suffixes, which are derivational morphemes, endings do not form new words.

The ending changes and forms forms of the same word, for example:

• What? roads a - units h., name case;
• side of what? roads and - r. p.un. h.;
• going to what? to roads e - d.p. unit. h.;
• think about what? about roads ah - p.p., plural. h.

The ending changes the form of the word, but the lexical meaning of the word remains the same.

With the help of endings, words are formed into a complete thought - a sentence.

Let's compare:

cloud, grey, look out, bright, sun

The bright sun peeked out from behind the gray clouds.



What is the stem of a word

All derivational morphemes of a word form its basis. The base of a word consists of a prefix, a root and a suffix. We will get the stem of the word if we do not take into account the inflectional morpheme - the ending, for example:

The basis is the lexical meaning of a specific word:

red, red, red, red, red.

Let us take into account that the base of the word also does not include some formative suffixes.

Suffix -l- forms the past tense of verbs. This morpheme, like the ending, is not included in the stem of verb forms:

threw the ball;

illuminated the treetops;

started playing the guitar.


russkiiyazyk.ru

SIGNIFICANT PARTS OF A WORD (MORPHEMS)

Morphemics is a section of the Russian language that studies the structure of words.

Words are made up of meaningful parts called morphemes: prefix, root, suffix and ending.

Among the morphemes, there are derivational (prefix, suffix), which serve to form new words, and inflectional (ending, past tense suffix of verbs -JI9 suffixes -EE, EY, -SHEU with the help of which the simple superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs is formed), serving for the formation word forms.

An ending is a variable part of a word that serves to connect words in a sentence and phrase.

To highlight the ending, you need to change the word: board - boards, beautiful - beautiful, flying - flying.

The ending expresses different grammatical meanings:

Gender, number and case - for nouns and adjectives;

Persons and numbers - for the verb in the present and future tense;

Gender and number are for verbs in the past tense.

New words are not formed using endings,

word forms are formed.

The ending may be zero, that is, not expressed by sounds (doctor, house); it is revealed by comparing the forms of a word.

Unchangeable words have no endings:

Adjectives in the comparative degree (more beautiful);

Indeclinable nouns (depot).

Distinguish between zero-ending words and uninflected words in which only the stem is emphasized (saying tomorrow, longer).

The part of the word being modified without ending is called the stem of the word. It expresses the lexical meaning of the word.

Non-derivative (no prefix, suffix: house);

Derivative (formed from other words: house);

Producing (from it another basis is formed: a house - a small house).

The root is the main significant part of the word, which contains the general meaning of all words with the same root.

A word can have one root (color) and several (color^)9 such words are called complex.

Words that have the same root are called the same

conquered (aquatic, underwater, “water, backwater, watery, underwater”).

There are words that have the same root, but different lexical meanings (yoora, Mountain,

burn out, sunbathe, burn out), they are not the same root.

A prefix is ​​a significant part of a word that comes before the root and serves to form new words

Prefixes add additional meaning to words.

In addition to the original Russian prefixes (o-, ot-, sub-, over-, re-), there are also foreign ones (counter-, sub-, ad-, in-, con-, ob-).

A word can have several prefixes: ‘hopeless.

Among the prefixes there are synonymous (kick out - drive out) and antonymous (fly in - fly out).

In many words, prefixes have merged with the root and are not distinguished as independent parts of the word: to admire.

A suffix is ​​a significant part of a word that comes after the root and serves to form new words (tone-

kbstb, thinbwapbj; persecuted, driven; watery, in-

A word can have one suffix (watery) or several (watery).

Many suffixes are characteristic of certain parts of speech:

Ost, -onk9 -telyu -schik - noun; -ushch, -yusch -ashch, -yashch, im, -om, -eat - participles; -yva, -ivau -ovau -eva - verbs. A postfix is ​​the part of a word that comes after the ending: -sya and -sya.

1. Indicate in which row all the words have an ending.

a) hare, sun, riding (jump)

b) white, touches, approached

c) saw, on the right, the second

d) imprisoned, (about) moving, twice

2. Indicate in which row all words have a zero ending.

a) vegetable, cloak, speech

b) Rostov, forward, wide open

c) story, midnight, you see

d) whip, (c) shoulders, gallop

3. Indicate in which row all words consist of a prefix, a root, one suffix and an ending.

a) defeat, bully, wound up

b) extinguished, initiative, cavalry

c) laid, stop, unload

d) touch, tribal, plotter

4. Indicate in which row all words have several suffixes.

a) getting hit, getting sick, becoming related

b) fringe, perk up, exploration

c) surrender, lottery, official

d) behavior, scattered, crumpled

5. Indicate in which row all words have 2 prefixes.

a) aloof, unrestrained, ungifted

b) hearsay, insensitive, taciturn

c) little by little, unrestrained, alien

d) doubly, unopened, not uninteresting

6. Indicate which of these words is not a single root.

a) burnt b) mountain

b) burn d) carbon monoxide (gas)

7. Indicate words that consist of 5 morphemes.

a) remind c) shipping

b) tension d) snuck in

8. Indicate the errors made during morphemic parsing of words.

a) plan-ir-ov-a-t c) magnet-ism

b) pan d) from-tir

9. Indicate in which cases the morphemic analysis of words was performed correctly.

a) auk-tsi-on c) december

b) vel-ich-in-a d) silicon-y

10. Indicate words whose morphemic composition corresponds to the scheme

"root 4- ending".

11. Indicate words in which the base is equal to the root.

scicenter.online

18. Morphemes are significant parts of a word. The basis of the word. Ending. Rules

A morpheme is the smallest significant part of a word:

The main morpheme is the root. It contains the main
meaning of the word.

Derivative morphemes serve to form words
with a new lexical meaning:
connections between words in phrases and sentences:

Unchanged words have no endings:

coffee, atelier, today, tomorrow.

Modified words may also have a zero ending.

A zero ending is a morpheme that is not expressed by sounds
(or letters). Such an ending is revealed only when in other
forms of the same word have an ending expressed by sounds (letters):


Problems on the topic “Morphemes are significant parts of a word. The basis of the word. Ending"

City, blue, tomorrow, petal, capital, window, notebook, walking.

Big one, big one, five-story, five-story,

s p o r t o v a r s.

Select the endings by clicking on the letters.

Scarlet roses, in new quarters, the sea is noisy, no rush

p o l o g i l a.

Choose words that end in zero.

Houses, tables, cows, foundations, noses, watches.

Choose words that do not have an ending.

Choose pairs of words that represent forms of the same word.

1) Order - to order,

2) brave - brave,

3) played - play,

4) paper - paper,

5) student - student,

6) strong – strong.

Choose pairs of words that contain words with the same root.

2) build – builder,

3) red - red,

4) window - window sill,

6) funny - make you laugh.

Choose the forms of the word leaf.

Leafless, leaf, deciduous, leaf, leaf, leaf, deciduous, leaf.

school-assistant.ru

Answers in Russian. 3rd grade. Test work. Kanakina V.P., Shchegoleva G.S.

Composition of the word
Console. Suffix

Answers to pages 28 – 30

1. Read. Fill in the missing words in the sentences.

Suffix- this is the significant part of the word that comes after the root. Console- this is the significant part of the word that comes before the root.

2. Read. Mark √ which significant parts of the word are used to form new words.

√ suffix
√ console

3 ∗ .

Read it. Find words with prefixes. Select consoles.

(L. Tolstoy)
Underline the verb in which the prefix means “repeat the action again.”

Identify the root in words with the same root.

4 ∗ . Read it. Form from each word and write down a word with the same root with a different prefix. Highlight the prefixes in the words. under/ run - y/ run behind/ scream -
y/ on the/ scream sparkle - By/ sparkle O/ look -
re/ look from/ swim - at/ swim With/ ask -

By/

ask

Underline the verbs in which the prefix means “the beginning of an action.”

5. Read. Find a verb with two prefixes. Highlight the prefixes in the verbs.

Chu, it thundered behind the cloud,

(F. Tyutchev)

6 ∗ .
Read it. Mark √ words that do not have prefixes. Highlight prefixes in other words.

7. Read. Fill in the missing letters in the words. Write down the word from which the words of each row were formed. Highlight the suffixes in the words.

Underline words with diminutive suffixes.

Write down the adjective and highlight all the significant parts of it.

8 ∗ .

Read it. Fill in the missing words.

(N. Sladkov)

Highlight the suffixes in the words - names of baby animals.

9 ∗ .

2) I select the part that comes after the root. This part will be the suffix.

11 ∗ .

Read it. Mark √ which words contain these suffixes.