One of the ways to develop a modern language is to borrow foreign words. The development of language is always closely related to the development of progress and society. Borrowed words in the Russian language are the result of contacts and relationships with other peoples, professional communities and states. Along with words and expressions that came to us from other languages, Anglicisms are very common in our speech. We'll talk about them today.

Specific words and expressions that came into the Russian language from English are called Anglicisms or Americanisms. Over the past 20-30 years, they have been rapidly penetrating the Russian language, and in such quantities that linguists have started talking about a phenomenon called English-Russian bilingualism.

This invasion is caused primarily by the fact that modern society is open to international contacts, as well as by the international status of the English language. These are the main reasons for the massive entry of borrowings into the Russian language (in particular from American English).

Reasons for borrowing foreign words

In most cases, the borrowing of foreign language vocabulary occurs due to the absence of a corresponding concept in the cognitive base of the language. For example, English borrowings appeared in the Russian language such as computer, player, toaster, impeachment, voucher, charter, barrel, surfing.

Among other reasons, there is the need to express ambiguous Russian concepts using a borrowed word. Examples: hotel for motor tourists - motel, summit - summit, figure skiing - freestyle, marksman - sniper, short press conference for journalists - briefing, hitman - hitman, parking lot - parking lot, short distance running - sprint, drop in production - recession, retail trade - retail and many others.

Foreign words in the Russian language allow you to increase its means of expression. Particularly noticeable in recent years is the emergence of foreign language stylistic synonyms such as maintenance - service, shopping - shopping, motorcyclist - biker, security - security, party - party, loser - loser, girlfriend - boyfriend, dancing - dance hall, friend - boyfriend, performance - performance, reception of guests - reception, etc.

English borrowings in the Russian language are also due to the need for specialization of objects and concepts, therefore many scientific and technical terms are borrowed from English. A significant number of foreign words from formal / book vocabulary have corresponding Russian synonyms. Here is a list of such words:

• accentuate - highlight;
• similar - similar;
• vary - change;
• vulgar - rude, vulgar;
• misinform - give false information;
• decorate - decorate;
• ideal - perfect;
• infectious - contagious;
• memoirs - memories;
• permanent - constant, continuous;
• reconstruction - restoration;
• elastic - flexible, etc.

Some English words appeared in the Russian language due to the presence of similar semantic and morphological series. In the 19th century, the words gentleman, policeman came into the Russian language from English; already at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, an athlete, a record holder, and a yachtsman were added to them. Thus, a group of words appears that have the meaning of a person and a common element - “men”. Gradually, the group began to be replenished with new borrowings: businessman, congressman, showman, superman.

The most popular anglicisms

In almost any field of activity you can find words that came to us from the English language. Foreign language is especially widely used in the names of clubs, TV programs, and stores: talk show; dog show; strip show; Coach Center; Show Business; hit parade; Fan club; Tennis Hall; Brain-ring; Home Credit Bank; Fan Park (Roev Ruchey); Second hand; Call center; Real-comfort; Sweet Mama.

Below is a list of areas and Anglicisms that have recently been most often used in them.

Politics/economics/positions:

summit, briefing, speaker, rating, electorate, voucher, holding, impeachment, image maker, speechwriter, investment, sponsor, barrel, media, recession, marketing, offshore, leasing, sequestration, tender, retail, price list, (top) manager , distributor, dealer, businesswoman, promoter, mentality.

Food/clothing/trade:

popcorn, hamburger, hot dog, barbecue, cheeseburger, fishburger, chocopie, pudding, (orange) fresh juice, yogurt, lunch, Coke-Cola, Nuts, Twix, Sprite, fast food, shorts, boots, bandana, cotton, top, non-roll (pillow), multi-brand, unisex, casual, catering, shopping, shopaholic, sale, Kodak Express, gel, SPA - salon, supermarket, VIP room, catering, second-hand, discount.

Sport:

shaping, diving, surfing, fitness, bodybuilding, snowboarding, paintball, frisbee, fitball, freestyle, wrestling, power lifting, training, skating rink, forward, bowling, goalkeeper, biker, sniper, turboslim, scooter, step class, overtime , contest.

Art/radio/TV:

western, video clip, thriller, music video maker, newsmaker, blockbuster, bestseller, musical, casting, supersta, underground, pop-Art, (had) rock, rock and roll (l), shake, breakdance, Brain ring, (current ) show, hit parade, skinhead, meteotime, superman.

Home/household/office:

air conditioner, mixer, toaster, blender, cooler, siding, roller shutters, antifreeze, roller blinds, Bullet Magic, Vanish, Fairy, Comet, Head & Shoulders, Dove, Tide, cleaning company, scrub, perfume, spray, tape, color, diaper, stapler.

Information and communication technologies:

computer, display, calculator, monitor, laptop, printer, Internet, scanner, CD, DVD, device, hacker, processor, upgrade, click, SMS, website, blog, smiley.

Anglicisms are present in all European languages, in the languages ​​of African peoples and peoples of other continents that were once politically dependent on Great Britain or subject to American influence (cultural, economic, etc.). For example, in Japanese the word “cassette” sounds like tepu-rekoda from the English tape-recorder. The presence of Anglicisms in the Chukchi language, which penetrated through American traders, was noted: the word “sopy” means “soap” (in English “soap”), “manet” - “money” (in English “money”).

There are adopted words in absolutely every language in the world. They come whenever countries interact. This article will help you understand what borrowed words are and how to distinguish between them.

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Dictionary of loanwords

Borrowed words in Russian appear in relationships with representatives of other countries and nationalities, and in this way speech is supplemented and improved. Borrowed vocabulary appears when an important concept is missing.

Borrowing words from other languages ​​significantly complements the speech in which they are included, makes people closer to each other, and it becomes easier to understand foreigners who use international terms in their speech.

The dictionary of borrowed words contains adopted words that came into Russian at different time periods. Meaning they are revealed very fully, the etymology is explained. You can find the required word by the first letter, as in a regular glossary.

Words borrowed from other languages

Foreign words that came through adoption behave differently. Some take root, become part of speech, changing according to all the rules of the Russian dialect (for example, sandwich), while others do not change, are used in their original state (a striking example is the word sushi).

Borrowed words divided into Slavic and non-Slavic. For example, Slavic dialects - Czech, Ukrainian, Old Church Slavonic, Polish, etc. Non-Slavic - Finno-Ugric, Germanic, Scandinavian, Turkic, etc.

List of foreign words in Russian

Most borrowed words are simply forced to change according to all the rules of the Russian dialect: phonetically, semantically and morphologically. But over time, such terms become so firmly established in everyday life that most simply cease to be regarded as foreign. For example, words “school”, “sugar”, “activist”, “bathhouse”, “artel” and others were originally introduced into Russian from other dialects, only now they are accepted as Russian.

Attention! Borrowed from others adverbs, words can change radically: some change only the endings, others can change gender, others even change their meaning.

Consider the words conservatory, conservator, canned food.

At first glance, their meanings are completely different, even these three expressions came from completely different countries, but they have something in common, something that even at first glance catches the eye - they are similar in spelling.

This is explained very simply. They came to our dialect from Italian, French and Latin. And in their turn came one term from Latin, meaning “to preserve.”

Important! To correctly determine the lexical meaning of any word, you need to find out where it was brought from.

If you are not sure whether an expression comes from other languages ​​or is originally Russian, dictionaries come to the rescue, where not only the meaning is explained, but also its origin.

For clarity, below are examples of borrowed words in Russian:

Foreign words

You can often hear the phrase foreign word. What are foreign words?, what are they?

Foreign words are terms adopted from other dialects. The introduction of borrowed words occurs in two ways: through conversation and through literature. This is a natural process when two different languages ​​and cultures interact.

There are a number of differences that can be used to determine How do native Russian words differ from borrowed ones?.

The first sign is phonetic:

1. Starts with the letter a. It is easy to distinguish them, since truly Russian expressions begin with the letter a extremely rarely. They begin with just an interjection, imitation of sounds and their derivatives.
2. Original Russian words do not have the letter e at their roots; this is typical for adopted terms. Exceptions are , interjections and those formed from adopted words.
3. Letter f. Exceptions are imitation of sounds, interjections, the word owl.
4. Several vowels in the root of a word indicate borrowed words in Russian.
5. Consonant combinations“kg”, “kd”, “gb” and “kz” in the roots of words.
6. Combinations of "ge", "ke" and "he" at the root. Original Russian words have these combinations only in the stem-ending combination.
7. Combinations of “vu”, “mu”, “kyu” and “bu” at the root.
8. Double consonants in the root.
9. The hard sound of a consonant before the vowel e, read as e.
10. Words, starting with letter e.

The second sign is morphological:

1. Nouns that are not inflected.
2. Invariability of gender and number of nouns.

The third feature is word formation:

1. Prefixes of foreign origin.
2. Suffixes of foreign origin.
3. Roots such as aqua-, geo-, marine-, grapho-, etc.

To summarize, it should be noted that native Russian and borrowed words easy to distinguish, just paying attention to the above signs.

Borrowed vocabulary

What exactly is borrowed? These are expressions that have entered speech from other languages ​​due to external (political, commercial, general cultural relations, definitions of concepts, objects) and internal (law of conservation of verbal means, enrichment of language, popular term) reasons.

Let's consider examples of borrowed words and their meaning.

Examples of English words

List of foreign words in Russian we can continue endlessly. By finding out from which language the word came into speech, you can trace how the interaction between countries took place.

Examples of native Russian and borrowed words in the science of lexicology are strictly distributed by origin.

There are many glossaries that explain what foreign language terms are. They explain from what language came this or that expression. It also contains sentences with borrowed words from all centuries. After a long time, many expressions began to be perceived as originally Russian.

Now the most famous dictionary is the “School Dictionary of Foreign Words” by V.V. Ivanova. It describes which language which word came from, what it means, examples of use. This is one of the most comprehensive glossaries, covering the most basic concepts of the most commonly used terms.

Examples of loanwords

Are borrowed words necessary?

Conclusion

Find out from which language this or that word came, quite simply, once you understand its original meaning. The dictionary provides a whole list of expressions, and it is constantly updated. The history of terms and their origin can tell a lot, you just have to look up the word in the glossary.

Language is the most universal means of communication, which responds flexibly to changes in the needs of society. Every day one or more new words appear, which are the result of simplification or merging of existing ones, but the largest number of verbal novelties come from abroad. So, foreign words in the Russian language: why do they appear and what do they represent?

Original Russian vocabulary

The Russian language was formed over many centuries, as a result of which three stages in the genesis of original Russian words were identified.

Indo-European vocabulary arose in the Neolithic era and was based on the basic concepts of kinship (mother, daughter), household items (hammer), food products (meat, fish), names of animals (bull, deer) and elements (fire, water).

Basic words have been absorbed into the Russian language and are considered part of it.

Proto-Slavic vocabulary, which was highly relevant at the border of the 6th-7th centuries, had a great influence on Russian speech. and spread to the territory of Eastern and Central Europe, as well as the Balkans.

In this group, words related to the plant world (tree, grass, root), names of crops and plants (wheat, carrots, beets), tools and raw materials (hoe, cloth, stone, iron), and birds (goose, nightingale) arose. , as well as food products (cheese, milk, kvass).

Modern words of the original Russian vocabulary arose in the period from the 8th to the 17th centuries. and belonged to the East Slavic linguistic branch. A large proportion of them expressed an action (run, lie, multiply, put), the names of abstract concepts appeared (freedom, outcome, experience, fate, thought), words corresponding to household items (wallpaper, carpet, book) and the names of national dishes appeared ( cabbage rolls, cabbage soup).

Some words have taken root so firmly in Russian speech that they will not need replacement soon, while others have been blatantly supplanted by more consonant synonyms from neighboring countries. So “humanity” turned into “humanity”, “appearance” was transformed into “image”, and the “competition” was called a “duel”.

The problem of borrowing foreign words

Since ancient times, the Russian people have had trade, cultural and political relations with speakers of other languages, so it was almost impossible to avoid mixing vocabulary.

New words were introduced into Russian speech both from neighboring states and from distant republics.

In fact, words of foreign origin have been present in our speech so often and for a long time that we have become accustomed to them and absolutely do not perceive them as something foreign.

Here are some examples of well-established foreign words:

• China: tea.
• Mongolia: hero, label, darkness.
• Japan: karate, karaoke, tsunami.
• Holland: orange, jacket, hatch, yacht, sprats.
• Poland: donut, market, fair.
• Czech Republic: tights, gun, robot.

Official statistics say that only 10% words in Russian are borrowed. But if you listen to the colloquial speech of the younger generation, you can conclude that the contamination of the Russian language with foreign words has a more global scale.

We go to fast food for lunch and order a hamburger and a milkshake. Having discovered free Wi-Fi, we will not miss the opportunity to visit Facebook to put a couple of likes on the best friend’s photo.

Borrowing foreign words: main reasons

Why are we so attracted to vocabulary from neighboring countries?

Greece

Now let's look at the geography of borrowing.

The most generous country that has lent the Russian language part of its vocabulary is Greece. She gave us the names of almost all known sciences (geometry, astrology, geography, biology). In addition, many words related to the field of education (alphabet, spelling, Olympiad, department, phonetics, library) are of Greek origin.

Some foreign words in Russian have abstract meanings (victory, triumph, chaos, charisma), others characterize quite tangible objects (theater, cucumber, ship).

Thanks to ancient Greek vocabulary, we learned how sympathy is expressed, felt the taste of style and were able to capture bright events in photographs.
It is interesting that the meaning of some words passed into the Russian language without change, while others acquired new meanings (economics - home economics, tragedy - goat song).

Italy

How many words do you think in Russian speech come from Apennine Peninsula? Surely, apart from the famous “ciao” greeting, you won’t immediately remember anything. It turns out that Italian foreign words are present in sufficient quantities in the Russian language.

For example, an identity document was first called a passport in Italy, and only then this word was borrowed by many languages, including Russian.

Everyone knows the tricks of the Sicilian clans, so the origin of the word “mafia” is beyond doubt. Likewise, “carnival” has taken root in many languages ​​thanks to the colorful costume show in Venice. But the Italian roots of “vermicelli” were surprising: in the Apennines, vermicelli is translated as “worms.”

Recently, it has become fashionable to use the definition for the press as “paparazzi”. But in direct translation, these are not journalists at all, as one might think, but “annoying mosquitoes.”

France

But France gave the Russian speech many “delicious” words: grillage, jelly, croissant, canapes, creme brulee, omelet, puree, stew, soup, soufflé, eclair, cutlet and sauce. Of course, along with the names, cooking recipes were also borrowed from French chefs, many of which were enjoyed by Russian gourmets.

Several more extensive borrowing industries are the literature, cinema and entertainment industries: artist, ballet, billiards, magazine, couplet, play, purse, repertoire, restaurant and plot.

The French also became the inventors of seductive details of women's clothing (panties and peignoir), taught the world the rules of behavior in society (etiquette) and the art of beauty (makeup, cream, perfume).

Germany

German vocabulary is so different from Russian that it is difficult to imagine what words could take root in it. It turns out there are quite a lot of them.

For example, we often use the German word “route”, which means a pre-selected path. Or “scale” - the ratio of sizes on the map and on the ground. And “font” in Russian is a designation for writing characters.

The names of some have also stuck professions: hairdresser, accountant, mechanic.

The food industry is also not without borrowings: sandwiches, dumplings, waffles and muesli, it turns out, also have German roots.

Also, the Russian language has absorbed several fashion accessories into its vocabulary: for women - “shoes” and “bra”, for men - “tie”, for children - “backpack”. By the way, a smart child is often called a “prodigy” - this is also a German concept.

Foreign words feel quite comfortable in the Russian language; they have even taken up residence in our home in the form of a chair, a bathtub and tiles.

England

Largest quantity loanwords originally from Foggy Albion. Since English is an international language, and many people know it at a fairly decent level, it is not surprising that many words migrated into Russian speech and began to be perceived as native.

Foreign words are almost ubiquitous in the Russian language, but the most popular areas of their use are:

• business (PR, Office Manager, copywriter, broker, holding company);
• sports (goalkeeper, boxing, football, penalty, time-out, foul);
• computer technologies (blog, offline, login, spam, traffic, hacker, hosting, gadget);
• entertainment industry (talk show, casting, soundtrack, hit).

Very often, English words are used as youth slang, which is most influenced by fashion (baby, boyfriend, loser, teenager, respect, make-up, freak).

Some words have become so popular in the world that they have acquired a common noun meaning (jeans, show, weekend).

Introduction

1. History of borrowings

3. Mastering foreign words

4. Orthoepic norms of borrowed words

Conclusion

Language in its modern state cannot be unified, since it represents a combination of separate individual languages. Practical decisions must be based on how close these individual languages ​​currently are to each other.

Much in the Russian language was borrowed from Indo-European culture. It is assumed that the ancestral territory of the eastern Indo-European tribes, including the ancestors of the Slavs, was the north-west of Russia, the Baltic Sea basin. The comparative study of Indo-European languages ​​proves the special closeness between the Slavic and Baltic languages.

It should be noted that the original Slavs gravitated to the west - to the Germans, from whom they borrowed their material culture, their military life, and political structure. Let us consider words related to these areas, borrowed by the Russian language from Germanic languages. For example: shelom - helmet; finely – milk, khyz – house, hut; as well as glass, buy, cattle, etc.

The number of words borrowed from Iranian languages ​​is very small. These are words like God - from ancient Persian. Baga; ax – tappari.

Another example of borrowing: from Germanic, Celtic and Latin is the word sea - lat. Mare, german. Meri, Celt. Muir.

Much is borrowed from Finnish languages: palttina - canvas; varpu – sparrow; arti – army; suntia – church minister; sun'd – judge, court.

2. Foreign language vocabulary

Before talking about foreign language vocabulary in the Russian language, let's say a few words about native Russian vocabulary. Let us say once again that these are words dating back to the Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Slavic and Old Russian eras and inherited by the Russian language, as well as created in the Russian language according to the models existing in it.

Russian words themselves arose from the end of the 14th century. These are almost all nouns with the suffixes –schik, -chik, -yatin (a), -lk (a), ovk (a), -telstvo (o), -sh (a), -nost, -emest, -shchin( a), -tel (with the meaning of a tool or device). For example: mason, hauler, sour, lighter, leaflet, certificate, doctor, reality, controllability, piecework, switch; compound nouns: university, salary. Actually Russian are also words that arose in earlier eras and then changed their meaning. Thus, the word red in Proto-Slavic and Old Russian meant “good”, “beautiful”, and in Russian it began to mean color.

The most ancient, Proto-Indo-European layer of native Russian vocabulary has correspondences in other Indo-European languages. These are some terms of kinship: mother, son, brother; animal names: wolf, goose, deer. Natural phenomena: water, moon, snow, stone. Body parts: nose, tooth, ear, eye; some actions: take, give, be, see; numbers: two, three, etc.

Proto-Slavic vocabulary is represented by a greater number and diversity than Proto-Indo-European. These are words that have correspondences in Slavic languages ​​and are absent in other Indo-European languages: heart, child, spring, rain, grass, snake, saddle, labor, kind, ring, yesterday, etc. The words of these two layers are only about 2000, but they relate to most commonly used.

The Old Russian layer of vocabulary consists of words common to the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages ​​and absent in other Slavic languages. These are words such as: uncle, spinner, samovar, lark, cheap, pockmarked, vouch, forty, ninety, etc.

Words of other languages ​​used in Russian as regular lexical units are called foreign language vocabulary. In the Russian language, about 10% of words are borrowed from other languages.

Borrowing is based on trade, cultural, scientific ties between peoples and, as a consequence, language contacts. The overwhelming majority of foreign words were borrowed by the Russian language along with a thing, a concept: school is a Greek word, class is a Latin word, briefcase is French, satchel is German, pencil is Turkic, pioneer is English, tea is Chinese, candy is Italian, tundra is Finnish.

As you know, a borrowed word can denote a special type of object, concept that existed in the Russian language. For example, the word jam from English means “a special kind of jam”, from French, for example, porter - “a type of service in a hotel.”

The reason for borrowing words from other languages ​​may also be the desire to replace a descriptive expression or phrase with one word. Let's take an example: the English word sniper instead of the phrase "sharpshooter". Or, for example, motel (English word) - instead of “hotel for autotourists”, tour (French word) - instead of traveling along a circular route.

Foreign words penetrated into the Russian language at different periods of its history. Some of these words came from the Old Russian language, which, in turn, could have received them from Proto-Slavic. Such ancient borrowings from Germanic languages ​​are, for example, prince, king, beech, carp, onion (as a plant), and barn.

It should be said that the borrowing of a word may not be direct, but through another language. Thus, many Greekisms penetrated into the Old Russian language through Old Church Slavonic, and words from other eastern languages ​​were borrowed through Turkic languages. The words beads and dagger are borrowed from Arabic. Tub, turquoise, cripple are borrowed from Persian. At a later time, Greek words penetrated through various Western European languages. Such as anatomy, geometry, philosophy, analysis, democracy, politics, drama, tragedy, architecture. Latin words: inertia, radius, student, dean, dictatorship, republic. Words from Western European languages ​​could be borrowed through Polish. For example, a bottle, a guitar, a lady, a turkey, a carriage, a market, a fruit.

From the era of Peter I, the expansion of the vocabulary of the Russian language began due to borrowing from Western European languages. Maritime terms were borrowed from the Dutch language. For example, words such as boatswain, harbor, sailor, storm. And also from the English language: emergency, boat. At a later time, sports terms were borrowed from English. Let's give an example: boxing, volleyball, start, finish, champion. Military terms came from German into Russian, for example: parapet, camp, officer, soldier, bayonet. And mining terms such as mine, adit, drift. Art terms were borrowed from the French language: ballet, parterre, landscape, still life, director. Literature terms: genre, novel, feuilleton, march. Culinary: dessert, cutlet, soup, puree, stew. Names of clothing: jacket, muffler, suit, coat. Musical terms entered Russian from the Italian language. For example: aria, baritone, cello, mandolin, serenade and many others.

At the very beginning of the 20s of the 20th century, due to the isolation of the country, borrowing became scarce. In the 20s, the influence of vernacular language, dialects, and jargons on the literary language was especially noticeable. The strengthening of the norms of the literary language, which began in the 30s, eliminated many words used in various literary genres in the previous period, but some of these words remained in the literary language. In the late 20s and 30s, mainly English words were borrowed. Such as jazz, combine, conveyor, container, speedometer, trolleybus. From the vernacular and dialects, such words as wilderness, milkmaid, dark, korzhik, kosovitsa, hassle, new settler, vacation, ladle, comb, study entered literary usage. As far as jargon goes, it’s junk. Blat, thieves, buzz. Some of these words have lost their non-literary connotation, while others still belong to colloquial or colloquial vocabulary.