Socio-economic development of North-Eastern Rus'. Socio-economic development of northeastern Rus'

After Batu's pogrom, which contemporaries compared to a universal catastrophe, Rus' begins to restore its strength. This process took place most intensively in the northeast of the former Kievan Rus - in the lands of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.

In the XIII–XV centuries. There was an increase in population between the Oka and Volga rivers. These territories were relatively far from the centers of Mongol-Tatar aggression and were covered by the outlying southern and southeastern Russian lands from the Golden Horde. The influx of population came from the south, where there was constant danger from the Mongol-Tatars, and from the north-west, which was subject to pressure from Lithuania and the Order.

Agriculture. The restoration of productive forces and their further development occurred faster in the field of agricultural production: the area of arable land increased, soil cultivation methods were improved, and three-field farming became more widespread, although cutting and fallowing were still preserved. Metal tools began to be used more widely - plows with iron tips and plows. They began to fertilize the land with manure. Cattle breeding, fishing, and hunting further developed and spread. Vegetable gardening and horticulture expanded. There has been a transition from beekeeping to apiary beekeeping.

The main thing in social development in the XIV–XV centuries. was the intensive growth of large land ownership. Its main, dominant form was patrimony, i.e., as mentioned above, land owned by right of hereditary use. This land could be exchanged and sold, but only to relatives and other owners of estates. The owner of the estate could be a prince, a boyar, or a monastery.

The owners of estates transferred part of the land to other persons under certain conditions. Such land ownership was called conditional, service or local. The nobles who made up the court of a prince or boyar owned an estate, which they received on the condition of serving the patrimony. (From the word “estate”, nobles were also called landowners.) The term of service was established by contract.

From the middle of the 14th century. There was a significant increase in monastic land ownership. If previously the tax in favor of the church - tithe - was paid in money or in kind, then in the new conditions the princes replaced the tithe with the distribution of land. Land ownership and wealth of the monasteries also grew because, unlike the lands of secular patrimonial owners, the lands of the monasteries were not divided among the heirs, as was the case after the death of the secular landowner.

The most famous among Russian monasteries was the Trinity Monastery, founded by Sergius of Radonezh (c. 1321-1391) 70 km north of Moscow (now the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius). Located in a forested, sparsely populated, secluded area (desert), the monastery turned into the largest religious and economic center. Disciples and followers of Sergius in the XIV-XV centuries. They built about 100 monasteries of the communal type, that is, on the basis of joint ownership of the household and the collectivist organization of the life of the monastery.

Peasant colonization took place in a new place. The authorities provided assistance to the “newcomers.” The princes issued letters to the patrimonial owners, which stipulated benefits for their peasants for 5–15 years until the received land was developed. Attachment to the land and their transfer under the jurisdiction of patrimonial owners seemed to equalize the rights of almost the entire agricultural population. This process was reflected in the disappearance of many old terms that denoted forms of social dependence (“smerds”, “purchases”, “outcasts”, “people”, etc.). In the XIV century. a new term appeared - “peasants”, which became the name of the agricultural class of Russian society. Along with the labor of the peasantry until the beginning of the 18th century. slave labor was used.

In addition to private land ownership (princely, boyar, monastic estates and estates), there was, especially on the outskirts of the country, a significant number of peasant communities - “black” lands that paid taxes to the treasury.

City. The rise of agricultural production created favorable conditions for the restoration and further development of Russian cities. The defeat of old large cities, such as Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov, etc., the change in the nature of economic and trade relations and routes led to the fact that in the XIII-XV centuries. New centers received significant development: Tver, Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Kolomna, Kostroma, etc. In these cities, the population increased, stone construction was revived, and the number of artisans and merchants grew. Such crafts as blacksmithing, foundry, metalworking, and coining have achieved great success. Despite the fact that the Golden Horde, Lithuania, Poland, and the Hanseatic League slowed down and tried to control the foreign trade of Rus', the cities became centers of not only domestic but also foreign trade, the main directions of which were western (Lithuania, Poland) and eastern (Caucasus, Crimea, Central Asia).

Trade in agricultural products predominated in the cities. By the 16th century Veche law practically disappeared in cities. The population of the city, having personal freedom, was divided into “black artisans” who bore the “tax” - a complex of natural and monetary duties in favor of the state, and artisans who belonged to the boyars, monasteries or princes, who were exempt from bearing the tax (later the settlements where they lived were called white).

Russian cities played a significant role in the unification process. They were the centers that supported the still weak economic ties between individual parts of the country.

Political centralization of Rus' in the XIII-XV centuries. occurred much faster than all economic disunity was overcome. The presence of external danger from the east and west, the need to fight to overthrow the Golden Horde yoke and to establish national independence accelerated this process. The unification of Russian lands into a Russian centralized multinational state took approximately two and a half centuries.

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Key dates
9th century Formation of the Old Russian state. 862 Mention in the chronicle of the calling of the Varangian king Rurik to reign in Novgorod. The beginning of Russian

After Batu's pogrom, which contemporaries compared to a universal catastrophe, Rus' begins to restore its strength. This process took place most intensively in the northeast of the former

Kievan Rus - in the lands of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.

In the XIII-XV centuries. There was an increase in population between the Oka and Volga rivers. These territories were relatively far from the centers of Mongol-Tatar aggression and were covered by the outlying southern and southeastern Russian lands from the Golden Horde. The influx of population came from the south, where there was constant danger from the Mongol-Tatars, and

from the north-west, subject to pressure from Lithuania and the Order.

Agriculture. The restoration of productive forces and their further development occurred faster in the field of agricultural production: the area of arable land increased, soil cultivation methods were improved, and three-field farming became more widespread, although cutting and fallowing were still preserved. Metal tools began to be used more widely - plows with iron tips and plows. They began to fertilize the land with manure. Further development and

Cattle breeding, fishing, and hunting became widespread. Vegetable gardening and horticulture expanded. There has been a transition from beekeeping

to apiary beekeeping.

The main thing in social development in the XIV-XV centuries. was the intensive growth of feudal land ownership. Its main, dominant form was votchina, i.e., as mentioned above, land that belonged to the feudal lord by right of hereditary use. This land could be exchanged and sold, but only to relatives and other owners of estates. The owner of the estate could be a prince, a boyar, or a monastery.

In order to quickly develop and more successfully exploit the fiefdom, as well as to have military support, the owners of the fiefdoms transferred part of the land to their vassals under certain conditions. Such land ownership was called conditional, service or local. The nobles who made up the court of a prince or boyar owned an estate, which they received on the condition of serving the patrimony. (From the word "estate" the nobles were also called landowners.) The term of service was established by contract.

benefit of the church - tithe - was paid in money or in kind, then in

Under the new conditions, the princes replaced tithes with land distribution. Land ownership and wealth of the monasteries also grew because, unlike the lands of secular feudal lords, the lands of the monasteries were not divided among the heirs, as was the case after the death of the secular landowner.

The monastery grew into the largest religious and economic center. Disciples and followers of the great Sergius in the XIV-XV centuries. built about

100 monasteries of communal type, i.e. based on joint ownership of the farm and collectivist organization of life in the monastery.

Peasant colonization took place in a new place. The power exerted

"help" "newcomers". The princes issued letters to the feudal lords, which stipulated benefits for their peasants for 5-15 years until the received land was developed. Attachment to the land and their transfer under the jurisdiction of the feudal lords seemed to equalize the rights of almost the entire agricultural population. This process is reflected in the disappearance of many old terms denoting forms of social dependence

(“smerds”, “purchases”, “outcasts”, “people”, etc.). In the XTV century. a new term appeared - “peasants”, which became the name of the oppressed class of Russian society. Along with the labor of the dependent peasantry, until the beginning of the 18th century.

slave labor was used.

In addition to private feudal land ownership (princely, boyar,

monastic patrimony, estate) there existed, especially on the outskirts of the country, a significant number of peasant communities - “black” lands,

who paid taxes to the treasury. A feudal lord in relation to these peasants,

As many historians believe, the state acted.

City. The rise of agricultural production created favorable conditions for the restoration and further development of Russian cities. The defeat of old large cities, such as Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov, etc., the change in the nature of economic and trade relations and routes led to the fact that in the XIII-XV centuries. New centers have received significant development: Tver, Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Kolomna,

Kostroma, etc. In these cities, the population increased, stone construction was revived, and the number of artisans and merchants grew. Great successes have been achieved in such branches of craft as blacksmithing, foundry

Business, metalworking, coinage. Despite the fact that Golden

The Horde, Lithuania, Poland, and the Hanseatic League slowed down and tried to control the foreign trade of Rus', the cities became centers not

only domestic, international and foreign trade, the main directions of which were western (Lithuania, Poland) and eastern (Caucasus, Crimea,

Central Asia).

Unlike Western European cities, many of which have achieved

Self-government and independence from feudal lords, Russian cities remained dependent on the feudal state. Trade in agricultural products predominated in the cities. By the 16th century Veche law practically disappeared in cities. The population of the city, having personal freedom, was divided into “black artisans” who bore the “tax” - a complex of natural and monetary duties in favor of the state, and artisans who belonged to the boyars, monasteries or princes, who were exempt from bearing the tax (later the settlements where they lived, called

"white").

Despite the slow development compared to Western European cities due to the Mongol-Tatar devastation and the Golden Horde yoke, Russian cities played a significant role in the unification process. They were the centers that maintained, although still weak, economic ties between individual parts of the country. The nature of handicraft production and trade relations determined the interest of the townspeople in the unification of the country. This was especially true for the fairly rapidly developing cities around

Political centralization of Rus' in the 13th-15th centuries. occurred much faster than its economic disunity was overcome.

The presence of external danger from the east and west, the need to fight to overthrow the Golden Horde yoke and to establish national independence accelerated this process. The unification of Russian lands into

The Russian centralized multinational state took approximately two and a half centuries.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NORTHEASTERN Rus'

From the middle of the 14th century. There was a significant increase in monastic land ownership. The Mongols, interested in maintaining their dominance, left land holdings in the hands of the church. Russian princes were also interested in supporting the church. If previously the tax in favor of the church - tithe - was paid in money or in kind, then in the new conditions the princes replaced the tithe with the distribution of land. Land ownership and wealth of the monasteries also grew because, unlike the lands of secular feudal lords, the lands of the monasteries were not divided among the heirs, as was the case after the death of the secular landowner.

The most famous among Russian monasteries was the Trinity Monastery, founded by Sergius of Radonezh (c. 1321-1391) 70 kilometers north of Moscow (now the Trinity-Sergius Lavra). Located in a forested, sparsely populated, secluded area (desert), the monastery grew into the largest religious and economic center. Disciples and followers of the great Sergius in the XTV-XV centuries. built about 100 monasteries of communal type, i.e. based on joint ownership of the farm and collectivist organization of life in the monastery.

Peasant colonization took place in a new place. The authorities provided “help” to the “newcomers”. The princes issued letters to the feudal lords, which stipulated benefits for their peasants for 5-15 years until the received land was developed. Attachment to the land and their transfer under the jurisdiction of the feudal lords seemed to equalize the rights of almost the entire agricultural population. This process is reflected in the disappearance of many old terms that denoted forms of social dependence ("smerds", "purchases", "outcasts", "people", etc.). In the XIV century. a new term appeared - “peasants”, which became the name of the oppressed class of Russian society. Along with the labor of the dependent peasantry, until the beginning of the 18th century. slave labor was used.

In addition to private feudal land ownership (princely, boyar, monastic estates, estates), there was, especially on the outskirts of the country, a significant number of peasant communities - “black” lands that paid taxes to the treasury. According to many historians, the state acted as a feudal lord in relation to these peasants.

City. The rise of agricultural production created favorable conditions for the restoration and further development of Russian cities. The defeat of old large cities, such as Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov, etc., the change in the nature of economic and trade relations and routes led to the fact that in the XIII-XV centuries. New centers received significant development: Tver, Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Kolomna, Kostroma, etc. In these cities, the population increased, stone construction was revived, and the number of artisans and merchants grew. Such branches of craft as blacksmithing, foundry, metalworking, and coining have achieved great success. Despite the fact that the Golden Horde, Lithuania, Poland, and the Hanseatic League slowed down and tried to control the foreign trade of Rus', the cities became centers of not only domestic but also foreign trade, the main directions of which were western (Lithuania, Poland) and eastern (Caucasus, Crimea , Central Asia).

Unlike the cities of Western Europe, many of which achieved self-government and independence from the feudal lords, Russian cities remained dependent on the feudal state. Trade in agricultural products predominated in the cities. By the 16th century Veche law practically disappeared in cities. The population of the city, having personal freedom, was divided into “black artisans” who bore the “tax” - a complex of natural and monetary duties in favor of the state, and artisans who belonged to the boyars, monasteries or princes, who were exempt from bearing the tax (later the settlements where they lived, called "white").

Political centralization of Rus' in the 13th-15th centuries. occurred much faster than its economic disunity was overcome. The presence of external danger from the east and west, the need to fight to overthrow the Golden Horde yoke and to establish national independence accelerated this process. The unification of Russian lands into a Russian centralized multinational state took approximately two and a half centuries.

What you need to know about these topics:

Archaeological, linguistic and written evidence about the Slavs.

Tribal unions of the Eastern Slavs in the VI-IX centuries. Territory. Classes. "The path from the Varangians to the Greeks." Social system. Paganism. Prince and squad. Campaigns against Byzantium.

Internal and external factors that prepared the emergence of statehood among the Eastern Slavs.

Socio-economic development. The formation of feudal relations.

Early feudal monarchy of the Rurikovichs. "Norman theory", its political meaning. Organization of management. Domestic and foreign policy of the first Kyiv princes (Oleg, Igor, Olga, Svyatoslav).

The rise of the Kyiv state under Vladimir I and Yaroslav the Wise. Completion of the unification of the Eastern Slavs around Kyiv. Border defense.

Legends about the spread of Christianity in Rus'. Adoption of Christianity as the state religion. The Russian Church and its role in the life of the Kyiv state. Christianity and paganism.

"Russian Truth". Confirmation of feudal relations. Organization of the ruling class. Princely and boyar patrimony. Feudal-dependent population, its categories. Serfdom. Peasant communities. City.

The struggle between the sons and descendants of Yaroslav the Wise for grand-ducal power. Tendencies towards fragmentation. Lyubech Congress of Princes.

Kievan Rus in the system of international relations of the 11th - early 12th centuries. Polovtsian danger. Princely strife. Vladimir Monomakh. The final collapse of the Kyiv state at the beginning of the 12th century.

Culture of Kievan Rus. Cultural heritage of the Eastern Slavs. Oral folk art. Epics. The origin of Slavic writing. Cyril and Methodius. The beginning of chronicle writing. "The Tale of Bygone Years". Literature. Education in Kievan Rus. Birch bark letters. Architecture. Painting (frescoes, mosaics, icon painting).

Economic and political reasons for the feudal fragmentation of Rus'.

Feudal land tenure. Urban development. Princely power and boyars. Political system in various Russian lands and principalities.

The largest political entities on the territory of Rus'. Rostov-(Vladimir)-Suzdal, Galicia-Volyn principalities, Novgorod boyar republic. Socio-economic and internal political development of principalities and lands on the eve of the Mongol invasion.

International situation of Russian lands. Political and cultural connections between Russian lands. Feudal strife. Fighting external danger.

The rise of culture in Russian lands in the XII-XIII centuries. The idea of the unity of the Russian land in works of culture. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign."

Formation of the early feudal Mongolian state. Genghis Khan and the unification of the Mongol tribes. The Mongols conquered the lands of neighboring peoples, northeastern China, Korea, and Central Asia. Invasion of Transcaucasia and the southern Russian steppes. Battle of the Kalka River.

Batu's campaigns.

Invasion of North-Eastern Rus'. The defeat of southern and southwestern Rus'. Batu's campaigns in Central Europe. Rus''s struggle for independence and its historical significance.

Aggression of German feudal lords in the Baltic states. Livonian Order. The defeat of the Swedish troops on the Neva and the German knights in the Battle of the Ice. Alexander Nevsky.

Education of the Golden Horde. Socio-economic and political system. Control system for conquered lands. The struggle of the Russian people against the Golden Horde. Consequences of the Mongol-Tatar invasion and the Golden Horde yoke for the further development of our country.

The inhibitory effect of the Mongol-Tatar conquest on the development of Russian culture. Destruction and destruction of cultural property. Weakening of traditional ties with Byzantium and other Christian countries. Decline of crafts and arts. Oral folk art as a reflection of the struggle against invaders.

Sakharov A. N., Buganov V. I. History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 17th century.

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The main thing in social development in the XIV-XV centuries. was the intensive growth of large land ownership. Its main, dominant form was patrimony, i.e., as mentioned above, land owned by right of hereditary use. This land could be exchanged and sold, but only to relatives and other owners of estates. The owner of the estate could be a prince, a boyar, or a monastery.

Peasant colonization took place in a new place. The authorities provided assistance to the “newcomers.” The princes issued letters to the patrimonial owners, which stipulated benefits for their peasants for 5-15 years until the received land was developed. Attachment to the land and their transfer under the jurisdiction of patrimonial owners seemed to equalize the rights of almost the entire agricultural population. This process was reflected in the disappearance of many old terms that denoted forms of social dependence (“smerds”, “purchases”, “outcasts”, “people”, etc.). In the XIV century. a new term appeared - “peasants”, which became the name of the agricultural class of Russian society. Along with the labor of the peasantry until the beginning of the 18th century. slave labor was used.

Russian cities played a significant role in the unification process. They were the centers that supported the still weak economic ties between individual parts of the country.

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An economic feature of the region was the slow development of productive forces. In the agricultural sector, this was determined by the following reasons.

The natural and climatic conditions and geographical position of this region were worse than in the lower reaches of the Dnieper and Danube, the Dniester basin, where the demographic center of Kievan Rus was located. Moreover, they differed significantly from Western Europe. Daytime summer temperatures in Central Europe and North-Eastern Rus' were approximately the same - 19–24 degrees. But in winter, temperatures in Europe rarely fell below zero, so agricultural work there began earlier and ended later than in North-Eastern Rus', and livestock farming could be done all year round. This had an extremely negative impact on the development of agriculture, which in those centuries was the basis of the economy. Summer heat was enough for the ripening of barley and rye. It was quite rare to grow a good harvest of heat-loving crops - wheat, oats and millet. Winters could be harsh and with frequent thaws, which harmed winter crops. In the spring, the harvest was under threat of late frosts, and in the fall - early frosts.

The second reason that complicated the development of agriculture was the nature of the vegetation. There were very few territories more or less free from forests - the Vladimir, Suzdal and Rostov regions. The forests there were not a continuous mass; there were many edges between them, which freed the colonists from the need to uproot trees. Therefore, the common names “Rus Zalesskaya” and “Opolye” were assigned to these three regions. In the rest of the territory, taiga forests rustled, and their uprooting made agricultural work extremely labor-intensive.

The third reason for the low profitability of agricultural labor was the nature of the soil. Only in the Vladimir and Rostov regions there were relatively good soils - dark-colored carbonate. The remaining areas consisted of loam, gray podzolic soils and sandy loam.

All this made agricultural work ineffective. It is no coincidence that the local Finno-Ugric population was almost not involved in agriculture before the arrival of the Slavs. In turn, poor food supply led to high mortality. The population density of this region always remained low, which ultimately became one of the main reasons for the delay in the historical development of future Russia.

The development of crafts and trade was hampered by other reasons.

Labor productivity in agriculture was so low that crafts were not actually separated from agriculture in this region: due to poverty, peasants tried to do everything they needed themselves. As a result, trade and craft cities did not arise here. The overwhelming number of fortified settlements were fortresses or administrative centers that belonged to some prince, boyar or monastery.

The next reason was the distance from world trade routes. North-Eastern Rus' was separated from the Baltic trade route by the lands of Novgorod, which did not need trade competitors at all. From the Volga route to the 13th century. the Slavs were cut off by the Polovtsians, and from 1237 by the Tatar-Mongols. The routes to the south were also under enemy control. Therefore, the market mechanism in the region was formed extremely slowly. In trade operations, crystal and carnelian beads, multi-colored glass bracelets, and slate whorls (weights for spindles) were used as coin equivalents.

Craftsmen and merchants were considered second-class citizens and lived on the outskirts of the city. Until the 13th century. these outskirts were called the word “podol” (i.e. the place located below the fortified city), then it was transformed into the word “posad”. In the XIV century. artisans and traders began to be called “city people”, or “citizen people”, and from the first half of the 15th century. - "posad people".

From a technological point of view, the artisans of North-Eastern Rus' reached a high level, for example: the products of locksmiths were exported to Europe, and the quality of weapons, according to the Crimean Khan, was higher than that of Italian, Turkish and Syrian craftsmen. Basically, artisans worked only on orders from their masters, so the market mechanism did not form among them. It is no coincidence that in the chronicles there are no indications of the sale of artisans' products on the market.

A narrow circle of relatively wealthy merchants developed in Moscow. Their administrative freedom was much less than in Novgorod or Pskov. The authorities involved them in carrying out financial tasks and demanded unquestioning obedience.