Constructed language- a sign system created specifically for use in areas where the use of natural language is less effective or impossible. Constructed languages vary in their specialization and purpose, as well as in the degree of similarity to natural languages.

The following types of artificial languages are distinguished:

Programming languages and computer languages are languages for automatic information processing using a computer.

Information languages are languages used in various information processing systems.

Formalized languages of science are languages intended for symbolic recording of scientific facts and theories of mathematics, logic, chemistry and other sciences.

Languages of non-existent peoples created for fictional or entertainment purposes. The most famous are: the Elvish language, invented by J. Tolkien, and the Klingon language, invented by Marc Okrand for the science fiction series "Star Trek" (see Fictional languages).

International auxiliary languages are languages created from elements of natural languages and offered as an auxiliary means of international communication.

According to the purpose of creation, artificial languages can be divided into the following groups :

Philosophical and logical languages are languages that have a clear logical structure of word formation and syntax: Lojban, Tokipona, Ifkuil, Ilaksh.

Auxiliary languages - intended for practical communication: Esperanto, Interlingua, Slovio, Slovyanski.

artificial language natural specialization

Artistic or aesthetic languages - created for creative and aesthetic pleasure: Quenya.

Language is also created to set up an experiment, for example, to test the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (that the language a person speaks limits consciousness, drives it into a certain framework).

According to their structure, artificial language projects can be divided into the following groups:

A priori languages - based on logical or empirical classifications of concepts: loglan, lojban, rho, solresol, ifkuil, ilaksh.

A posteriori languages - languages built primarily on the basis of international vocabulary: Interlingua, Occidental

Mixed languages - words and word formation are partly borrowed from non-artificial languages, partly created on the basis of artificially invented words and word-formation elements: Volapuk, Ido, Esperanto, Neo.

The most famous of artificial languages are :

basic english

interlingua

Latin-blue-flexione

occidental

Simlian language

solresol

Esperanto

The most famous artificial language was Esperanto (L. Zamenhof, 1887) - the only artificial language that became widespread and united quite a lot of supporters of an international language. Esperanto is based on international words borrowed from Latin and Greek, and 16 grammatical rules with no exceptions. This language has no grammatical gender, it has only two cases - nominative and accusative, and the meanings of the rest are conveyed using prepositions. The alphabet is based on Latin. All this makes Esperanto such a simple language that an untrained person can become fluent enough to speak it in a few months of regular practice. In order to learn any of the natural languages at the same level, it takes at least several years. Currently, Esperanto is actively used, according to various estimates, from several tens of thousands to several million people. It is believed that for ~500-1000 people this language is their native language, that is, studied from the moment of birth. Esperanto has descendant languages that do not have a number of shortcomings that exist in Esperanto. The most famous among these languages are Esperantido and Novial. However, none of them will become as widespread as Esperanto.

For or against artificial languages?

Learning an artificial language has one big drawback - it is practically impossible to use it in life. This is true. In a note entitled “Artificial Languages,” published in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, it is stated that: “The idea of an artificial language common to all humanity is in itself utopian and unfeasible. Artificial languages are only imperfect surrogates of living languages; their projects are cosmopolitan in nature and therefore they are vicious in principle." This was written in the early 50s. But even in the mid-60s, the same skepticism was characteristic of some scientists.

Author of the book "Principles of Language Modeling" P.N. Denisov expressed his disbelief in the possibility of implementing the idea of a universal language as follows: “As for the possibility of decreeing the transition of humanity to a single language created at least like the Esperanto language, such a possibility is a utopia. The extreme conservatism of the language, the impossibility of leaps and sudden shocks, the inextricable connection of language with thinking and society and many other purely linguistic circumstances do not allow this kind of reform to be carried out without disorganizing society."

Author of the book "Sounds and Signs" A.M. Kondratov believes that all existing native languages can never be replaced by “any artificially invented “universal” language.” He still admits the idea of an auxiliary language: “We can only talk about an intermediary language, which is used only when talking with foreigners - and that’s all.”

Such statements apparently stem from the fact that not one of the individual projects of a universal, or world international, language has become a living language. But what turned out to be impossible in some historical conditions for individual idealists and groups of the same idealists cut off from the proletariat, from the popular masses, may turn out to be quite possible in other historical conditions for scientific groups and the masses who have mastered the scientific theory of language creation - with support of revolutionary parties and governments. The ability of a person to be multilingual - this phenomenon of linguistic compatibility - and the absolute primacy of the synchrony of language (for the consciousness of those who use it), which determines the absence of influence of the origin of the language on its functioning, opens up for all peoples and nationalities of the Earth the path on which the problem of their problems can and should be solved. linguistic community. This will give a real opportunity for the most perfect project of the language of the new humanity and its new civilization to turn into a living, controlled developing language on all continents and islands of the globe. And there is no doubt that it will not only be alive, but also the most tenacious of languages. The needs that brought them to life are diverse. It is also important that these languages overcome the polysemy of terms that is characteristic of natural languages and unacceptable in science. Artificial languages make it possible to express certain concepts in an extremely concise form and perform the functions of a kind of scientific shorthand, economical presentation and expression of voluminous mental material. Finally, artificial languages are one of the means of internationalization of science, since artificial languages are united and international.

Two centuries ago, humanity began to think about creating a single language that everyone could understand, so that people could communicate with each other without barriers. In literature and cinema, ordinary human language is also sometimes not enough to convey the culture of an imaginary world and make it more realistic - that’s when artificial languages come to the rescue.

Natural and artificial languages

Natural language is an inherited system of visual and auditory signs that a group of individuals uses as their native language, that is, ordinary human language. The peculiarity of natural languages is that they develop historically.

Such languages include not only languages with multi-million speakers, such as English, Chinese, French, Russian and others; There are also natural languages spoken by only hundreds of people, such as Koro or Matukar Panau. The most marginal of them are dying out at an alarming rate. People learn living human languages in infancy for the purpose of direct communication with other people and many other purposes.

Constructed languages- this term is often used to designate sign systems similar to human ones, but created either for entertainment (for example, the Elvish language of J. R. R. Tolkien) or for some practical purposes (Esperanto). Such languages are built using already existing artificial languages or on the basis of human, natural ones.

Among artificial languages there are:

non-specialized, which are created for the same purposes that human languages serve - transfer of information, communication between people;
specialized, such as programming languages and symbolic languages of the exact sciences - mathematics, chemistry, etc.

The most famous artificially created languages

Currently, there are about 80 artificially created languages, and this does not count programming languages. Some of the most famous artificially created languages are Esperanto, Volapuk, Solresol, as well as the fictitious Elvish language - Quenya.

Solresol

The founder of Solresol was the Frenchman François Sudre. To master it, there is no need to learn musical notation, it is only important to know the names of the seven notes. It was created in 1817 and aroused considerable interest, which, however, did not last long.

There are many ways to write words in the Solresol language: they are written both in letters and, in fact, using musical notation, as well as in the form of seven numbers, the first seven letters of the alphabet, and even using the colors of the rainbow, of which there are also seven.

When using notes, the names used are do, re, mi, fa, sol, la and si. In addition to these seven, words are made up of combinations of note names - from two-syllable to four-syllable.

In Solresol there is no such thing as synonyms, and the stress determines which part of speech a particular word belongs to, for example, a noun - the first syllable, an adjective - the penultimate one. The gender category actually consists of two: feminine and non-feminine.

Example: “miremi resisolsi” - this expression means “beloved friend.”

Volapyuk

This artificial language of communication was created by a Catholic priest named Johann Schleyer from the city of Baden in Germany in 1879. He said that God appeared to him in a dream and ordered him to create an international language.

The Volapuk alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet. It has 27 characters, of which eight are vowels and nineteen consonants, and its phonetics are quite simple - this was done to make it easier for people without complex combinations of sounds in their native language to learn it. French and English languages in a modified form represent the composition of Volapuk words.

The Volapük case system has four - the dative, nominative, accusative and genitive cases. The disadvantage of Volapuk is that it has a rather complicated system of verb formation.

Volapük quickly became popular: a year after its creation, a Volapük textbook was written in German. It did not take long for the first newspapers in this artificial language to appear. The clubs of Volapük admirers in 1889 numbered almost three hundred. Although artificial languages continued to develop, with the advent of Esperanto, Volapuk lost its popularity, and now only a few dozen people around the world speak this language.

Example: “Glidö, o sol!” means "Hello, sun!"

Esperanto

Perhaps even those who do not know the details about artificial languages have at least once heard about Esperanto. It is the most popular among artificial languages and was originally created for the purpose of international communication. He even has his own flag.

It was created by Ludwig Zamenhof in 1887. The name "Esperanto" is a word from the created language that translates as "having hope." The Latin alphabet is the basis for the Esperanto alphabet. His vocabulary consists of Greek and Latin. The number of letters in the alphabet is 28. The emphasis is on the penultimate syllable.

The grammatical rules of this artificial language have no exceptions, and there are only sixteen of them. There is no gender category here, there are only nominative and accusative cases. To convey other cases in speech, it is necessary to use prepositions.

You can speak this language after several months of constant study, while natural languages do not guarantee such a quick result. It is believed that the number of people who speak Esperanto may now reach several million, with perhaps fifty to a thousand people speaking it from birth.

Example: “Ĉu vi estas libera ĉi-vespere?” means "Are you free tonight?"

Quenya

English writer and linguist J. R. R. Tolkien created Elvish artificial languages throughout his life. Quenya is the most famous of these. The idea of creating a language did not arise on its own, but when writing a fantasy trilogy called “The Lord of the Rings,” one of the most popular books in the world, and other works by the writer on this topic.

Learning Quenya will be quite difficult. Quenya is based on Latin, as well as Greek and some Finnish. There are already ten cases in this artificial language, and four numbers. The Quenya alphabet was also developed separately, but the ordinary Latin alphabet is often used for writing.

Nowadays, speakers of this artificial language are mainly fans of Tolkien's book and film trilogy, who create textbooks and clubs for the study of Quenya. Some magazines are even published in this language. And the number of Quenya speakers around the world is several tens of thousands.

Example: “Harië malta úva carë nér anwavë alya” means “It is not gold that makes a person truly rich.”

You can watch a video about 10 artificial languages known in pop culture and beyond here:

Take it for yourself and tell your friends!

1. Alien

Alien is a set of fictional languages that appear frequently, usually in the form of graffiti, in the popular animated series Futurama. There is even a translation of this language into English, which was done by devoted fans of the series.

2. Snake

In the Harry Potter books, Parseltongue is the language of snakes, which is understood only by parselmouth wizards. It could be spoken by Salazar Slytherin and his descendants, including Voldemort, who passed this ability on to Harry when he tried to kill him. JK Rowling stated that she called the tongue "an ancient name for those who have trouble speaking."

3. Aklo

Aklo is a fictional language that is often associated with the writing of forbidden or occult texts. Aklo was invented by Arthur Macken in the 1899 short story "White Men", in which two men discuss the nature of evil. This language is notable because it has been frequently used in other fiction. Lovecraft used Aklo in two Cthulhu stories (The Dunwich Horror and The Ghost in the Dark). Alan Moore used this language in his novel The Courtyard. Because the language is only ever used in passing and by many authors, there is no single set of its grammar or vocabulary.

4. Mangani

Mangani is the language of the apes from Edgar Rice Burroughs' Tarzan novels, and is also the word the apes use to refer to themselves. It is described as consisting of guttural sounds that represent nouns and basic concepts.

5. Newspeak (new language)

Newspeak was invented by George Orwell for his dystopian novel 1984. Newspeak was developed by a fictional totalitarian regime to ensure its dominance over the people. It was originally an English language, but its vocabulary has been continually reduced to exclude any words that convey ideas of freedom, rebellion or free thought.

6. Nadsat

Invented by author Anthony Burgess, Nadsat is the idiomatic lingua franca of the teenagers in A Clockwork Orange. The word itself comes from the transliteration of the Russian word (the ending of the numerals "-nadtsat"). It was a vernacular language created by the youth counterculture, consisting of English, some transliterations from Russian, London Cockney slang and words coined by Burgess himself. All of Nadsat’s words are simple, and the author seeks to show by this the lack of depth of thinking among teenagers.

7. Simlish

Simlish is the spoken language in the Sims computer game. In order to avoid the cost of recording repetitive dialogue and translating it, the project director asked the actors to improvise and speak in incomprehensible gibberish.

8. Esperanto

The only real language on this list. It was one of the most successful artificial languages in history. Esperanto was created by the Warsaw ophthalmologist Zamenhof and described in his book "Unua Libro" in 1887. The word "Esperanto" means "one who hopes." Today there are 100-200 people who speak Esperanto fluently and about 200-2000 native speakers.

9. Klingon

The Klingon language from the Star Trek universe is in fact an almost fully developed language today. For the first time, the language (or rather individual phrases) appeared in the film “Star Trek” (1979). Paramount Pictures subsequently hired linguist Marc Okrand to develop the full language in detail. The first Klingon dictionary was published in 1985. Shakespeare's famous plays Much Ado About Nothing and Hamlet were even translated into this language.

10. Languages of Arda

The term is used to describe many of the fictional languages invented by Tolkien for The Lord of the Rings and other works set in Middle-earth. This was done out of a desire to provide real linguistic depth to the names and places that Tolkien used in his famous works. The two most mature of these languages are Quenya (High Elvish) and Sindarin. Quenya is comparable to Latin and is an old language used in Middle-earth as an official language. Both languages were heavily influenced by Finnish and Welsh, although this influence became less noticeable with their further development.

However, who knows, maybe these invented languages will someday be used more widely, like those that have come to real life today.

The fictional languages of J. R. R. Tolkien are a number of artificial languages created by J. R. R. Tolkien. Many of these languages were used by the author for the fictional universe he described in his literary works, often called ... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Languages of the world (meanings). Below is a complete list of articles on languages and their groups that are already on Wikipedia or should definitely be there. Only human languages included (including... ... Wikipedia

For beginners · Community · Portals · Awards · Projects · Requests · Assessment Geography · History · Society · Personalities · Religion · Sports · Technology · Science · Art · Philosophy ... Wikipedia

Portal:Artificial languages For beginners · Community · Portals · Awards · Projects · Queries · Assessment Geography · History · Society · Personalities · Religion · Sports · Technology · Science · Art · Philosophy ... Wikipedia

Elvish languages Quenya Sindarin Vanyarin Telerin Nandorin Avarin Languages of Arda Elvish languages are a group of artificial languages created by the English writer and linguist J. R. R. Tolkien. Contents... Wikipedia

Pan-Slavic languages are a general name for zonally constructed languages for communication among the peoples of the Slavic language group. Contents 1 The reason for the creation of Pan-Slavic languages ... Wikipedia

Hyposchematic languages are a posteriori international artificial languages of a schematic type that do not allow (unlike Esperanto, Ido) the use of a priori morphemes, but have their own (autonomous) rules of word formation, in ... Wikipedia

Hyperschematic languages are a posteriori international artificial languages of a schematic type, in which some derivational and grammatical morphemes have an a priori character, but the roots are borrowed from natural languages. In... ... Wikipedia

A planned language is an international artificial socialized language, i.e. a language created for international communication and used in practice. The emergence of the term planned language is associated with attempts to avoid the epithet “artificial”, which, in... ... Wikipedia

Artificial languages are special languages that, unlike natural ones, are constructed purposefully. There are already more than a thousand such languages, and more and more are constantly being created. Classification There are the following types of artificial... ... Wikipedia

Books

Sibylla, Disraeli Benjamin, The novel Sibylla, or the Two Nations was published in 1845. It was a mature work by an already established author: topical, sharp, interesting; in the literary community it shot off like fireworks and... Category: Classic foreign prose Series: Literary monuments Publisher: Ladomir,
Sibylla (2015 ed.), Benjamin Disraeli, the novel Sibylla, or Two Nations, was published in 1845. It was a mature work by an already established author: topical, sharp, interesting; in the literary community it shot off like fireworks and... Category: Foreign literature Publisher:

List of national Esperanto organizations- a list of organizations whose activities are aimed at spreading Esperanto within a country or region. Contents 1 America 2 Asia 3 Africa ... Wikipedia

Esperanto- Esperanto... Wikipedia

Constructed language

Auxiliary language- Artificial languages are special languages that, unlike natural ones, are constructed purposefully. There are already more than a thousand such languages, and more and more are constantly being created. Classification There are the following types of artificial... ... Wikipedia

Synthetic language- Artificial languages are special languages that, unlike natural ones, are constructed purposefully. There are already more than a thousand such languages, and more and more are constantly being created. Classification There are the following types of artificial... ... Wikipedia

Constructed languages- Portal:Artificial languages For beginners · Community · Portals · Awards · Projects · Queries · Assessment Geography · History · Society · Personalities · Religion · Sports · Technology · Science · Art · Philosophy ... Wikipedia

Portal:Constructed languages- For beginners · Community · Portals · Awards · Projects · Queries · Assessment Geography · History · Society · Personalities · Religion · Sports · Technology · Science · Art · Philosophy ... Wikipedia

Esperanto vocabulary- The basic set of Esperanto words was defined in the First Book, published by Zamenhof in 1887. It contained about 900 roots, however, the rules of the language allowed speakers to borrow words as needed. It was recommended to borrow... Wikipedia

Wikipedia in Esperanto- Wikipedio en Esperanto ... Wikipedia

Zamenhof, Ludwik Lazar- Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof Eliezer Levi Samengof ... Wikipedia

Books

, Alexander Piperski Category: Learning foreign languages Publisher: Alpina non-fiction, Buy for 435 RUR
Construction of languages. From Esperanto to Dothraki, Piperski Alexander, Why do people create their own new languages - conlangs, when there are 7000 natural languages in the world? What types of artificial languages are there? How are they similar to natural languages, and how... Category: Miscellaneous Series: Fiction Publisher: Alpina Non-fiction, Manufacturer: