Speech. Analysis of means of expression.

It is necessary to distinguish between tropes (visual and expressive means of literature) based on the figurative meaning of words and figures of speech based on the syntactic structure of the sentence.

Lexical means.

Typically, in a review of assignment B8, an example of a lexical device is given in parentheses, either as a single word or as a phrase in which one of the words is in italics.

Paths.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in parentheses, like a phrase.

Types of tropes and examples for them are in the table:

Figures of speech, sentence structure.

In task B8, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.

Remember!

When completing task B8, you should remember that you are filling in the gaps in the review, i.e. you restore the text, and with it both semantic and grammatical connections. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates consistent with the omissions, etc.

It will make it easier to complete the task and divide the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on changes in the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence.

Analysis of the task.

(1) The Earth is a cosmic body, and we are astronauts making a very long flight around the Sun, together with the Sun across the infinite Universe. (2) The life support system on our beautiful ship is so ingeniously designed that it is constantly self-renewing and thus allows billions of passengers to travel for millions of years.

(3) It is difficult to imagine astronauts flying on a ship through outer space, deliberately destroying a complex and delicate life support system designed for a long flight. (4) But gradually, consistently, with amazing irresponsibility, we are putting this life support system out of action, poisoning rivers, destroying forests, and spoiling the World Ocean. (5) If on a small spaceship the astronauts begin to fussily cut wires, unscrew screws, and drill holes in the casing, then this will have to be classified as suicide. (6) But there is no fundamental difference between a small ship and a large one. (7) The only question is size and time.

(8) Humanity, in my opinion, is a kind of disease of the planet. (9) They have started, multiply, and are swarming with microscopic creatures on a planetary, and even more so on a universal scale. (10) They accumulate in one place, and immediately deep ulcers and various growths appear on the body of the earth. (11) One has only to introduce a drop of a harmful (from the point of view of the earth and nature) culture into the green coat of the Forest (a team of lumberjacks, one barracks, two tractors) - and now a characteristic, symptomatic painful spot spreads from this place. (12) They scurry about, multiply, do their job, eating away the subsoil, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous waste.

(13) Unfortunately, such concepts as silence, the possibility of solitude and intimate communication between man and nature, with the beauty of our land, are just as vulnerable as the biosphere, just as defenseless against the pressure of so-called technological progress. (14) On the one hand, a person, delayed by the inhuman rhythm of modern life, overcrowding, a huge flow of artificial information, is weaned from spiritual communication with the outside world, on the other hand, this external world itself has been brought into such a state that sometimes it no longer invites a person to spiritual communication with him.

(15) It is unknown how this original disease called humanity will end for the planet. (16) Will the Earth have time to develop some kind of antidote?

(According to V. Soloukhin)

“The first two sentences use the trope of ________. This image of the “cosmic body” and “astronauts” is key to understanding the author’s position. Reasoning about how humanity behaves in relation to its home, V. Soloukhin comes to the conclusion that “humanity is a disease of the planet.” ______ (“scurry about, multiply, do their job, eating away the subsoil, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous waste”) convey the negative actions of man. The use of _________ in the text (sentences 8, 13, 14) emphasizes that everything said to the author is far from indifferent. Used in the 15th sentence, ________ “original” gives the argument a sad ending that ends with a question.”

List of terms:

1. epithet
2. litotes
3. introductory words and plug-in constructions
4. irony
5. extended metaphor
6. parcellation
7. question-and-answer form of presentation
8. dialectism
9. homogeneous members of the sentence

We divide the list of terms into two groups: the first – epithet, litotes, irony, extended metaphor, dialectism; the second – introductory words and inserted constructions, parcellation, question-answer form of presentation, homogeneous members of the sentence.

It is better to start completing the task with gaps that do not cause difficulties. For example, omission number 2. Since an entire sentence is presented as an example, some kind of syntactic device is most likely implied. In a sentence “they scurry about, multiply, do their job, eating away the subsoil, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous waste” series of homogeneous sentence members are used : Verbs scurrying around, multiplying, doing business, participles eating away, exhausting, poisoning and nouns rivers, oceans, atmosphere. At the same time, the verb “transfer” in the review indicates that a plural word should take the place of the omission. In the list in the plural there are introductory words and inserted constructions and homogeneous clauses. A careful reading of the sentence shows that the introductory words, i.e. those constructions that are not thematically related to the text and can be removed from the text without loss of meaning are absent. Thus, in place of gap No. 2, it is necessary to insert option 9) homogeneous members of the sentence.

Blank No. 3 shows sentence numbers, which means the term again refers to the structure of sentences. Parcellation can be immediately “discarded”, since authors must indicate two or three consecutive sentences. The question-answer form is also an incorrect option, since sentences 8, 13, 14 do not contain a question. What remains are introductory words and plug-in constructions. We find them in the sentences: in my opinion, unfortunately, on the one hand, on the other hand.

In place of the last gap, it is necessary to substitute a masculine term, since the adjective “used” must be consistent with it in the review, and it must be from the first group, since only one word is given as an example “ original". Masculine terms – epithet and dialectism. The latter is clearly not suitable, since this word is quite understandable. Turning to the text, we find what the word is combined with: "original disease". Here the adjective is clearly used in a figurative sense, so we have an epithet.

All that remains is to fill in the first gap, which is the most difficult. The review says that this is a trope, and it is used in two sentences where the image of the earth and us, people, is reinterpreted as the image of a cosmic body and astronauts. This is clearly not irony, since there is not a drop of mockery in the text, and not litotes, but rather, on the contrary, the author deliberately exaggerates the scale of the disaster. Thus, the only possible option remains - metaphor, the transfer of properties from one object or phenomenon to another based on our associations. Expanded - because it is impossible to isolate a separate phrase from the text.

Answer: 5, 9, 3, 1.

Practice.

(1) As a child, I hated matinees because my father came to our kindergarten. (2) He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, played his button accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody, and our teacher sternly told him: “Valery Petrovich, move up!” (3) All the guys looked at my father and choked with laughter. (4) He was small, plump, began to go bald early, and although he never drank, for some reason his nose was always beet red, like a clown’s. (5) Children, when they wanted to say about someone that he was funny and ugly, said this: “He looks like Ksyushka’s dad!”

(6) And I, first in kindergarten and then at school, bore the heavy cross of my father’s absurdity. (7) Everything would be fine (you never know what kind of fathers anyone has!), but I didn’t understand why he, an ordinary mechanic, came to our matinees with his stupid accordion. (8) I would play at home and not disgrace either myself or my daughter! (9) Often getting confused, he groaned thinly, like a woman, and a guilty smile appeared on his round face. (10) I was ready to fall through the ground from shame and behaved emphatically coldly, showing with my appearance that this ridiculous man with a red nose had nothing to do with me.

(11) I was in third grade when I caught a bad cold. (12) I started getting otitis media. (13) I screamed in pain and hit my head with my palms. (14) Mom called an ambulance, and at night we went to the district hospital. (15) On the way, we got into a terrible snowstorm, the car got stuck, and the driver, shrilly, like a woman, began to shout that now we would all freeze. (16) He screamed shrilly, almost cried, and I thought that his ears also hurt. (17) Father asked how long was left to the regional center. (18) But the driver, covering his face with his hands, kept repeating: “What a fool I am!” (19) Father thought and quietly said to mother: “We will need all the courage!” (20) I remembered these words for the rest of my life, although wild pain swirled around me like a snowflake in a snowstorm. (21) He opened the car door and went out into the roaring night. (22) The door slammed behind him, and it seemed to me as if a huge monster, clanging its jaws, swallowed my father. (23) The car was rocked by gusts of wind, snow fell with a rustling sound on the frost-covered windows. (24) I cried, my mother kissed me with cold lips, the young nurse looked doomedly into the impenetrable darkness, and the driver shook his head in exhaustion.

(25) I don’t know how much time passed, but suddenly the night was illuminated by bright headlights, and the long shadow of some giant fell on my face. (26) I closed my eyes and saw my father through my eyelashes. (27) He took me in his arms and pressed me to him. (28) In a whisper, he told his mother that he had reached the regional center, raised everyone to their feet and returned with an all-terrain vehicle.

(29) I dozed in his arms and through my sleep I heard him coughing. (30) Then no one attached any importance to this. (31) And for a long time afterwards he suffered from double pneumonia.

(32)…My children are perplexed why, when decorating the Christmas tree, I always cry. (33) From the darkness of the past, my father comes to me, he sits under the tree and puts his head on the button accordion, as if he secretly wants to see his daughter among the dressed-up crowd of children and smile cheerfully at her. (34) I look at his face shining with happiness and also want to smile at him, but instead I start crying.

(According to N. Aksenova)

Read a fragment of a review compiled on the basis of the text that you analyzed while completing tasks A29 - A31, B1 - B7.

This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. If you do not know which number from the list should appear in the blank space, write the number 0.

Write down the sequence of numbers in the order in which you wrote them down in the text of the review where there are gaps in answer form No. 1 to the right of task number B8, starting from the first cell.

“The narrator’s use of such a lexical means of expression as _____ to describe a blizzard (“terrible blizzard", "impenetrable darkness"), gives the depicted picture expressive power, and such tropes as _____ (“pain circled me” in sentence 20) and _____ (“the driver began to scream shrilly, like a woman” in sentence 15), convey the drama of the situation described in the text . A device such as ____ (in sentence 34) enhances the emotional impact on the reader.”

The Russian language is rich and diverse, with the help of it we ask questions, share impressions, information, convey emotions, talk about what we remember.

Our language allows us to draw, show and create verbal pictures. Literary speech is like painting (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Painting

In poetry and prose, bright, picturesque speech that stimulates the imagination, in such speech figurative means of language are used.

Visual means of language- these are ways and techniques of recreating reality, making it possible to make speech vivid and imaginative.

Sergei Yesenin has the following lines (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Text of the poem

Epithets provide an opportunity to look at autumn nature. With the help of comparison, the author gives the reader the opportunity to see how the leaves fall, as if flock of butterflies(Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Comparison

As if is an indication of the comparison (Fig. 4). This comparison is called comparison.

Rice. 4. Comparison

Comparison - This is a comparison of the depicted object or phenomenon with another object according to a common characteristic. For comparison you need:

• So that there is something in common between two phenomena;
• A special word with the meaning of comparison - as if, exactly, as if, as if

Let's look at a line from Sergei Yesenin's poem (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Line of the poem

First, the reader is presented with a fire, and then a rowan tree. This occurs due to the author’s equalization and identification of two phenomena. The basis is the similarity of rowan bunches with a fiery red bonfire. But the words as if, as if, exactly are not used because the author does not compare rowan with a fire, but calls it a fire, this metaphor.

Metaphor - transferring the properties of one object or phenomenon to another based on their similarity.

Metaphor, like comparison, is based on similarity, but difference from comparison is that this happens without using special words (as if, as if).

When studying the world, you can see something in common between phenomena, and this is reflected in language. The visual means of language are based on the similarity of objects and phenomena. Thanks to comparison and metaphor, speech becomes brighter, more expressive, and you can see the verbal pictures that poets and writers create.

Sometimes a comparison is created without a special word, in a different way. For example, as in the lines of S. Yesenin’s poem “The fields are compressed, the groves are bare...” (Fig. 6):

Rice. 6. Lines from S. Yesenin’s poem “The fields are compressed, the groves are bare...”

Month compared with as a foal which is growing before our eyes. But there are no words indicating comparison; instrumental comparison is used (Fig. 7). Word as a foal stands in the Instrumental case.

Rice. 7. Using the instrumental case for comparison

Let's consider the lines of S. Yesenin's poem “The golden grove dissuaded...” (Fig. 8).

Rice. 8. “The golden grove dissuaded me...”

In addition to metaphor (Fig. 9), the technique of personification is used, for example, in the phrase the grove dissuaded(Fig. 10).

Rice. 9. Metaphor in a poem

Rice. 10. Personification in a poem

Personification is a type of metaphor in which an inanimate object is described as living. This is one of the most ancient speech techniques, because our ancestors animated the inanimate in myths, fairy tales and folk poetry.

Exercise

Find comparisons and metaphors in Sergei Yesenin’s poem “Birch” (Fig. 11).

Rice. 11. Poem “Birch”

Answer

Snow is compared with silver, because it is similar to him in appearance. The word is used exactly(Fig. 12).

Rice. 13. Creative comparisons

Metaphor is used in a phrase snowflakes are burning(Fig. 14).

Rice. 15. Personification

1. Russian language. 4th grade. Textbook in 2 parts. Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. M.: Education, 2014.
2. Russian language. 4th grade. Part 1. Kanakina V.P., Goretsky V.G. M.: Education, 2013.
3. Russian language. 4th grade. Textbook in 2 parts. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V. 5th ed., revised. M., 2013.
4. Russian language. 4th grade. Textbook in 2 parts. Ramzaeva T.G. M., 2013.
5. Russian language. 4th grade. Textbook in 2 parts. Zelenina L.M., Khokhlova T.E. M., 2013.

1. Internet portal “Festival of Pedagogical Ideas “Open Lesson”” ()
2. Internet portal “literatura5.narod.ru” ()

Homework

1. What are the figurative means of language used for?
2. What is needed for comparison?
3. What is the difference between a simile and a metaphor?

What are Epithets, Similes, Personification and Metaphors? I'll give you 10 points

1. epithet colorful description of the type golden autumn))
   the comparison here and everything is clear "the man got drunk like a dirty pig"))
   personification is when something inanimate is taken to be alive
   metaphors are a type of comparison, but not in an explicit form
2. Metaphor is the transfer of a name or phenomenon of reality to another object due to some similarity or contrast. (The rowan tree burns with red fire), (the fire of the red rowan tree).
   Personification is an inanimate object endowed with the properties of a living thing. (The stupa with Baba Yaga walks with itself)
   An epithet is an artistic expression that allows us to more accurately represent a subject. (Gold autumn)
   Comparison is when objects are compared. (The sky is blue like the sea)
3. Ros ass lead up
4. Great

personification (prosopopoeia), a type of metaphor, transferring the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones (E nurse silence..., A. A. Blok).

personification, personification, the inherent property of mythopoetic consciousness of transferring to inanimate things and phenomena the traits of living beings: human (anthropomorphism, anthropopathism) or animals (zoomorphism), as well as endowing animals with human qualities.

In poetic language, O. is used as a means of increasing expressiveness when describing phenomena of the inanimate world: Farewell, free element! (A.S. Pushkin); The Terek howls, wild and angry, between the dense masses, its cry is like a storm, tears fly in splashes (M. Yu. Lermontov); What are you howling about, night wind, what are you madly complaining about? (F.I. Tyutchev), human actions, feelings and relationships: Like a plowman, the battle rests (A.S. Pushkin), etc. However, if poetic O. are only metaphors, figurative comparisons, acting as a literary example, then in the mythological and religious ideas of O., certain imaginary realities that serve to provide a unique explanation for natural phenomena or human life. Here this is not a special type of metaphor, but a special, and, moreover, the richest in content type of symbol. In such symbolic O. the signified, that is, the reality that, in fact, is hidden behind the symbols, is thought of as a living and personal principle, and the designating, that is, the empirical, given to people in the perception of the manifestations of this personal principle, is conventionally depicted by analogy with human actions , feelings, thoughts, etc., that is, it is likened to them through metaphorical and stylistic O. For example, Uranus and Gaia are personally understood elements, the relationship between which is likened to a human marriage. The whole story about their intercourse and offspring is not literal, but symbolic (and thanks to this it has an educational meaning). Literally only O. of the first order is an ancient belief in their personal properties. The presence of O. serves as a defining feature of any mythological narrative.

meta#769;phora (from the Greek metaphor#225; transfer), trope, transfer of the properties of one object (phenomenon) to another based on a characteristic common or similar for both compared members (speak of waves, bronze of muscles).

Instructions

Epithets include figurative definitions that highlight an essential feature in the depicted phenomenon (gray-haired, bottomless sky). Metaphor is a word or expression used in a figurative meaning based on the similarity of objects or phenomena according to a selected attribute (an avalanche of stars, a wall of fire).

You can distinguish between an epithet and a metaphor by the way they are expressed by different parts of speech. Epithets can be expressed:

It is easier to compare Siberian larch with oak than with pine. For example, Venice stands on stilts built from larches, because Concrete piles cannot withstand such a load in water. But its wood is much more difficult to process than pine wood. It is about 30% denser and heavier. Gently run your fingernail across the wood surface. If there is a mark on it, then it is pine. It should be taken into account that the wood of Angara pine is denser than the wood of its “European relative”.

Consider one more point. In the same forest grow different pines and different larches, which differ greatly both in appearance and in their internal characteristics. A pine tree, for example, grown in a sunny and high place has drier and denser wood than one grown near swamps. The wood of this pine is softer.

To determine whether the wood belongs to a particular tree, use fire, taking all precautions. According to research conducted by specialists from the Moscow State Forestry University, the fire resistance of Siberian wood larches 2 times higher than that of ordinary pine wood.

Sources:

• Properties of wood of various species and their comparative characteristics

Metaphor is a figure of speech in which the meaning of a word is transferred from it to another word or phrase. The concept itself was coined by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle.

When people first learned to speak, nouns and verbs were enough for them. Then the vocabulary was supplemented with adjectives. Everything could have been limited to this if it were not for man’s desire to decorate, decorate and diversify everything for his own pleasure. Well, the rain can't just be strong and cold. To complete the feeling, for an experienced speaker it will become icy, wintery, with scorching frosty drops. And its sound will not just be the rustling of fallen leaves under the janitor’s broom, but also the ringing and gurgling sound of the drainpipes and the drumming of the autumn march on the tin window sills.

When reading classical literature, a true connoisseur is often delighted by the beautiful similes and metaphors. It is they who make the printed publication not just information listing facts and actions, but an interesting literary work that awakens fantasy and imagination. How can you come up with this yourself?

To do this, just let go of your stereotypes, take a walk and listen to your own feelings. By the way, the phrase “let me go for a walk” is also a metaphor. To find an original metaphor, you need to imagine what it looks like that you want to beautifully describe in words. Don't be afraid to be the first and misunderstood. If one person can see chicken pox or a holey umbrella in the starry night sky, then another, after reading this metaphor, will definitely be able to imagine all this. If to some the thick fog seems like cotton candy, then to others, with a good imagination, they will even want to lick it. Just don’t write definitions using the conjunction “as” or “as if”, so that instead of a metaphor you don’t end up with an ordinary comparison. In the description of nature, let the cotton candy of fog creep over the road, and let the black umbrella of the night sky stretch into a small hole above your head.

Oddly enough, metaphors are used in science as often as in creative research. But they take root stronger and more reliably after some time. This is explained simply - the name that is given initially takes root more easily than the one that is used to rename something. For example, the concept of “electric current” was named as soon as scientists learned about it. No one can call the light wave anything else, although everyone knows that this is not at all the wave that we have known since birth.

There are a lot of metaphors that have been used for so long and often that they have already set the reading and listening public on edge. For example, “tired to death,” “blood moon,” or “nose of the plane.” But these expressions were also once unusual and original.

Video on the topic

Task 24 Unified State Exam 2015

Fine-expressive means of languageconditionally possible

divide by twolarge groups:lexical means andsyntactic means.

The means of linguistic expression are diverse. A special place among them is occupied by the so-called means artistic representation(artistic and visual means: sound writing, metaphors, personification, hyperbole, etc.), based on the use of special techniques and ways of combining sounds, words, phrases, sentences.

Expressive means of vocabulary and phraseology

In vocabulary and phraseology, the main means of expressiveness are trails(in translation from Greek - turn, turn, image) - special figurative and expressive means of language based on using words in a figurative sense. The main types of tropes include: epithet, comparison, metaphor, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, periphrasis (periphrase), hyperbole, litotes, irony.

In addition to tropes, means of linguistic expressiveness in vocabulary and phraseology can be: - synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, paronyms; - phraseological units; - stylistically colored vocabulary and vocabulary of limited use. The named linguistic phenomena (conventionally, they can be called non-special lexical figurative and expressive means of language) become means of expressiveness only in a specific text, where they are used to enhance the brightness of what is depicted and the strength of its impact on the addressee.

Special lexical figurative and expressive means of language (tropes)

Epithet(in translation from Greek - application, addition) - this is a figurative definition that marks an essential feature for a given context in the depicted phenomenon. The epithet differs from a simple definition in its artistic expressiveness and imagery. The epithet is based on a hidden comparison. Epithets include all “colorful” definitions, which are most often expressed by adjectives:

sad and orphaned land (F.I. Tyutchev), gray-haired fog, citric light, dumb

peace (I. A. Bunin).

Epithets can also be expressed: - nouns, acting as applications or predicates, giving a figurative characteristic of the subject: enchantress-winter; mother - damp earth; The poet is lira, not only nanny your soul (M. Gorky); - adverbs, acting as circumstances: In the wild north stands alone...(M. Yu. Lermontov); The leaves were tensely stretched in the wind (K. G. Paustovsky); - participles: the waves rush and thunder sparkling; -pronouns, expressing the superlative degree of a particular state of the human soul:

After all, there were fighting fights, Yes, they say, still which! (M. Yu. Lermontov);

- participles and participial phrases: Nightingales with vocabulary rumbling announce the forest limits (B. L. Pasternak); I also admit the appearance of... greyhound writers who cannot prove where they spent the night yesterday, and who have no other words in their language except the words not remembering kinship(M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

Comparison is a visual technique based on the comparison of one phenomenon or concept with another. Unlike metaphor, comparison is always binary: it names both compared objects (phenomenon, sign, action).

The villages are burning, they have no protection. The sons of the fatherland are defeated by the enemy, and the glow like an eternal meteor, Playing in the clouds frightens the eye.

(M. Yu. Lermontov)

Comparisons are expressed in various ways:- instrumental case form of nouns:

Migratory nightingale Youth has flown by Wave in bad weather Joy faded away (A.V. Koltsov);

Comparative form of an adjective or adverb: These eyes greener sea ​​and our cypresses darker

(A. Akhmatova);

Comparisons are expressed in various ways: - comparative phrases with conjunctions like, as if, as if, as if, etc.:

Like a predatory beast, the winner bursts into the humble monastery with bayonets...

(M. Yu. Lermontov);

With words similar, similar, this:

On the eyes of a cautious cat Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova); - using comparative subordinate clauses: Golden foliage swirled in the pinkish water on the pond, Like a light flock of butterflies, it flies breathlessly towards a star .

(S. A. Yesenin)

Metaphor(in translation from Greek - transfer) is a word or expression that is used in a figurative meaning based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena for some reason. Unlike a comparison, which contains both what is being compared and what is being compared with, a metaphor contains only the second, which creates compactness and figurativeness in the use of the word. The metaphor can be based on similarity objects by shape, color, volume, purpose, sensations, etc.: a waterfall of stars, an avalanche of letters, a wall of fire, an abyss of grief, a pearl of poetry, a spark of love and etc.

All metaphors are divided into two groups: 1) general language (“erased”):golden hands, a storm in a teacup, moving mountains, strings of the soul, love has faded;

And the stars fade diamond thrillIn the painless cold of dawn(M. Voloshin);

Empty heaven transparent glass

(A. Akhmatova);

AND blue, bottomless eyesBlooming on the far shore. (A. A. Blok)

A metaphor can not only be single: it can develop in the text, forming entire chains of figurative expressions, in many cases - covering, as if permeating the entire text. This extended, complex metaphor, a complete artistic image.

Personification- this is a type of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts. Most often, personifications are used to describe nature:

Rolling through sleepy valleys, The sleepy mists have settled down, And only the clatter of horses, Sounding, is lost in the distance. The day has gone out, turning pale autumn, Rolling up fragrant leaves, They eat sleep without dreams Semi-withered flowers.(M. Yu. Lermontov)

Metonymy(translated from Greek - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their contiguity. Adjacency can be a manifestation of the connection: - between the content and the containing: I ate three plates (I. A. Krylov);- between the author and the work: He scolded Homer and Theocritus, but read Adam Smith (A.S. Pushkin);- between action and instrument of action: For the violent raid he doomed their villages and fields to swords and fires (A.S. Pushkin);- between the object and the material from which the object is made: ...not on silver, but on gold (A.S. Griboyedov);- between a place and the people in that place: The city was noisy, flags were crackling, wet roses were falling from the bowls of flower girls... (Yu. K. Olesha)

Synecdoche(translated from Greek - correlation) is a type of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another based on the quantitative relationship between them. Most often, transfer occurs: - from less to more: To it and bird doesn't fly, and tiger not coming... (A.S. Pushkin); - from part to whole: Beard, Why are you still silent? (A.P. Chekhov)

Periphrase, or paraphrase(in translation from Greek - a descriptive expression), - this is a turnover that is used instead of any word or phrase. For example, Petersburg in verse

A. S. Pushkin - "Peter's creation",“The beauty and wonder of full countries”,"city of Petrov"; A. A. Blok in poems by M. I. Tsvetaeva - "knight without reproach","blue-eyed snow singer","snow swan","almighty of my soul".

Hyperbola

Hyperbola(translated from Greek - exaggeration) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of any attribute of an object, phenomenon, action: A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper (N.V. Gogol)

Khlestakov. Just don't say it. On the table, for example, there is a watermelon - a watermelon worth seven hundred rubles... And at that very moment there are couriers, couriers, couriers on the streets... can you imagine, thirty-five thousand couriers alone! (N.V. Gogol).

Litotes(translated from Greek - smallness, moderation) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any attribute of an object, phenomenon, action: What tiny cows! There are, indeed, less than a pinhead. (I. A. Krylov)

And walking importantly, in decorous calm, the horse is led by the bridle by a peasant in large boots, in a short sheepskin coat, in large mittens... and he himselffrom marigold ! (N.A. Nekrasov)

Irony(in translation from Greek - pretense) is the use of a word or statement in a sense opposite to the direct one. Irony is a type of allegory in which mockery is hidden behind an outwardly positive assessment: O, smart one, are you delusional, head?

(I. A. Krylov)