If you need brief description of the events of the Streltsy riots, read the following articles: Streletsky riot of 1682 and (gymnasium textbook by academician S. F. Platonov), Streletsky riot of 1682 (university lectures of S. F. Platonov) and
The reason for the Streletsky revolt of 1682
After the death in the spring of 1682 of the childless Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich (1676–1682), the throne was supposed to pass to his sixteen-year-old half-brother, the mentally retarded Ivan. Both Fedor and Ivan were the sons of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and Maria Miloslavskaya. From Miloslavskaya, Alexey Mikhailovich also had several princess daughters. But after the death of Maria (1669), Alexey Mikhailovich married a second time (1671) to Natalya Naryshkina, who in 1672 gave birth to a healthy and energetic son, Peter - the future Peter I. The legal heir of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich was Ivan V, but his obvious dementia inclined many prominent Russian figures to remove Ivan from the throne and transfer the reign to Peter. The Moscow court was divided into two parties: the Miloslavskys and the Naryshkins. The Naryshkins’ side turned out to be much stronger; Most of the noble families and Patriarch Joachim stood for her. Among the prominent boyars, the Miloslavskys were supported only by the famous Westerner Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn and the governor, who was not distinguished by great talents, Ivan Khovansky, one of the commanders of the Streltsy army stationed in Moscow. However, the Miloslavsky party decided not to give in to their rivals and stand for Ivan V. It was led by the boyar Ivan Miloslavsky and the smartest of the daughters of Alexei Mikhailovich - Princess Sophia.
The highest clergy and the Boyar Duma, gathered after the death of Fyodor Alekseevich, decided to ask “all ranks of the Moscow state” about who should be the new tsar. In fact, this was only the appearance of a “council with the whole earth.” The Zemsky Sobor from all over Russia was not convened in the capital. Under the guise of “all the ranks of the Moscow state,” the patriarch gathered court stewards, nobles, children of boyars, and merchants in the Church of the Savior and addressed them with the question: who will reign now? The meeting was obviously already prepared. The few voices in favor of Ivan Alekseevich were drowned out by numerous cries for Tsarevich Peter. The Patriarch blessed Peter to the kingdom.
However, the Naryshkins were unable to quickly consolidate this election, while the Miloslavskys acted quickly and skillfully. The regent of ten-year-old Peter, his mother Natalya Kirillovna, was a “woman of little intelligence,” inexperienced, lacking energy. Natalya was in no hurry to firmly take power into her own hands, relying on the government skill of her relative, Artamon Matveev, who once arranged her marriage to Alexei Mikhailovich. Under Fyodor Alekseevich, the son of Maria Miloslavskaya, Matveev, one of the most prominent figures of the era of Tsar Alexei, was exiled. Now Natalya Naryshkina ordered his return from exile, but Matveev’s arrival in Moscow took time.
The Miloslavskys cleverly took advantage of the Naryshkins’ indecisiveness, beginning to get closer to the leaders of the main military force of the capital - the Streltsy army. Princess Sophia began to spread rumors that Tsar Fyodor was poisoned by his enemies, who illegally removed his brother Ivan from the throne. Sophia assured that she and the other princesses, the daughters of Maria Miloslavskaya, were also in danger, and spoke of her intention to flee Russia. The Naryshkins were not liked in Moscow. Many did not like the too rapid rise of Queen Natalia's five brothers - young men who had no merit. The eldest of them, Ivan, was only 23 years old, and he already bore the rank of boyar and armorer.
Beginning of the Streltsy revolt of 1682
The Miloslavskys and Princess Sophia found support in the Streltsy army and cleverly took advantage of the rebellious unrest that was brewing among them.
Streltsy regiments in Moscow lived in special settlements, mainly in Zamoskvorechye. Sagittarius were sedentary, family-oriented and wealthy people; since, receiving a salary, they could still engage in various crafts and trade, without bearing townsman duties. But their discipline at this time was weakened, which was facilitated by weak government supervision under the sick Fedor. The chiefs of the archers took advantage of it. Selfish colonels appropriated part of the rifleman's salary, tried to profit at the expense of the wealthiest subordinates, bought horses and cannon equipment at their expense; they forced the archers to work for themselves for free, and even on holidays; those who were not diligent were punished with batogs. Shortly before Fyodor's death, the archers began to submit petitions to the Tsar against the colonels. The Tsar instructed his favorite Yazykov to sort out the case. Yazykov took the side of the colonels. Some petitioners were whipped and exiled. Encouraged, the colonels intensified the oppression. On April 23, 1682, Semyon Griboedov, an elected representative from the regiment, appeared at the Streletsky Prikaz and filed a complaint against him. The clerk who received her, at peace with the colonel, reported to the head of the order, Prince Yuri Dolgoruky, that the elected archer came drunk and threatened. When the same archer came again the next day, they took him under guard and led him to beat him with a whip. But his fellow soldiers snatched him from the hands of his clerks and brutally beat them. Griboedov's regiment rebelled; the next day this riot covered almost all the rifle regiments. They wrote petitions against their colonels and, in case of concession, threatened to deal with them themselves. The death of Fyodor that followed at this time stopped the movement, and the archers unquestioningly swore allegiance to Peter. But already on April 30, a crowd came to the palace with petitions from sixteen rifle regiments and one soldier, and with threats they demanded that the colonels be subjected to justice so that they would pay the money owed to the riflemen.
The government of Natalya Kirillovna was confused and rushed to the opposite extreme: it made concessions to the participants in the Streltsy riot. It ordered the accused colonels to be placed under guard; but the archers demanded that they be handed over with their heads. At the strong request of the patriarch, the archers then agreed that the colonels would not be sent to them in settlements for reprisals, but would be placed in the right before the Discharge. Here the unfortunates were beaten with batogs until they paid the claims brought by the archers. The archers were present in crowds during the torture and shouted to force them to continue or stop the law. The arbitrariness of the archers also continued in their settlements. There they poisoned the secondary commanders, beat them with sticks, threw stones; and those who tried to curb self-will with severity were taken to the towers and thrown out of there; At the same time, the crowd shouted: “Like, love!”
The flaring up Streltsy rebellion played into the hands of the Miloslavskys. Their leaders, Ivan Mikhailovich and Princess Sophia, hatched a conspiracy. At night, Ivan’s confidants gathered and discussed a plan of action. According to some reports, the role of his main assistants was played by the steward brothers Tolstoy, Ivan and Pyotr, streltsy lieutenant colonels Tsikler and Ozerov, elected streltsy Odintsov, Petrov and Chermny. The bedfellow of Princess Sophia, Fedora Rodimitsa, went to the Streltsy settlements, showering them with money and promises. One of the Streltsy commanders, Prince Khovansky, nicknamed Tararuy, incited a Streltsy rebellion, confusing the Streltsy with predictions of all sorts of troubles from the Naryshkins, as well as the danger that allegedly threatened Orthodoxy from their inclination towards foreigners. Among the Streltsy there were many adherents of the schism. The rebellious mood was greatly facilitated by the fact that after Razin’s uprising, many of the Astrakhan archers who participated in it were transferred to the northern cities and the capital. The revolt had already spread to all the rifle regiments, which were already loudly boasting of overthrowing the Naryshkins. The only exception was the Sukharev regiment. There were nineteen rifle regiments in Moscow at that time - more than 14 thousand soldiers.
On May 12, Artamon Matveev returned to Moscow from exile and was greeted with great joy by Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna. The boyars came to his house with greetings, assuming that he would take the place of the main ruler under the Youth Tsar Peter. Elected people from all the rifle regiments brought him bread and salt and beat him with their brows about their needs. An experienced statesman, he immediately began to discuss the state of affairs with the help of Patriarch Joachim and the elderly Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Princess Sophia and the Miloslavskys realized that they had to hurry, otherwise it would be too late.
A list was drawn up of those persons who should be exterminated. This list was sent to the mutinous rifle regiments. There were also ridiculous rumors about the Naryshkins. They said that the eldest of them, Ivan Kirillovich, put on the royal vestments and, trying on the crown, said that it would not stick to anyone as much as it did to him; and when Princess Sophia began to reproach him for this, he rushed at Tsarevich Ivan Alekseevich and grabbed him by the throat. Such tales perfectly prepared the ground for the Streltsy revolt to become open.
Streltsy outrages in the Kremlin and Moscow
On the morning of May 15, 1682, Alexander Miloslavsky and Pyotr Tolstoy, sent by Tsarevna Sophia and her party, rode into the Streltsy settlements, shouting that the Naryshkins had strangled Tsarevich Ivan, and called the Streltsy to the Kremlin. The alarm bell rang in the suburban churches. The Streltsy regiments quickly assembled and, with cannons and the beating of drums, moved towards the royal palace, taking the government by surprise. It was about noon. Members of the Boyar Duma had just finished their meeting and began to disperse. A.S. Matveev, having learned about the Streltsy riot, returned to the palace and hurried to Queen Natalya. They sent for the patriarch and tried to lock the Kremlin gates. But the rebels had already broken into the Kremlin, approached the Red Porch and demanded the extradition of the Naryshkins, who allegedly killed Tsarevich Ivan. On Matveev’s advice, Natalya Kirillovna took both brothers, Ivan and Pyotr Alekseevich, and, accompanied by the boyars, took them out onto the porch. The crowd was taken aback, seeing that they had been blatantly deceived. Some archers asked their elder brother if he really was Tsarevich Ivan Alekseevich and who was harassing him? “I am the one,” answered the prince. “And no one is harassing me.”
Streletsky riot of 1682. Painting by N. Dmitriev-Orenburgsky, 1862.
(Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna shows the archers that Tsarevich Ivan is unharmed)
Matveev went down to the archers and made an intelligent speech about their previous merits, reminding them of how they themselves tamed the riots. The Sagittarius became quiet and asked Matveev to intercede for them with the Tsar. He promised and returned to Verkh. The Streletsky rebellion already seemed to be calming down, but it was reignited by the carelessness of Mikhail Dolgoruky, a comrade of his father Yuri Alekseevich in command of the Streletsky Prikaz, who was very unloved by his subordinates. As they say, he began to threaten the silent archers with punishment if they did not immediately leave the Kremlin, which infuriated them. Princess Sophia's minions, rotating in the crowd, incited her against the intended boyars, who, as soon as they got rid of danger, would begin to take cruel revenge on the archers. They managed to captivate the crowd again. Some of the archers penetrated upstairs. Some grabbed Dolgoruky and threw him down onto the spears of his comrades, who then hacked him to pieces. Others attacked Matveev, although Tsarina Natalya and Prince Mikhail Alegukovich Cherkassky tried to block him; the killers also threw him down and chopped him into pieces. Patriarch Joachim was not allowed to speak. A crowd of rioting archers burst into the palace and began to look for their victims. Here everything gave in to flight. The boyars, always accompanied by selected servants, numerous nobles and other court officials, being military men, could offer significant resistance. But the surprise of the Streltsy revolt and the absence of an energetic leader caused panic among them.
The archers scoured the palace chambers, looked under beds, feather beds and into dark corners; Moreover, they did not spare the towers of queens and princesses, they broke into palace temples and even into altars, where they sacrilegiously poked spears under the altars. The archers came searching for the patriarch's chambers. They were looking mainly for the Naryshkins. The rebels killed the young steward Saltykov, mistaking him for the brother of Tsarina Afanasy Naryshkin. Afanasy himself hid under the altar in the altar of the Church of the Resurrection, but Tsaritsyn Carlo Khomyak pointed out his hiding place to the rebellious archers. The archers killed him and threw him into the square. Other victims were also dumped there, and they asked: “Is it pleasant?” The crowd of curious people standing in the square had to answer: “love!” Whoever was silent was beaten by the archers. On this day of the Streltsy riot, the famous Belgorod governor Gr. died in the Kremlin. Romodanovsky, accused of treason for surrendering Chigirin to the Turks, and the head of the Ambassadorial Prikaz, clerk Larion Ivanov. The bodies of the dead were dragged to Red Square to Lobnoye Mesto; the monsters mocked them and shouted: “Behold the boyar Artamon Sergeevich! Behold the boyar Romodanovsky, behold Dolgoruky is coming, give way!”
The Streletsky revolt flared up more and more. The archers scattered throughout the city, looking for their intended victims. Before the evening, a crowd of killers came to the sick eighty-year-old Prince Yuri Dolgoruky, and feigned repentance for the murder of his son. The old man hid his feelings and even ordered the archers to bring beer and wine; and when they left, he consoled his daughter-in-law, the wife of the murdered man: “Don’t cry, they ate the pike, but it still has teeth. To be hanged on the battlements of the White and Zemlyanoy cities.” Some serf told these words to the archers. They returned, dragged the prince into the courtyard, chopped him up and threw the corpse into a dung heap. Other crowds at this time smashed the Judgment and Serf orders and tore up acts, especially serfdom and servitude. They declared the boyar slaves free, trying to attract them to their side. At night the Streltsy revolt died down. The rebel soldiers went to their settlements, leaving strong guards around the Kremlin.
But the next morning, May 16, the Streltsy riot resumed. The Streltsy again rushed to the Kremlin and other places, looking for “traitors.” On this day, the famous favorite of Tsar Feodor, Ivan Yazykov, died. He hid in the house of his confessor; but the traitorous slave betrayed him. The archers cut down Yazykov on Red Square. Among the household servants there were many traitors who took revenge on unkind masters. But other servants were distinguished by their devotion. Several of them also fell victim to the archers. The rebels' efforts to revolt the large class of servile householders with the promise of freedom and thereby transform a purely Streltsy revolt into a general uprising of the common people remained in vain. An unfree state was in the morals of the time, and a person who had freed himself from one master often immediately became enslaved to another.
The archers were still searching in vain for the Naryshkins, mainly Ivan, and the royal doctor Daniil von Gaden, a baptized Jew who was accused of poisoning Fyodor Alekseevich. The doctor ran away from the German settlement and hid in Maryina Roshcha. And the Naryshkins, the father of Queen Natalya Kirill Poluektovich with his sons, and Andrei Matveev, the son of the murdered Artamon Sergeevich, fleeing from the Streltsy riot, hid in the rooms of the widow of the deceased Tsar Feodor, Queen Marfa Matveevna. Having not found the Naryshkins that day, the archers announced that they would come for them the next.
On May 17, the Streltsy riot and killings continued. The main crowd of archers surrounded the palace, demanding that the Naryshkins be handed over. They were now hidden in a dark closet filled with feather beds and pillows, leaving the door unlocked to ward off suspicion. The rioters passed by several times and looked into the closet, but did not conduct a thorough search there. Finally, they announced that they would not leave and would beat all the boyars until Ivan Naryshkin was handed over to them. Obviously, Princess Sophia and Prince Khovansky considered his death necessary. They say that the day before Khovansky asked the archers whether they should kick Natalya Kirillovna out of the palace? They answered: “Any”; however, they did not dare to do such a thing.
Hidden in the shadows until now, Princess Sophia now came to Queen Natalya and said to her in the presence of the boyars: “Your brother will not leave the archers; We shouldn’t all die for him.” Natalya Kirillovna, having lost hope of saving her brother, ordered him to be confessed and given the Holy Mysteries. The boyars were in a hurry. The elderly Prince Yakov Odoevsky said: “No matter how much you, Empress, regret, you must part; and you, Ivan, need to go quickly so that we all don’t die for you alone.” Holding her brother's hand, the queen led him out of the church. The archers rushed at him like animals and dragged him to the Konstantinovsky dungeon; there he was subjected to cruel torture and wanted for imaginary treason and an attempt on the life of Tsarevich Ivan. He answered all questions with silence. The rioters dragged him to Red Square and there they cut him into pieces with reeds.
Streltsy riot 1682. Painting by A. Korzukhin 1882.
(The Sagittarius are dragging Ivan Naryshkin with them. His sister, the mother of Peter I, Natalya Kirillovna, is crying on her knees, consoled by ten-year-old Peter. Princess Sophia watches Ivan’s death with poorly concealed joy)
Ivan's younger brothers managed to hide. The archers freed their father Kirill Poluektovich from death on the condition that he become a monk. On the same day, Doctor von Gaden was captured. Tsarina Marfa Matveevna and the princesses assured the archers that he was innocent of Fyodor’s death. But the leaders of the Streltsy revolt shouted that he was a warlock. He was tortured, and the faint-hearted doctor, in order to end his torment, confirmed the accusations brought against him. He was also chopped into pieces on Red Square.
The three-day killings finally fed up the participants in the Streltsy riot. Before evening they gathered at the palace and shouted: “We are now satisfied. Let the king deal with the rest of the traitors according to his will.” The Sagittarius, of course, did not think what a stunning impression they made on the youth Peter with their bloody rebellion, and how terribly he would repay them later for the murder of his relatives and for the humiliation of his royal dignity.
It is remarkable that the Streltsy revolt was not connected with the robbery of the propertied classes. The Sagittarius even swore not to touch the property of the people they killed, and kept their oath; Those who transgressed it, they themselves executed for the most insignificant theft. But when the extermination ended, widespread revelry began: the unbridled archers began to drink and revel; drunks wandered around the city with their wives, singing shameful songs. Instead of the Streltsy army, they began to call themselves “the sovereign’s court (i.e., court) infantry.” Those elected by them came to the palace and demanded rewards for “faithful” service or unpaid salaries that had been calculated many years ago. For some time everyone was in awe of them. The government seemed to be absent during the Streltsy riot. But the power that had fallen from the hands of the Naryshkins was seized by the Miloslavskys in the person of the energetic princess Sophia.
Changes in the government as a result of the Streltsy revolt - transfer of power to Princess Sophia
Tsarina Natalya and her son Peter were hiding from the Streltsy riot. Coming to the palace with demands and statements, they, in the absence of other authorities, began to turn to the princesses; and Sofya Alekseevna answered and acted on their behalf. To account for the unpaid salary over the past years, she distributed large sums to the archers, and promised to pay another 10 rubles. per person. Princess Sophia also agreed to the name “outdoor infantry”, the commander of which, in place of the killed Dolgorukys, was appointed Prince Khovansky. Khovansky, leading the archers, appeared at the palace on May 23 with elected officials from their regiments and announced that all the archers, as well as the ranks of the Moscow state, demand that both brothers, John and Peter Alekseevich, be seated on the royal throne. To resolve this issue, Princess Sophia convened the Boyar Duma, the clergy and elected officials from various ranks of the capital.
At this private Zemsky Sobor, some objections to dual power were heard; but the majority, under the pressure of the Streltsy revolt, found that it was useful in case of war: one king could go with an army, and the other would rule the kingdom. Suitable examples of dual power from Byzantine history were also given. The council decided to have two kings. However, Princess Sophia wanted to more accurately define their mutual relationship, and so the Streltsy electors appeared again and demanded that John be the first king, and Peter the second. The next day, May 26, the Boyar Duma with the Consecrated Cathedral confirmed this demand. Because of this, Peter's mother Natalya Kirillovna was relegated to the background, and the sisters of the sickly John came to the fore, first of all Princess Sofya Alekseevna.
A special favor was declared to the participants of the Streltsy riot, and two regiments were treated to food in the palace every day. Having actually seized power, Sophia also wanted to legally secure it for herself through the influence of the same Streltsy army. On May 29, the rebels made a new demand: according to the youth of both sovereigns, to entrust control to Princess Sophia. At the same time, they referred to examples of Byzantine history: the famous Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius II. The boyars and the patriarch turned to the princess with a request to take over government concerns. Sophia, as usual, initially refused, but then agreed. She began to call herself “the great empress, the blessed princess and the grand duchess Sofya Alekseevna.”
Perhaps the first government act was the approval of a new Streltsy petition dated June 6. Apparently, the population of the capital began to express indignation at the murders committed during the Streltsy riot. Sagittarius were called rebels, traitors, and villains. In response, the “outdoor infantry” asked the tsars for permission to erect a stone pillar on Red Square with the names of the killed “criminals” and their wines written down and with praise for the outbuilding infantry for their faithful service; asked to be prohibited from calling her rebels and other defamatory words, as well as various official benefits. The archers' request was immediately fulfilled, a stone pillar was erected, and on four iron sheets on four sides of the pillar, the names and guilt of the people killed on May 15–17 were written down. Thanks to this, the Streltsy revolt was presented as a very beneficial coup, and all the violence of the Streltsy was justified by the imaginary benefit of the state.
Old Believer movement in Moscow during the Streltsy riot of 1682
But Princess Sophia saw that it was time for their self-will of the archers to put a limit and free power from their pressure. A convenient opportunity for this was provided by the Old Believer movement that arose with the beginning of the Streltsy rebellion.
Despite the cruel persecution, the Russian “schism” took root and multiplied. He already had his own martyrs, with Habakkuk and Lazarus at their head, whose memory was reverently revered. Their numerous followers continued their schismatic preaching in Moscow. They found the most sympathy among the archers and suburban Slobozhans; There were supporters of the split among noble families, including the Khovansky family. The confusion of the government during the days of the Streltsy riot helped the split to raise its head; and when Prince Khovansky Tararui appeared at the head of the Streltsy army, the schism decided to rely on armed force and made its demands.
A few days after the May riot, in Titov’s Streltsy regiment, the Old Believers decided to submit a petition to the authorities: why did they hate the old books and the old faith and why did they love the new one - the Latin-Roman one? In search of a knowledgeable, skillful person who could compose such a petition and conduct a debate about faith, the archers turned to Goncharnaya Sloboda; there was an Old Believer Savva Romanov, who later described the whole matter with the Streltsy petition. The petition was written by some monk Sergius. When Savva Romanov read from it in the Titov and then other shelves indications of the “errors” of the books corrected under Nikon, the archers decided to “stand up for the old faith and shed their blood for the Christ of light.”
Obviously, this new movement, which gave the Streltsy rebellion a religious connotation, occurred with the encouragement of Prince Khovansky, who began to act independently of Princess Sophia and told the Old Believers that he would no longer allow them to continue to be hanged or burned in log houses. Khovansky also listened to the petition, but he found monk Sergius humble and not eloquent enough to debate with the authorities. Then he was pointed out to the famous Suzdal priest Nikita (whom the “Nikonians” disparagingly called the Empty Saint), who was again working on preaching the schism, despite his solemn renunciation of it. Khovansky knew him and happily agreed to his participation in the debate. The zealots of the old faith wanted the debate to take place publicly at the Execution Ground or in the Kremlin at the Red Porch in the presence of both kings, on the coming Friday, June 23, before the 25th royal wedding scheduled for Sunday. The Old Believers did not want the patriarch to serve at this wedding according to the new missal and perform the sacrament of Communion on five prosphoras with a Latin (four-pointed) roof.
Thus, the Streltsy revolt intensified Russian religious strife. On Friday, a procession of the Old Believer crowd took place to the Kremlin, to the government and Princess Sophia. At the head were Nikita, monk Sergius and another monk Savvaty; people came running to see this unprecedented procession. They stopped at the Red Porch. Khovansky was called. He pretended to know nothing and venerated the Old Believer cross that Nikita was carrying. Nikita presented him with a petition about the old Orthodox faith, about the seven prosphoras, the three-part cross, and for the patriarch to give an answer as to why he was persecuting people for the old faith. Khovansky took the petition and took it to the palace, to Sophia. Returning, he announced that the sovereigns had appointed a council a few days after their wedding. Nikita insisted that the kings be crowned on seven prosphoras, with the image of the True Cross. Khovansky advised him to prepare such prosphoras and promised to present them to the patriarch so that he could serve on them during the coronation ceremony.
On June 25, the solemn coronation of both kings took place in the Assumption Cathedral. Nikita Pustosvyat brought his prosphora to the Kremlin. But so many people crowded here that he could not get into the cathedral and returned. Nevertheless, the Moscow Old Believers were preparing for a nationwide debate with the patriarch and, to reinforce themselves, they called schismatic teachers from the Volokolamsk hermitages: the aforementioned Savvaty, Dositheus, Gabriel, etc. But the patriarch and Princess Sophia took their own measures, and some of the participants in the Streltsy rebellion were turned away with affection and gifts. Raskolnikov. When the elected representatives of Titov’s regiment walked through the settlements and persuaded people to sign the petition, only nine Streltsy orders and the tenth Pushkarsky had their hands on it; in ten other regiments disputes arose; many objected that it was not their place to enter into a debate with the patriarch and bishops. However, these regiments also promised that they would stand for the Orthodox faith and would not allow them to burn and torture again.
On the third of July 1682, elected officials from all the regiments that took part in the Streltsy rebellion, along with dissenters and a crowd of townspeople, gathered at the palace. Khovansky led them into the Patriarchal Cross Chamber and summoned the patriarch. Joachim persuaded them not to interfere in the affairs of the bishops and tried to explain the need to correct the books in agreement with the ecumenical patriarchs. The schismatics objected to him and mainly rebelled against the persecution of the old faith, which did not agree with Christ’s teaching, and against the desire to convince the truth of three-fingered people with fire and sword. Old Believer Pavel Danilovich, when the elected officials approached the patriarch for a blessing, refused to accept him, not according to the old custom. Khovansky kissed him on the head with the words: “I didn’t know you until now!” We agreed to have a conciliar debate every other day, July 5, Wednesday.
On Moscow streets and squares, the Old Believers, emboldened by the Streltsy revolt, freely preached their teachings. Crowds of men and women gathered around them, and when the “Nikonian” priests tried to justify the correction of the books, some of them were beaten. It seemed that Moscow was on the eve of a new rebellion. The Miloslavskys and Princess Sophia were in dire danger.
Debate on faith in the Kremlin with Old Believers
On the morning of July 5, a crowd of Old Believers, led by Nikita, with a cross, old icons and books, moved to the Kremlin, to Princess Sophia, accompanied by archers and a multitude of people. The schismatic elders, having thin, lean faces and hoods of the old cut, made an impression on the people and provoked unflattering remarks about the obesity of the state, “Nikonian” clergy. The schismatic crowd settled down between the Archangel Cathedral and the Red Porch, placed lecterns, placed books and icons on them and lit candles. The Patriarch did not want to go out to the people himself. On his orders, Archpriest Vasily came out to the crowd and began to read Nikita’s renunciation of the schism and his repentance before the council of 1667. The archers rushed at Vasily; but the above-mentioned monk Sergius intervened and ordered him to continue reading. However, nothing could be heard over the screams. Then Sergius stood on a bench and read the notebooks of the Solovetsky elders with teachings about the sign of the cross, prosphora, etc. The crowd, hushed, listened to these teachings with emotion and tears. But then the noise and excitement arose again.
The Streletsky revolt, thus, increasingly took on a turn unfavorable to Sophia and Miloslavsky. Khovansky worked in vain in the palace to get Joachim and the clergy to go out to the Old Believers and start a debate in the square in front of the people. Princess Sophia did not agree to such a demand and pointed to the Chamber of Facets, where she herself wanted to be present. Tararui advised her against this presence; The boyars, convinced by him, also asked Sophia to abandon her intention. But she did not want to leave the patriarch without the support of secular power and went to the Faceted Chamber; Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna, princesses Tatyana Mikhailovna and Marya Alekseevna, with the boyars and elected archers, went with Sophia. The schismatics, when Khovansky invited them to enter the chamber, did not immediately agree, fearing violence; but Khovansky swore that no harm would be done to them. Then the schismatic fathers, accompanied by many people from the people, entered the chamber in a crowd.
The Patriarch urged them not to “be extravagant,” to obey their bishops and not to interfere in the correction of books, lacking “grammatical intelligence.” Nikita exclaimed: “We didn’t come to talk about grammar, but about church dogma!” Kholmogory Archbishop Afanasy began to answer him. “I’m not talking to you, but to the patriarch!” - Nikita shouted and rushed at the archbishop, but the elected archers held him back. Then Princess Sophia, getting up from her chair, began to say that Nikita dared to beat the bishop in the presence of royal persons, and reminded him of his sworn renunciation of the schism. Nikita admitted that he had repented under pain of execution, but claimed that the refutation written by Simeon of Polotsk, entitled Rod does not answer even a fifth of this petition.
Nikita Pustosvyat. Dispute about faith. Painting by V. Perov, 1881
Sophia ordered the petition that the schismatics brought to be read. It said, among other things, that the heretics Arseny the Greek and Nikon (former patriarch) “shaved the soul of Tsar Alexei.” Hearing this, Princess Sophia said with tears in her eyes: “If Arseny and Patriarch Nikon are heretics, then our father and brother and all of us are heretics. We cannot tolerate such blasphemy and we will leave the kingdom.” She took a few steps to the side. But the boyars and you/div/parchers persuaded her to return to her place. She reproached the archers for allowing peasants and ignoramuses to come to the kings with a rebellion, against which the royal family could only go to other cities and announce it to the whole people. The Sagittarius were alarmed by Sophia's threat and swore to lay down their heads for the kings.
The reading of the petition continued in the presence of Princess Sophia with objections. When it ended, the patriarch took the gospel, written by the hand of St. Metropolitan Alexei, which contained the symbol of faith, and showed that this symbol in the newly corrected books is the same. Due to the onset of twilight, the debate was postponed, and the schismatics were released with the promise that a decree would be issued about them. Coming out to the crowd, they raised two fingers and shouted: “Thus believe, so do; all the bishops through rebellion and disgrace!”
At Lobnoye Place they stopped and taught the people. Then they went to the Titov Streltsy Regiment, where they were greeted with the ringing of bells; They served a prayer service and went home.
In order to prevent the Streltsy rebellion and the Old Believer movement from growing even more, Princess Sophia took decisive measures. At her request, elected representatives of all rifle regiments, except Titov, came to the palace. Sophia asked, are they, like lawless rebels, ready to exchange the royal family and the entire Russian state for six monks and give them up to the desecration of the Holy Patriarch? The princess again threatened to leave Moscow along with the sovereigns. The elected representatives of the Stremyanny Streltsy Regiment responded that they would not stand for the old faith, that this was not their business, but the patriarch’s. Others repeated the same thing. They were all treated and given gifts. But when they returned to their settlements, the archers reproached them for treason and threatened to beat them; They were especially noisy in the Titus Regiment. The Streltsy rebellion threatened to resume, but many ordinary Streltsy could not resist the affection and treats from the royal cellar and took the side of the authorities against the schismatics. Then Princess Sophia ordered the main leaders to be seized. Nikita Pustosvyat was beheaded on Red Square, and the others were exiled.
The pacification of the Streltsy revolt of 1682 by Sophia
But the main indulger of the Streltsy rebellion, Khovansky, while he remained at the head of the Streltsy, allowed them all self-will and did not appease the Streltsy, who went to the palace with various impudent demands. One day they demanded the extradition of many boyars because of rumors that they wanted to exterminate the entire Streltsy army in retaliation for the riot. The spreader of this rumor, the baptized Tatar prince, Matvey Odyshevsky, was executed. But the unrest between the archers did not stop. The court and the capital spent the entire summer of 1682 in fear of a new Streltsy revolt. The court did not dare to openly act against Khovansky: only recently the Miloslavskys, with his help, took over the government. Tararui was always surrounded by a crowd of archers, and his courtyard was guarded by a whole detachment. There were rumors that he, being a descendant of Gediminas, wanted, taking advantage of the Streltsy rebellion, to seize the throne and marry his son to one of the princesses in order to become related to the Romanovs. The well-known conspirator, a close relative of Princess Sophia, Ivan Mikhailovich Miloslavsky, fearing a new Streltsy rebellion, left the capital and “like an underground mole” took refuge in his estates near Moscow. For fear of a rebellion, on August 19, neither Sophia nor other members of the royal family took part in the usual procession from the Assumption Cathedral to the Donskoy Monastery.
Following this, Sophia and the entire royal family suddenly left for the village of Kolomenskoye. The big boyars also left Moscow. The archers were alarmed by the absence of the royal court, which could easily gather around itself an army of nobles. Elected members of the Streltsy regiments urged people not to believe rumors about the imminence of a new Streltsy rebellion and asked the sovereigns to return to the capital. The Streltsov were reassured by the answer that Princess Sophia and the court had only gone on vacation to villages near Moscow,
On September 2, Sophia and the court moved from Kolomenskoye to Vorobyovo, then to the monastery of Savva Storozhevsky and stayed for several days in the village of Vozdvizhenskoye. Regarding various government affairs, the tsars and Sophia sent a decree to Moscow to all the boyars and Duma people, including the Khovanskys, as well as the capital officers and nobles of Moscow to rush to Vozdvizhenskoye. On the 17th, a meeting of the Boyar Duma opened there, in the presence of the kings and Sophia. Here a report was made on the Streletsky rebellion and the lawlessness committed by Prince Ivan Khovansky and his son Andrei in the orders of Streletsky and Sudnoy; and then a significant letter is presented that they called in some archers and townspeople and persuaded them to rebel, destroy the royal house, put Prince Ivan on the throne, and marry Andrei to one of the princesses.
The Duma did not examine the authenticity of this news. The boyars were sentenced to execute the Khovanskys. The latter, following the above-mentioned royal call, traveled to Vozdvizhenskoye by different roads. Sophia sent Prince Lykov with a noble detachment to meet them. Lykov captured old man Khovansky near the village of Pushkin, and Andrei in a village on the river. Klyazma and both were taken to Princess Sophia in Vozdvizhenskoye. Here, in the presence of the Boyar Duma, clerk Shaklovity read them the death sentence for the Streltsy rebellion. The Khovanskys appealed to justice and demanded confrontations, but in vain. Sophia ordered the execution to be hastened, and it was carried out.
This was followed by a quick end to the Streltsy revolt. The archers were greatly alarmed when Khovansky's youngest son, Ivan, who had fled from Vozdvizhensky, brought news of his father's execution, allegedly carried out by the boyars without the tsar's decree. The archers armed themselves, seized a cannon squad, placed guards everywhere, and threatened to kill the patriarch. But the threats gave way to fear and despondency when the rebels learned that the court and Princess Sophia had moved to the fortified Trinity Lavra, where detachments of servicemen had gone from all sides.
When boyar M. Golovin arrived in the capital to take charge of it in the absence of the sovereigns, and a decree came to send two dozen elected representatives from each Streltsy regiment to the Trinity, the participants in the Streltsy revolt obeyed and asked the Patriarch to save them from execution. On September 27, trembling with fear, they appeared at the Lavra. Sophia showered them with reproaches for their indignation against the royal house. Those elected from the archers fell on their faces and promised to henceforth serve with faith and truth. The princess ordered all the regiments to humble themselves and submit a common petition for forgiveness. Meanwhile, along the four main roads leading to the capital (Tverskaya, Vladimirskaya, Kolomenskaya and Mozhaiskaya), numerous military forces of nobles were already stationed, ready to suppress the Streltsy revolt. The Sagittarius hastened to fulfill the princess's demand - they sent her a general petition for forgiveness. At the request of the petitioners, the patriarch sent an intercessor with them.
Streltsy riot of 1698- an uprising of the Moscow Streltsy regiments, caused by the hardships of serving in border cities, grueling campaigns, and oppression by colonels.
Background
In March 1698, 175 archers appeared in Moscow, deserting from 4 archery regiments that participated in the Azov campaigns of Peter I 1695-1696. The archers, left in Azov as a garrison, instead of the expected return to Moscow in 1697, were sent to Velikiye Luki.
The attempt of the Moscow authorities to arrest their petitioners against the regimental command in Moscow failed. The Sagittarius took refuge in the settlements and established contact with Princess Sofia Alekseevna, who was imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent; On April 4, 1698, soldiers of the Semenovsky regiment were sent against the Streltsy, who, with the assistance of the townspeople, “knocked out” the rebellious Streltsy from the capital. The archers returned to their regiments, where fermentation began.
Progress of the riot
On June 6, they dismissed their commanders, elected 4 electors in each regiment and headed towards Moscow. The rebels (about 4 thousand people) intended to enthrone Princess Sophia or, in case of her refusal, V.V. Golitsyn, who was in exile. The government sent the Preobrazhensky, Semenovsky, Lefortov and Gordon regiments (2,300 people in total) and noble cavalry under the command of A.S. Shein and P. Gordon against the archers.
On June 14, after a review on the Khodynka River, the regiments set out from Moscow. On June 17, ahead of the archers, Shein's troops occupied the New Jerusalem (Resurrection) Monastery. On June 18, 40 versts west of Moscow, the rebels were defeated.
Streltsy executions
"The morning of the Streltsy execution." Painting by V. I. Surikov (1881, Tretyakov Gallery)
On June 22 and 28, by order of Shein, 56 “fugitives” of the riot were hanged, and on July 2, another 74 “fugitives” to Moscow were hanged. 140 people were whipped and exiled, 1965 people were sent to cities and monasteries.
Peter I, who urgently returned from abroad on August 25, 1698, headed a new investigation (the “great search”). From September 1698 to February 1699, 1,182 archers were executed (contemporaries called much higher numbers - up to 7,000 executed), whipped, branded, and 601 (mostly minors) exiled. The tsar himself and (by his order) the boyars and “all the ward people” took part in the execution.
The yard positions of the archers in Moscow were distributed, the buildings were sold. In February 1700, the Boyar Duma sentenced 42 people to execution; the investigation and executions continued until 1707. At the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century. 16 rifle regiments that did not participate in the uprising were disbanded. The Streltsy and their families were expelled from Moscow to other cities and registered as townspeople.
Description of executions
Executions of Streltsy began in Moscow on October 10, 1698, by order of the Moscow Tsar Peter I. In total, about 2,000 archers were executed. Peter I personally cut off the heads of five archers.
Many historians write about mass torture and executions of Streltsy, including with the personal participation of Tsar Peter I.
Russian historian Nikolai Kostomarov describes the executions of the archers and members of their families as follows:
Tortures took place again; they tortured, among other things, various Streltsy wives, and from October 11 to 21, there were daily executions in Moscow; four had their arms and legs broken with wheels on Red Square, others had their heads cut off; most were hanged. So 772 people died, of which on October 17, 109 people had their heads cut off in the village of Preobrazhenskoe. The boyars and duma people were doing this, on the orders of the tsar, and the tsar himself, sitting on a horse, looked at this spectacle. On different days, 195 people were hanged near the Novodevichy Convent right in front of the cells of Princess Sophia, and three of them, hanging right under the windows, were given paper in the form of petitions. The last executions of the archers were carried out in February 1699.
According to the Russian historian Solovyov, the executions took place as follows:
On September 30, the first execution took place: the archers, numbering 201 people, were taken from Preobrazhenskoye in carts to the Pokrovsky Gate; in each cart there were two people sitting and holding a lighted candle in their hand; wives, mothers, and children ran behind the carts with terrible screams. At the Pokrovsky Gate, in the presence of the Tsar himself, a fairy tale was read: “When questioned and tortured, everyone said that they had to come to Moscow, and in Moscow, starting a riot, beat the boyars and ruin the German settlement, and beat the Germans, and outrage the mob, all four the regiments knew and intended. And for this theft, the great sovereign ordered that you be executed by death.” After reading the tale, the convicts were taken to the designated places to carry out executions; but five, it is said in the case, had their heads cut off in Preobrazhenskoe; Reliable witnesses explain this strangeness to us: Peter himself cut off the heads of these five archers with his own hands.
The Austrian diplomat Johann Korb, who was present at the executions, gives the following description:
This execution differs sharply from the previous ones; it was accomplished in a very different and almost incredible way: 330 people at a time, brought out together under the fatal blow of the ax, doused the entire valley, albeit Russian, but with criminal blood; this enormous execution could be carried out only because all the boyars, senators of the kingdom, Duma and clerks, who were members of the council that met on the occasion of the Streltsy rebellion, were, by royal command, called to Preobrazhenskoye, where they were supposed to take up the work of executioners. Each of them struck the wrong blow, because the hand trembled while performing an unusual task; Of all the boyars, extremely clumsy executioners, one boyar distinguished himself with a particularly unsuccessful blow: without hitting the condemned man’s neck, the boyar hit him on the back; the archer, cut almost into two parts in this way, would have suffered unbearable torment if Aleksashka, deftly using an ax, had not hastened to cut off the unfortunate man’s head...
Streltsy riot of 1698
The attempt of the Moscow authorities to arrest their petitioners against the regimental command in Moscow failed. The Sagittarius took refuge in the settlements and established contact with Princess Sofia Alekseevna, who was imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent; On April 4, soldiers of the Semenovsky regiment were sent against the Streltsy, who, with the assistance of the townspeople, “knocked out” the rebellious Streltsy from the capital. The archers returned to their regiments, where fermentation began.
Progress of the riot
Many historians write about mass torture and executions of Streltsy, including with the personal participation of Tsar Peter I. .
Russian historian Nikolai Kostomarov describes the executions of the archers and members of their families as follows:
Tortures took place again; they tortured, among other things, various Streltsy wives, and from October 11 to 21, there were daily executions in Moscow; four had their arms and legs broken with wheels on Red Square, others had their heads cut off; most were hanged. So 772 people died, of which on October 17, 109 people had their heads cut off in the village of Preobrazhenskoe. The boyars and duma people were doing this, on the orders of the tsar, and the tsar himself, sitting on a horse, looked at this spectacle. On different days, 195 people were hanged near the Novodevichy Convent right in front of the cells of Princess Sophia, and three of them, hanging right under the windows, were given paper in the form of petitions. The last executions of the archers were carried out in February 1699.
According to the Russian historian Solovyov, the executions took place as follows:
On September 30, the first execution took place: the archers, numbering 201 people, were taken from Preobrazhenskoye in carts to the Pokrovsky Gate; in each cart there were two people sitting and holding a lighted candle in their hand; wives, mothers, and children ran behind the carts with terrible screams. At the Pokrovsky Gate, in the presence of the Tsar himself, a fairy tale was read: “When questioned and tortured, everyone said that they had to come to Moscow, and in Moscow, starting a riot, beat the boyars and ruin the German settlement, and beat the Germans, and outrage the mob, all four the regiments knew and intended. And for this theft, the great sovereign ordered that you be executed by death.” After reading the tale, the convicts were taken to the designated places to carry out executions; but five, it is said in the case, had their heads cut off in Preobrazhenskoe; Reliable witnesses explain this strangeness to us: Peter himself cut off the heads of these five archers with his own hands.
The Austrian diplomat Johann Korb, who was present at the executions, gives the following description:
This execution differs sharply from the previous ones; it was accomplished in a very different and almost incredible way: 330 people at a time, brought out together under the fatal blow of the ax, doused the entire valley, albeit Russian, but with criminal blood; this enormous execution could be carried out only because all the boyars, senators of the kingdom, duma and clerks, who were members of the council that met on the occasion of the Streltsy rebellion, were, by royal command, called to Preobrazhenskoye, where they were supposed to take up the work of executioners. Each of them struck the wrong blow, because the hand trembled while performing an unusual task; Of all the boyars, extremely clumsy executioners, one boyar distinguished himself with a particularly unsuccessful blow: without hitting the condemned man’s neck, the boyar hit him on the back; the archer, cut almost into two parts in this way, would have suffered unbearable torment if Aleksashka, deftly using an ax, had not hastened to cut off the unfortunate man’s head...
Executions of Streltsy in fine art
These events were depicted in the famous painting “The Morning of the Streltsy Execution” by Vasily Surikov, which was painted in 1881. There is a lot of red in the painting, which symbolizes the color of spilled blood.
see also
Notes
Literature
- Alexander Moutchnik (2006): Der “Strelitzen-Aufstand” von 1698, in: Volksaufstände in Russland. Von der Zeit der Wirren bis zur “Grünen Revolution” gegen die Sowjetherrschaft, ed. by Heinz-Dietrich Löwe (=Forschungen zur osteuropäischen Geschichte, Bd. 65), Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 163-196.
Links
- On October 10, 1698, the execution of the rebel archers by Peter I began
- Boris Bashilov. History of Russian Freemasonry.// The beginning of the defeat of national Rus'
- Kostomarov N. History of Russia in the biographies of its most important figures.// Chapter 13. Princess Sophia
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
- Bubble, Philip
- Autogamy
See what the “Streltsy riot of 1698” is in other dictionaries:
Streltsy riot of 1682- This term has other meanings, see Streletsky revolt. Streltsy revolt of 1682 (Moscow Troubles, Khovanshchina) a revolt of the Moscow Streltsy, as a result of which power was transferred to Princess Sofia. Contents 1 Prerequisites for the revolt... Wikipedia - Streletsky revolt of 1682 (Moscow Troubles, Khovanshchina) a revolt of the Moscow Streltsy, as a result of which power was transferred to Princess Sofia. Contents 1 Prerequisites for the riot 2 The beginning of the riot 3 Khovanshchina ... Wikipedia
Pugachev riot
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Zazeya uprising (in the Amur region in 1924)- Zazeya uprising Date January 4 February 1, 1924 Place Far East of Russia Cause ... Wikipedia
Copper Riot- Copper riot. 1662. (Ernest Lissner, 1938). Copper riot that happened in Moscow on July 25 (... Wikipedia
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Streltsy riot of 1698
The attempt of the Moscow authorities to arrest their petitioners against the regimental command in Moscow failed. The Sagittarius took refuge in the settlements and established contact with Princess Sofia Alekseevna, who was imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent; On April 4, soldiers of the Semenovsky regiment were sent against the Streltsy, who, with the assistance of the townspeople, “knocked out” the rebellious Streltsy from the capital. The archers returned to their regiments, where fermentation began.
Progress of the riot
Many historians write about mass torture and executions of Streltsy, including with the personal participation of Tsar Peter I. .
Russian historian Nikolai Kostomarov describes the executions of the archers and members of their families as follows:
Tortures took place again; they tortured, among other things, various Streltsy wives, and from October 11 to 21, there were daily executions in Moscow; four had their arms and legs broken with wheels on Red Square, others had their heads cut off; most were hanged. So 772 people died, of which on October 17, 109 people had their heads cut off in the village of Preobrazhenskoe. The boyars and duma people were doing this, on the orders of the tsar, and the tsar himself, sitting on a horse, looked at this spectacle. On different days, 195 people were hanged near the Novodevichy Convent right in front of the cells of Princess Sophia, and three of them, hanging right under the windows, were given paper in the form of petitions. The last executions of the archers were carried out in February 1699.
According to the Russian historian Solovyov, the executions took place as follows:
On September 30, the first execution took place: the archers, numbering 201 people, were taken from Preobrazhenskoye in carts to the Pokrovsky Gate; in each cart there were two people sitting and holding a lighted candle in their hand; wives, mothers, and children ran behind the carts with terrible screams. At the Pokrovsky Gate, in the presence of the Tsar himself, a fairy tale was read: “When questioned and tortured, everyone said that they had to come to Moscow, and in Moscow, starting a riot, beat the boyars and ruin the German settlement, and beat the Germans, and outrage the mob, all four the regiments knew and intended. And for this theft, the great sovereign ordered that you be executed by death.” After reading the tale, the convicts were taken to the designated places to carry out executions; but five, it is said in the case, had their heads cut off in Preobrazhenskoe; Reliable witnesses explain this strangeness to us: Peter himself cut off the heads of these five archers with his own hands.
The Austrian diplomat Johann Korb, who was present at the executions, gives the following description:
This execution differs sharply from the previous ones; it was accomplished in a very different and almost incredible way: 330 people at a time, brought out together under the fatal blow of the ax, doused the entire valley, albeit Russian, but with criminal blood; this enormous execution could be carried out only because all the boyars, senators of the kingdom, duma and clerks, who were members of the council that met on the occasion of the Streltsy rebellion, were, by royal command, called to Preobrazhenskoye, where they were supposed to take up the work of executioners. Each of them struck the wrong blow, because the hand trembled while performing an unusual task; Of all the boyars, extremely clumsy executioners, one boyar distinguished himself with a particularly unsuccessful blow: without hitting the condemned man’s neck, the boyar hit him on the back; the archer, cut almost into two parts in this way, would have suffered unbearable torment if Aleksashka, deftly using an ax, had not hastened to cut off the unfortunate man’s head...
Executions of Streltsy in fine art
These events were depicted in the famous painting “The Morning of the Streltsy Execution” by Vasily Surikov, which was painted in 1881. There is a lot of red in the painting, which symbolizes the color of spilled blood.
see also
Notes
Literature
- Alexander Moutchnik (2006): Der “Strelitzen-Aufstand” von 1698, in: Volksaufstände in Russland. Von der Zeit der Wirren bis zur “Grünen Revolution” gegen die Sowjetherrschaft, ed. by Heinz-Dietrich Löwe (=Forschungen zur osteuropäischen Geschichte, Bd. 65), Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 163-196.
Links
- On October 10, 1698, the execution of the rebel archers by Peter I began
- Boris Bashilov. History of Russian Freemasonry.// The beginning of the defeat of national Rus'
- Kostomarov N. History of Russia in the biographies of its most important figures.// Chapter 13. Princess Sophia
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
See what the “Streltsy riot of 1698” is in other dictionaries:
This term has other meanings, see Streletsky revolt. Streltsy revolt of 1682 (Moscow Troubles, Khovanshchina) a revolt of the Moscow Streltsy, as a result of which power was transferred to Princess Sofia. Contents 1 Prerequisites for the revolt... Wikipedia - Streletsky revolt of 1682 (Moscow Troubles, Khovanshchina) a revolt of the Moscow Streltsy, as a result of which power was transferred to Princess Sofia. Contents 1 Prerequisites for the riot 2 The beginning of the riot 3 Khovanshchina ... Wikipedia
Vasily Perov “The Court of Pugachev” (1879), Russian Museum, St. Petersburg Peasant War of 1773-1775 (Pugachevschina, Pugachev uprising, Pugachev rebellion) uprising of the Yaik Cossacks, which grew into a full-scale peasant war under ... ... Wikipedia
Zazeya uprising Date January 4 February 1, 1924 Place Far East of Russia Cause ... Wikipedia
Copper riot. 1662. (Ernest Lissner, 1938). Copper riot that happened in Moscow on July 25 (... Wikipedia
Victims of the Lena execution (apparently, the photographs were taken by the station master of the Gromovsky mines, seized by captain Treshchenkov, but were saved and ended up in print) Lena execution tragic events of April 17 (4), 1912 ... Wikipedia
Source - Wikipedia
The Streltsy revolt of 1698 was an uprising of the Moscow Streltsy regiments, according to the official version, caused by the hardships of serving in border towns, grueling campaigns and oppression by colonels.
In March 1698, urgently summoned by Princess Sofia Alekseevna, 175 archers from 4 archery regiments who participated in the Azov campaigns of Peter I of 1695-1696 appeared in Moscow. Sofya Alekseevna claimed that Peter I was not her brother, which means that during his 2-year departure to Europe a substitution occurred. The archers, left in Azov as a garrison, instead of the expected return to Moscow in 1697, were sent to Velikiye Luki. But they arrived without permission, to protect the princess.
An attempt by the Moscow authorities to arrest their petitioners for conspiracy in Moscow failed. The Sagittarius took refuge in the settlements and established contact with Princess Sofia Alekseevna, who was imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent; On April 4, 1698, soldiers of the Semenovsky regiment were sent against the Streltsy, who, with the assistance of the townspeople, “knocked out” the rebellious Streltsy from the capital. The archers returned to their regiments, where fermentation began.
On June 6, the archers removed their commanders, elected 4 electors in each regiment and headed towards Moscow. The rebels (2,200 people) intended to enthrone Princess Sophia or, in case of her refusal, V.V. Golitsyn, who was in exile.
The government sent the Preobrazhensky, Semenovsky, Lefortovo and Butyrsky regiments (about 4,000 people) and noble cavalry under the command of A. S. Shein, General P. Gordon and Lieutenant General Prince I. M. Koltsov-Mosalsky against the archers.
On June 14, after a review on the Khodynka River, the regiments set out from Moscow. On June 17, ahead of the archers, A.I. Repnin occupied the New Jerusalem (Resurrection) Monastery. On June 18, 40 versts west of Moscow, the rebels were defeated.
Participating in the battle at the Resurrection Monastery on behalf of the Government were:
Butyrsky Regiment - General P. Gordon
"battalion" of the Preobrazhensky Regiment - Major Nikolai von Salm
“battalion” (6 companies) of the Semenovsky regiment - Colonel I. I. Angler
Lefortovo Regiment - Colonel Yu. S. Lim
artillery under the command of Colonel de Grage (Grange)
On the morning of June 18, Gordon, taking with him six petitioners, went to the rebel camp and invited them to gather to listen to the will of the commander of the Great Regiment, in the name of the Tsar's Majesty. He was surrounded by about 200 people. But persuasion with words was in vain... Gordon with all his rhetoric failed...
...boyar Shein once again tried to persuade the rebels and sent Lieutenant General Koltsov-Mosalsky and the nobles who were with him to them. But this attempt once again convinced Shein of the futility of negotiating with crowds of daring intruders, and he decided to open fire from the guns, at first only out of fear. Gordon ordered the guns to be loaded and fired a salvo of 25 guns: all the cannonballs flew over the heads of the archers (Gordon). (Korb’s first salvo was fired with blank charges). The archers, not seeing anyone killed or wounded, raised a frantic cry, threw their caps up, shook their banners and opened fire from their cannons (four) and rifles, from which several soldiers were wounded. The second salvo from the cannons aimed at the archers caused great turmoil among them... The third salvo was no less successful... When the fourth salvo of artillery, skillfully directed by Colonel de Graguet, fired, the rebels wavered: some fled, others, kneeling, prayed for mercy. Gordon hastened to take advantage of the panic of the riflemen and occupied the almost deserted rebel camp with two battalions.
The battle lasted about an hour... The defeated rebels unquestioningly laid down their weapons...
- P. O. Bobrovsky. History of the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment. Volume 1. - St. Petersburg. 1900.
On June 22 and 28, by order of Shein, 56 “fugitives” of the riot were hanged, and on July 2, another 74 “fugitives” to Moscow were hanged. 140 people were whipped and exiled, 1965 people were sent to cities and monasteries.
Peter I, who urgently returned from abroad on August 25, 1698, headed a new investigation (the “great search”). In Moscow, executions began on October 10, 1698. In total, about 2,000 archers were executed, 601 (mostly minors) were whipped, branded and exiled. Peter I personally cut off the heads of five archers. Many historians write about mass torture and executions of Streltsy, including with the personal participation of Tsar Peter I.
The bodies of the executed archers remained for a long time at the places where they were executed, and only at the end of February 1699 they were ordered to be buried near the roads leading from Moscow. By special decree of Peter, stone tetrahedral “pillars” with reinforced cast-iron slabs on each side were erected on Red Square and near the graves. The text of the sentence to the archers was stamped on them, which was read out before the executions, listing their crimes.
The yard positions of the archers in Moscow were distributed, the buildings were sold. The investigation and executions continued until 1707. At the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century. 16 Streltsy regiments that did not participate in the uprising were disbanded, and the Streltsy with their families were expelled from Moscow to other cities and registered as posads.
