Non-state educational institution

additional professional education

"Center for Social and Humanitarian Education"

ABSTRACT

Modern education system in the Russian Federation

Tyunina Elena Vladimirovna

Professional retraining program

"Education and Pedagogy"

Head: Larionova I.E.

Teacher of the highest category

The work was approved for protection “__”____2015.

Grade: ____________________________

Kazan, 2016

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

The abstract examines the modern education system in the Russian Federation, as well as existing problems and methods for solving them, and touches on an innovative approach to learning. This makes this work interesting and relevant.

Object of study: education system in the Russian Federation

Purpose of the study: Based on legislative acts, analyze the education system of the Russian Federation.

Research objectives:

Identify the main features of the education system of the Russian Federation;

Identify the main problems of education in Russia and possible ways to overcome them;

Consider innovations in the education system of the Russian Federation;

Based on the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of education, formulate the principles of educational policy, as well as priority goals and directions for the development of the education system;

In the process of developing this work, the following methods were used: document analysis, statistical analysis, system analysis, comparison.

1.1 Education system in the Russian Federation:

The Federal Law “On Education” offers the following definition: “Education is a single, purposeful process of education and training, which is a socially significant benefit and carried out in the interests of the individual, family, society and the state, as well as the totality of acquired knowledge, skills, values, experience activities and competencies of a certain volume and complexity for the purpose of intellectual, spiritual, moral, creative, physical and (or) professional development of a person, satisfying his educational needs and interests. According to the Constitution of our country, every citizen of the Russian Federation has the right to free education, regardless of his racial and religious affiliation.

In accordance with the above Federal Law withThe education system includes the following elements:

1) federal state educational standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs of various types, levels and (or) orientations;

2) organizations carrying out educational activities, teaching staff, students and parents (legal representatives) of minor students;

3) federal state bodies and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, exercising public administration in the field of education, and local government bodies, exercising management in the field of education, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them;

4) organizations providing educational activities, assessing the quality of education;

5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

In the Russian Federation, education is divided into general, vocational, and additional education. Vocational training is also highlighted, which provides the opportunity to realize the right to education throughout life (lifelong education).

General education and vocational education are implemented by levels. The following levels of general education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) preschool education;

2) primary general education;

3) basic general education;

4) secondary general education.

5. The following levels of professional education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) secondary vocational education;

2) higher education - bachelor's degree;

3) higher education - specialty, master's degree;

4) higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Additional education includes such subtypes as additional education for children and adults and additional vocational education.

1.2 Principles of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of education

Education today is one of the means of solving the most important problems not only of society as a whole, but also of individual individuals. As in any state, in Russia the nature of the education system is determined by the socio-economic and political system, as well as cultural, historical and national characteristics. Society's requirements for education are formulated by a system of principles of state educational policy. Its goal is to create favorable conditions for citizens to realize their rights to education, meeting the needs of the economy and civil society.

Public policyand legal regulation of relations in the field of education are based on the followingprinciples :

1) recognition of the priority of education;

2) ensuring the right of every person to education, non-discrimination in the field of education;

3) the humanistic nature of education, the priority of human life and health, individual rights and freedoms, free personal development, education of mutual respect, hard work, citizenship, patriotism, responsibility, legal culture, respect for nature and the environment, rational use of natural resources;

4) the unity of the educational space on the territory of the Russian Federation, the protection and development of ethnocultural characteristics and traditions of the peoples of the Russian Federation in the conditions of a multinational state;

5) creation of favorable conditions for the integration of the education system of the Russian Federation with the education systems of other states on an equal and mutually beneficial basis;

6) the secular nature of education in state and municipal organizations carrying out educational activities;

7) freedom of choice to receive education according to the inclinations and needs of a person, creating conditions for the self-realization of each person, the free development of his abilities, including the right to choose forms of education, forms of training, organizations carrying out educational activities, the direction of education within the limits provided by the education system, as well as providing teaching staff with freedom to choose forms of teaching, methods of teaching and education;

8) ensuring the right to education throughout life in accordance with the needs of the individual, the adaptability of the education system to the level of training, developmental characteristics, abilities and interests of the person;

9) autonomy of educational organizations, academic rights and freedoms of teaching staff and students provided for by this Federal Law, information openness and public reporting of educational organizations;

10) the democratic nature of education management, ensuring the rights of teaching staff, students, parents (legal representatives) of minor students to participate in the management of educational organizations;

11) inadmissibility of restricting or eliminating competition in the field of education;

12) a combination of state and contractual regulation of relations in the field of education.

Every year, as part of ensuring the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of education, the Government of the Russian Federation submits a report to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on the implementation of state policy in the field of education and publishes it on the official website of the Government of the Russian Federation on the Internet information and telecommunications network.

The fundamental point is the principle of the humanistic nature of education. Accordingly, each child must be recognized as an individual, regardless of his social status, level of development, and so on. These general methodological principles should be concretized through organizational, pedagogical and activity-functional principles.

In general, in the modern world, trends in changing value priorities are becoming increasingly obvious. Among the main criteria for assessing the development of society, education occupies a central place. And the refrain highlights the fundamental recognition of the main criterion of educational reforms: the emerging model of education must have mechanisms for dynamic self-development.

Unfortunately, the traditional mass school still retains an uncreative approach to the acquisition of knowledge. Previously, the purpose of high school was only to provide the student with the minimum set of knowledge necessary for a person in everyday life.

However, modern scientists have proven that any student is capable of creative activity. Consequently, the teacher needs to instill in the child the desire and ability to learn, organize activities in the classroom that would encourage each student to reveal his creative abilities.

Today, the state has a priority goal in the field of education: to ensure the high quality of Russian education in accordance with the changing demands of the population and the long-term goals of the development of Russian society and the economy.

At the same time, the main tasks of the state are:

Formation of a flexible system of continuous professional education, accountable to society, developing human potential, meeting the current and future needs of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation;

Development of infrastructure and organizational and economic mechanisms to ensure the most equal availability of services for preschool, general, and additional education for children;

Modernization of educational programs in the systems of preschool, general and additional education of children, aimed at achieving modern quality of educational results and socialization results;

Creation of a modern system for assessing the quality of education based on the principles of openness, objectivity, transparency, public and professional participation.

The new education system is focused on entering the global educational space. The dominant trend of our time is the integration of national education systems. Today Russia actively participates in many international projects and is involved in the exchange of students and teaching staff.

The system of relations between the educational institution and religious institutions is being transformed. Theological faculties and Sunday schools are being opened, and additional programs are being implemented in secondary schools with the consent of parents and teaching staff.

Radical changes in the Russian education system affect all its elements and links. Thus, at the beginning of the new millennium, a project of state final certification (general state exam) for graduates of 9th grade and a unified state exam for graduates of 11th grade was launched. Despite all the controversy and controversy surrounding the Unified State Exam, it should be noted that this form of examination brings the Russian education system closer to the European one. In addition, if you obtain the required number of points, the Unified State Exam allows you to enter any university, in some cases without additional entrance exams.

Another key change in the education system of the Russian Federation is the testing of alternatives to state educational institutions (for example, private), variable forms of education (gymnasiums, lyceums, colleges, specialized classes, etc.). At all levels - from kindergartens to universities - paid education operates in parallel with the free education system. The state ensures that budget financing of educational institutions and projects is transparent, controlled, and that tuition payments for each student from the budget are made individually. Attracting investment in the education sector is acquiring the status of state policy.

In short, there is a direct connection between education and the political sphere. The activities of educational institutions directly depend on it. The principles of state policy in the field of education are based on constitutional norms, being basic not only for the preparation of legal legislative acts, but also for direct implementation in individual educational institutions.

1.3 Current problems in the field of education and ways to overcome them

The fate of any state directly depends on the state of the education system. If the state strives for development, the leadership of any country should set the development of literacy and education of the population as a priority goal and task.

The modern education system is going through quite difficult times. The Soviet school is being destroyed and European trends are taking its place. Sometimes the introduction of innovations occurs on unprepared soil, or innovations are not adapted to the Russian mentality. This often leads to all sorts of difficulties. Currently, the following problems can be identified in the Russian education system:

Crisis of the old education system.

Excessive theoretical orientation of education.

Lack of proper funding;

Low level of connection between stages of education;

Corruption;

Let's look at each of these problems and possible or practical ways to solve them in more detail.

Thus, when studying the problem of the crisis of the previous education system, in higher education a solution was found in the transition to a bachelor's and master's degree system. But secondary schools and vocational schools remained unattended. The recently issued law on education is intended to solve this problem. Modern society is at a level of development when it is time to move away from learning as memorizing facts. It is necessary to teach children to obtain information, understand it and apply it in practice. And this requires enormous work in preparing not only new textbooks for students and manuals for teachers, but also the teaching staff themselves.

The second problem of education in Russia is its excessive theoretical orientation. By educating theoretical scientists, we create a huge shortage of specialized specialists. Having received good theoretical training, few people can apply knowledge in practice. Therefore, after getting a job, new employees experience a serious adaptation associated with the inability to compare their knowledge with practical activities.

The third problem is not unique to education - it is insufficient funding. Lack of funds is the reason for the shortage of personnel in the education system throughout the country. In addition, in order to keep up with the times, it is necessary to introduce new technologies and update outdated equipment. The educational institution does not always have the funds for this. Here the solution is to attract additional sources of financing, including private ones.

The problem that school graduates are beginning to feel especially acutely is the low level of connection between the stages of education. So, now, in order to enter a university, parents often hire a tutor to take the Unified State Exam, since the level of requirements that were presented at school and the level required to study at a university are strikingly different from each other.

Of course, we cannot ignore such a problem as corruption. You can find many advertisements for the sale of higher education diplomas on the Internet. Corruption can also include money extortion at school, bribes for exams (tests), and theft of funds from the budget. However, at present, the Russian Prosecutor’s Office has a “hotline” practice, where parents can contact in case of unlawful extortions and bribes, and new laws adopted are designed to toughen punishment for such phenomena. In addition, classrooms in schools where state examinations are held are equipped with a video surveillance system, which also helps eliminate the element of corruption during the examination.

In conclusion of this section, we can note such a problem as the decline in the prestige of vocational schools and technical schools. This leads to a shortage of workers at enterprises and in the service sector. To solve this problem, the Government of the Russian Federation is popularizing “blue-collar” professions by providing certain benefits, social guarantees, and also increasing the level of wages in factories and other enterprises among such specialists.

1.4 Experimental and innovative activities in education

In light of the ongoing modernization of education in Russia, the topic of conducting experimental and innovative activities in the field of education is relevant.

Innovation means introducing something new into the goals, content, methods and forms of teaching and upbringing, and organizing the joint activities of teacher and student. Innovations do not arise on their own, but are the result of scientific research, practical experience of individual teachers and entire teams. In such conditions, the teacher often faces the problem of pedagogical risk. Risk implies the experimental use of any technologies that are not widely used in practice, but, nevertheless, in theory, are promising from the point of view of learning.

In understanding the essence of these two concepts lie two main problems of modern pedagogy: the problem of studying, generalizing and disseminating advanced pedagogical experience and the problem of introducing the achievements of innovative teachers. Thus, innovation and pedagogical risk should lie in the plane of combining two interrelated phenomena, usually considered separately, i.e. the result of their synthesis should be new knowledge that allows the teacher to use innovations in everyday practice, calculating the possible consequences.

In order to determine the main goals and objectives of introducing innovative technologies in the field of education, you should refer to Article 20 of the Federal Law “On Education”. This article reads: “Experimental and innovative activities in the field of education are carried out in order to ensure the modernization and development of the education system, taking into account the main directions of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, the implementation of priority directions of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of education. Experimental activities are aimed at developing, testing and introducing new educational technologies<...>. Innovative activities are focused on improving scientific-pedagogical, educational-methodological, organizational, legal, financial-economic, personnel, material and technical support of the education system and are carried out in the form of the implementation of innovative projects and programs by organizations carrying out educational activities and others operating in the field of education organizations, as well as their associations. When implementing an innovative project or program, the rights and legitimate interests of participants in educational relations must be ensured, the provision and receipt of education, the level and quality of which cannot be lower than the requirements established by the federal state educational standard, federal state requirements, and educational standards.

Today, there are a huge number of methods, programs and methods that allow you to work with all categories of children, using the latest developments in the technological sector, original exercises, authentic, modern and interesting audio and video materials, as well as interactive learning tools. But the main reason for the constant monotony of life of an ordinary schoolchild is the reluctance to implement them.

CONCLUSION

The Supreme laws of the Russian Federation guarantee every citizen of the Russian Federation the right to receive education. The Russian education system creates conditions for lifelong education through the implementation of basic educational programs and various additional educational programs.

In the modern international world, in order to be successful, you have to adapt to international trends, which naturally leads to various kinds of changes, including in the field of education. Such changes often cause a number of large and small problems to arise. The Law “On Education” is an attempt to solve a number of pressing problems in the modern education system. But for the full development of the nation, it is necessary to take a number of more measures in the field of education.

The main goal of education today is to create conditions for the development of natural personality qualities. Possession of solely a stock of academic knowledge is becoming less and less important as an indicator of the quality of education. The state is faced with the task of not only bringing the level and education system closer to international standards, but also making sure that it fully satisfies the country’s needs for qualified specialists and highly educated citizens.

The new education system is focused on entering the global educational space. The dominant trend of our time is the free movement of resources, people, and ideas across national borders. Today Russia actively participates in many international projects and is involved in the exchange of students and teaching staff. Traditions and norms of world education freely penetrate into our country. The cultural transformation of society is expressed both in globalization, internationalization of culture, and in the desire to preserve its identity. Television, the Internet as a means of audiovisual communication, and the popularization of the English language are erasing boundaries in the cultural space. At the same time, ways to preserve cultural identity are being developed. Harmonization of these multidirectional trends is a condition for sustainable development of the education sector.

At the conclusion of the study

The concept of “education system”

Regardless of the level of economic development, religious views, or political system, the priority task in every state is to create conditions for the harmonious and comprehensive development of its citizens. Responsibility for the implementation of this task rests with the existing education system in a given state.

Most often, the education system is understood as a social institution specially developed by society, which is characterized by an organized system of connections and social norms that correspond to a given specific society, its needs and requirements that it places on a socialized individual. But in order to understand more deeply what the education system is, you first need to analyze each component of this complex and capacious concept.

We should start with what is meant by education in pedagogical science. In the narrow sense of the word, education is the process of acquiring knowledge, training and enlightenment. In a broader sense, education is seen as a special sphere of social life, which creates both external and internal conditions necessary for the harmonious development of an individual in the process of assimilating cultural values, norms, behavior patterns, etc. Education is also understood as a synthesis of the processes of teaching and learning, and also education, self-education, development and socialization. Thus, we can say that education is a multi-level space that is designed to create conditions for the development and self-development of the individual.

Analyzing the concept of “education”, it is worth turning to the definition that was adopted at the 20th session of the UNESCO General Conference: “education is the process and result of improving the abilities and behavior of an individual, as a result of which it achieves social maturity and individual growth.” In addition, education should also be understood as the formation of a person’s spiritual image, which occurs under the influence of moral and spiritual values ​​that are accepted and are the reference in a given particular society. It is also a process of education, self-education and personal development, in which what is important is not so much the amount of knowledge, skills and abilities acquired and acquired by a person, but rather the skillful combination of them with personal qualities and the ability to independently manage one’s knowledge, directing one’s activities towards constant self-development and self-improvement.

As for the system, it is a set of certain elements or components that are in certain relationships and connections with each other, as a result of which a certain integrity, unity is formed. That is why, when considering education from the perspective of the social system, the following definition is most often given: “a network of educational institutions in the country, namely preschool educational institutions, primary and secondary, secondary specialized, higher and postgraduate institutions, as well as out-of-school institutions.” Most often, the education system is understood as a model that unites institutional structures (preschool institutions, schools, universities, colleges, etc.), the main goal of which is to create optimal conditions for teaching students and their learning, as an active activity of subjects of educational process.

Definition

So, the education system is the structure of educational institutions existing on a national scale. This system includes nurseries, kindergartens, primary and secondary educational institutions, specialized and vocational schools, colleges and technical schools, non-school institutions, and higher education institutions. Often the education system also includes various educational institutions for adults (postgraduate education, adult education) and cultural educational institutions.

The basis of the education system is:

• preschool education (nurseries, kindergartens);
• primary (or elementary) education, the duration of which in different countries varies from 5 to 9 years (in our country this level corresponds to a nine-year basic school);
• secondary education, which is provided by schools with a 4-6 year period of study;
• higher education (universities, institutes, academies, higher technical schools, some colleges, etc.), the duration of study in which is 4-6 years, sometimes 7 years.

Features of the educational system

The education system occupies a central place in the pedagogical process, because it not only ensures the transfer of formal knowledge about the surrounding reality and the laws, rules and patterns existing in the surrounding world, but also has a significant impact on the development and formation of a person’s personality. That is why the main educational system is the regulation and direction of communication, activity and interaction of all subjects of the educational process to promote such personal qualities and properties that are necessary for the self-realization of each person at this particular stage of the cultural and historical development of the state and society as a whole.

Any education system, regardless of what time it existed and in what country, has undergone some transformations. But the development of the education system, including that of our country, is always influenced by certain factors, namely:

• the existing level of development of social production and the improvement of its scientific and technical foundations, which causes an increase in requirements for the training (both general education and specialized) of future specialists and the corresponding level of development (material and technical base, pedagogical experience, etc.) of educational institutions institutions of the country. Thus, in countries where the level of economic and technical development is higher, accordingly, the network of specialized educational institutions is larger, and more and more new, improved types of educational institutions are emerging;
• state policy in the field of education, which has a direct impact on the development of all types of educational institutions in the country and on the features of their functioning, as well as the interests of various classes;
• historical experience, national and ethnic characteristics, which are reflected in the field of public education;
• pedagogical factors, among which it is worth highlighting the early education of children, for which preschool educational institutions were created (initially, this was necessary to free women from the hassle of caring for their children during working hours, so that they could take an active part in socially useful work); vocational training to prepare youth for future professional activities.

Each education system has a structure in which 3 large sections can be distinguished (see diagram 1).

Scheme 1. Sections in the structure of the education system

The structural components of the education system presented in the diagram are basic, but if special, vocational and additional education are not taken into account, then the integrity of lifelong education would be destroyed. That is why the structure of education also includes out-of-school educational institutions and postgraduate education.

It should also be noted that the education system is designed to create optimal conditions for preparing young people for work, an adequate perception of the surrounding reality, society and the internal life of the state, which is why the education system also includes:

• educational organizations;
• state educational standards and plans that coordinate the activities of educational institutions;
• controls.

As for existing education management systems, today there are three of them: centralized, decentralized and mixed. These educational management systems are described in more detail in Table 1.

Table 1

Structure of the Russian educational system

The modern education system in Russia is represented by a set of interacting components, among which the following should be mentioned:

• continuous educational programs (various levels, types and directions);
• federal state standards and requirements;
• a network of educational institutions that implement the specified standards, requirements and programs, as well as scientific organizations;
• persons engaged in teaching activities, parents, students, legal representatives of minors, etc.;
• organizations that provide educational activities;
• organizations that monitor the implementation of state standards, requirements, plans and assess the quality of education;
• bodies that carry out management in the field of education, as well as institutions and organizations that are subordinate to them (consultative bodies, advisory bodies, etc.);
• an association of legal entities, as well as public and state-public associations that carry out activities in the field of education.

Today, the Russian education system is rightfully considered one of the best in the world (it is part of the leading group of global educational systems and has not left the world top 10 over the past two decades). It should be noted that if previously the Russian educational system consisted only of state-type educational institutions, today it also includes private and corporate institutions.

The Russian education system is represented by general, vocational, additional and vocational education, which provides the opportunity to realize the human right to receive education throughout his life, that is, to lifelong education. More detailed information about the types and levels of education in Russia is presented in Table 2.

table 2

The education system in the Russian Federation is a complex of training programs regulated by state education standards and educational networks that implement them, consisting of institutions independent from each other, subordinate to supervisory and management bodies.

How it works

The Russian education system is a powerful combination of four cooperating structures.

1. Federal standards and educational requirements that determine the information component of educational programs. There are two types of programs being implemented in the country - general education and specialized, that is, professional. Both types are divided into basic and additional.

The main general education programs include:

• preschool;
• initial;
• basic;
• medium (full).

The main professional programs are divided as follows:

• secondary professional;
• higher professional (bachelor's, specialist's, master's degrees);
• postgraduate vocational training.

The modern education system in Russia involves several forms of education:

• within the walls of classrooms (full-time, part-time (evening), part-time);
• intra-family;
• self-education;
• externship

A combination of the listed educational forms is also allowed.

1. Scientific and educational institutions. They function to implement educational programs.

An educational institution is a structure engaged in the implementation of the educational process, that is, the implementation of one or more training programs. The educational institution also provides maintenance and education for students.

The scheme of the education system in the Russian Federation looks like this:

Educational institutions are:

• state (regional and federal subordination);
• municipal;
• non-state, that is, private.

All of them are legal entities.

Types of educational institutions:

• preschool;
• general education;
• primary, general, higher vocational education and postgraduate vocational education;
• military higher education;
• additional education;
• special and corrective training of sanatorium type.

III. Structures performing management and control functions.

IV. Associations of legal entities, public groups and public-state companies operating in the education system of the Russian Federation.

Structure

Institutions are the main link in the education system of the Russian Federation. Educational institutions conduct educational work according to specially developed plans and sets of rules.

It is impossible to briefly describe the education system in the Russian Federation, since it is diverse and consists of different components. But they are all included in a complex designed at each educational level to carry out the consistent development of individual and professional qualitative indicators of the individual. Educational institutions and all kinds of training form the Russian system of continuous education, which combines the following types of training:

• state,
• additional,
• self-education.

Components

Education programs in the pedagogical system of the Russian Federation are holistic documents developed taking into account:

• Federal State Educational Standards, which account for more than 70% of the content of educational programs;
• national and regional requests.

Federal State Educational Standards - Federal State Educational Standards - contain requirements, compliance with which is mandatory for institutions that have state accreditation.

Vocational education

The development of the education system in Russia cannot be imagined without the full formation of personality, which is achieved by mastering deep knowledge, professional abilities, skills and solid competencies in one or more professions. Reforming vocational education is designed to ensure progress for every student.

The main directions for improving vocational education include:

• strengthening and expanding the material basis of vocational education;
• creation of practice centers at enterprises;
• attracting production professionals to training;
• improving the quality of specialist training.

The modern education system in the Russian Federation implies the expansion of the professional component.

Regulations

The main document regulating the activities of educational institutions is the Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” adopted in 2012. It sets out the attitude towards the learning process and regulates its financial component. Since the education system is at the stage of reform and improvement, new decrees and orders appear from time to time, and the list of regulations is constantly updated, but today it includes:

1. Constitution of the Russian Federation.
2. Target program for the development of education.
3. Federal laws “On higher and postgraduate education”, “On amendments to legislative acts on levels of higher professional education”.
4. Orders of the Ministry of Education and Science “On parent universities and organizations”, “On the implementation of the Bologna program”.
5. Sample provisions on the organization of the educational process.
6. The concept of modernization of the education system in Russia.
7. Resolution “On cooperation with foreign organizations in the field of education.”
8. Model provisions on additional training.

The list also includes laws, regulations, decrees and orders that relate separately to each “floor” of the educational system.

Management of the educational system in the Russian Federation

At the top level is the Ministry of Education and Science, which is engaged in developing the doctrine of the educational sphere and drawing up regulatory documents. Further federal agencies and municipal level performers are located. Local government teams monitor the implementation of issued acts in educational structures.

Any management organization has its own clearly defined powers, which are transferred from the highest level to the lowest level, which does not have the rights to implement certain actions in educational policy. This does not mean delegating the right to finance certain activities without agreement with a higher structure.

Inspection of general compliance with legislative provisions is carried out by the state-public education management system in the Russian Federation. The organizations included in it are mainly concerned with the functioning of schools and monitoring the implementation of the principles:

• a humane and democratic approach to management;
• systematicity and integrity;
• truthfulness and completeness of information.

In order for the policy to be consistent, the country has a system of education authorities at the following levels:

• central;
• non-departmental;
• republican;
• autonomous-regional;
• Autonomous district

Thanks to the combination of centralized and decentralized management, it is possible to ensure that administrators and public organizations work in the interests of collectives. This creates a springboard for the implementation of management regulations without duplication and leads to increased coordination of actions of all departments of the educational system.

The education system includes:

• 1) federal state educational standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs of various types, levels and (or) orientations;
• 2) organizations carrying out educational activities, teaching staff, students and parents (legal representatives) of minor students;
• 3) federal state bodies and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, exercising public administration in the field of education, and local government bodies, exercising management in the field of education, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them;
• 4) organizations providing educational activities, assessing the quality of education;
• 5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

Continuous replenishment, refinement of knowledge, acquisition and comprehension of new information, development of new skills and abilities become the most important prerequisites for increasing a person’s intellectual level, his standard of living, an urgent need for any specialist. The education system includes a number of stages that are discrete in nature, but thanks to continuity, its continuity is ensured.

Continuity allows a person to smoothly transition from one stage of development to the next, from one to the next, higher stage of education.

According to the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”, Russian education is a continuous system of successive levels, at each of which there are state, non-state, municipal educational institutions of different types and types:

• · preschool;
• · general education (primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education);
• · primary vocational education;
• · secondary vocational education;
• · higher professional education;
• · postgraduate professional education;
• · additional adult education;
• · additional education for children;
• · for orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives);
• · special (correctional) (for students, pupils with developmental disabilities);
• · other institutions carrying out the educational process.

Preschool education(nursery, kindergarten). It is not compulsory and usually covers children from 1 year to 6 - 7 years.

Comprehensive school. Education from 7 to 18 years old. There are different types of schools, including special schools with in-depth study of certain subjects and for educating children with developmental disabilities.

• · Elementary education(grades 1 - 4) usually forms part of secondary education, except in small villages and remote areas. Primary school or the first level of general secondary school covers 4 years, with most children entering school at the age of 6 or 7 years.
• · Basic general education (grades 5 - 9). At the age of 10, children graduate from primary school and move on to secondary school, where they study for another 5 years. After completing the 9th grade, they are issued a certificate of general secondary education. With it, they can apply for admission to the 10th grade of a school (lyceum or gymnasium), or enroll, for example, in a technical school.
• · Complete general education (grades 10 - 11). After studying for two more years at school (lyceum or gymnasium), the children take final exams, after which they receive a certificate of complete secondary education.

Professional education. Vocational education is represented by educational institutions of primary, secondary and higher vocational education.

• · Primary vocational education. Such education can be obtained in vocational lyceums or other institutions of primary vocational education after completing the 9th or 11th grades.
• · Secondary vocational education. Institutions of secondary vocational education include various technical schools and colleges. They are accepted there after 9th and 11th grades.
• · Higher professional education.

Higher education is represented by universities, academies and higher institutes. According to the Federal Law of August 22, 1996 No. 125-FZ “On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education,” the following types of higher educational institutions are established in the Russian Federation: university, academy, institute. Graduates of these educational institutions receive either a diploma specialist(duration of study - 5 years), or degree bachelor's(4 years), or master's degree(6 years). Higher education is considered incomplete if the duration of study is at least 2 years.

Postgraduate education system: postgraduate and doctoral studies.

Educational institutions can be paid or free, commercial or non-profit. They can enter into agreements with each other, unite into educational complexes (kindergarten - primary school, lyceum - college - university) and educational and scientific production associations (associations) with the participation of scientific, industrial and other institutions and organizations. Education can be obtained part-time or on-the-job, in the form of family (home) education, as well as external studies.

Preschool education in Russia is designed to ensure the intellectual, personal and physical development of a child from one year to 7 years, strengthening his mental health, developing individual abilities and the necessary correction of developmental deficiencies.

Preschool education is carried out:

• · in preschool educational institutions
• · in general education institutions (pre-school)
• · in institutions of additional education for children (centers and associations for early child development)
• · at home in the family.

The legal and regulatory activities of preschool educational institutions of the Russian Federation are regulated by the Model Regulations on Preschool Educational Institutions. The preschool education system and its educational institutions are designed to meet the needs of the population and families with preschool children for educational services. This is emphasized in the Concept of Preschool Education and proclaimed in the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education” and the Model Regulations on a Preschool Educational Institution. Preschool educational institutions are identified as an independent type of educational institutions and the possibility of their species diversity is determined. The educational program of preschool education is separated as an independent educational program from general education programs. At the same time, the educational programs of preschool and primary general education are continuous. Preschool institutions in Russia are characterized by multifunctionality, diversity, freedom in choosing the priority direction of the educational process, and the use of educational programs.

Since the beginning of 2005, Russian kindergartens have lost funding from the federal budget for the first time in 85 years of their existence as state institutions. Their maintenance is now entirely the responsibility of local authorities. Municipalities have limited ability to maneuver between budget deficits and parents' ability to pay.

From January 1, 2007, as part of measures to improve the demographic situation, parents whose children attend state and municipal kindergartens began to receive such compensation. Compensation in state and municipal institutions is calculated as follows: 20% of the maintenance fee for the first child, 50% for the second child and 70% for the third and subsequent children. The amount of compensation is determined based on the amount of fees actually paid by the parents for the maintenance of the child in the specified institutions.

Economic difficulties in the country have caused a number of negative processes in the functioning of the system of preschool educational institutions. In Russia now more than a third of young families with a child are not provided with preschool institutions. Parents are entrusted with the functions of the first teachers and the responsibility to lay the foundations for the physical, moral and intellectual development of the child’s personality in early childhood.

It is impossible not to point out such a problem as the low wages of preschool education workers, which in turn becomes an obstacle to attracting young specialists to this field.

General secondary school - an educational institution aimed at providing students with systematized knowledge of the fundamentals of science, as well as the relevant skills and abilities that are necessary for further professional training and higher education. Educational institutions providing general secondary education include secondary schools, lyceums and gymnasiums; education in them lasts 11 years. Usually they enter a general education institution at the age of 6 or 7; graduate at 17 or 18 years old.

The academic year begins on September 1 and ends at the end of May or June. There are two main ways to divide the school year.

• Divide by four quarters. Between each quarter there are holidays (“summer”, “autumn”, “winter” and “spring”).
• Divide by three trimester. The trimesters are divided into 5 blocks with a week's vacation between them and a summer vacation between the 3rd and 1st trimesters.

At the end of each quarter or trimester, a final grade is given for all subjects studied, and at the end of each year - an annual grade. If the annual grades are unsatisfactory, the student may be retained for the second year.

At the end of the last grade, as well as at the end of the 9th grade, students take exams in some subjects. Based on the results of these exams and annual assessments, grades are assigned to the matriculation certificate. For those subjects for which there are no exams, an annual grade is included in the certificate.

Most schools have a 6-day work week (closed on Sunday), with 4-7 lessons daily. With this system, lessons are 45 minutes long. It is also possible to study 5 days a week, but with a large number of lessons (up to 9), or with a large number of shorter lessons (35-40 minutes each). Lessons are separated by breaks of 10-20 minutes each. In addition to studying in classes, students do homework (for younger students, there may not be homework at the teacher’s discretion).

Education is compulsory until grade 9; education in grades 10 and 11 is not compulsory for all children. After the 9th grade, the graduate receives a certificate of basic secondary education and can continue his studies at a vocational school (vocational school, vocational lyceums), where, among other things, it is also possible to complete a complete secondary education program, or at a specialized secondary school (technical school, college, a number of schools: medical, pedagogical) where one can receive secondary specialized education and qualifications, as a rule, as a technician or junior engineer, or even start working immediately. After completing the 11th grade, the student receives a certificate of complete secondary education - Certificate of Complete General Education. To enter a higher educational institution, a complete secondary education is usually required: a high school certificate, or a document confirming completion of a secondary vocational school, or a technical school diploma, as well as the result of the Unified State Examination (USE).

Since 2009, the Unified State Exam has acquired the status of mandatory and is the only form of state (final) certification of school graduates.

In the general education system there may also be specialized secondary schools or separate classes (pre-profile and specialized): with in-depth study of a number of subjects - a foreign language, physics and mathematics, chemistry, engineering, biology, etc. They differ from ordinary ones in the additional teaching load in the subjects specializations. Recently, a network of full-day schools has been developing, where children not only receive a general education, but a large amount of extracurricular work is carried out with them, clubs, sections and other associations for additional education of children operate. The school has the right to provide additional educational services to a student only if an Agreement for the provision of additional educational services is concluded with his parents (legal representatives), from the moment of conclusion of such an agreement and for the period of its validity. Additional educational services are provided in excess and cannot be provided in return or as part of the main activity.

In addition to general education schools in Russia, there are also institutions for additional education for children - music, art, sports, etc., which do not solve the problems of general education, but are focused on the goals of developing children's creative potential, their choice of self-determination in life, and profession.

Vocational education implements professional educational programs of primary, secondary and higher vocational education:

• · primary vocational education aims to train skilled workers in all main areas of socially useful activities on the basis of basic general education. For certain professions, it can be based on secondary (complete) general education. Can be obtained from vocational and other schools;
• · secondary vocational education (SVE) - aims to train mid-level specialists, meet the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education on the basis of basic general, secondary (complete) general or primary vocational education.

The following types of secondary specialized educational institutions are established:

• a) technical school - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training;
• b) college - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training.

In other words, technical schools and colleges teach specialties in which secondary vocational education can be obtained in 3 years (in some specialties - in 2 years). At the same time, the college also requires training in advanced training programs (4 years).

· higher professional education - aims to train and retrain specialists at the appropriate level, meet the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education on the basis of secondary (complete) general and secondary vocational education.

In the Russian Federation, there are three types of higher educational institutions in which higher education can be obtained: institute, academy and university.

The Academy is distinguished by a narrower range of specialties; as a rule, they are for one sector of the economy. For example, the Academy of Railway Transport, the Agricultural Academy, the Mining Academy, the Economic Academy, etc.

The university covers a wide range of specialties from different fields. For example, a technical university or a classical university.

Any of these two statuses can be assigned to an educational institution only if it conducts extensive and recognized scientific research at a certain level.

To obtain “institute” status, it is enough for an educational institution to provide training in at least one specialty and conduct scientific activities at its own discretion. However, despite these differences, Russian legislation does not provide any advantages or restrictions for graduates of accredited institutes, academies or universities.

A license gives an educational institution the right to conduct educational activities. A license is a state document authorizing a university (or its branch) to train specialists in the field of higher professional education. The license is issued by the Federal Service for Supervision of Education and Science. Both private and state universities are required to have a license. This document is issued for 5 years. After the license expires, the activities of the university are illegal. The license of a university or branch must have annexes. The appendices to the license indicate all the specialties in which the university or branch has the right to train specialists. If the specialty for which admission of students has been announced is not in the application, then teaching students in this specialty is illegal.

In the Russian Federation, there are various forms of ownership of educational institutions: state (including municipal and federal subjects) and non-state (whose founders are legal entities or individuals). All accredited educational institutions, regardless of their form of ownership, have equal rights to issue state diplomas and deferment from conscription for military service.

Postgraduate professional education provides citizens with the opportunity to improve their level of education, scientific and pedagogical qualifications on the basis of higher professional education.

To obtain it, the following institutes have been created at educational institutions of higher professional education and scientific institutions:

• postgraduate studies;
• doctoral studies;
• residencies;

According to the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”, Russian education is a continuous system of successive levels, at each of which state, non-state, and municipal educational institutions of various types and types operate.

Institutions are the main link in the structure of the education system of the Russian Federation. Educational institutions conduct educational work. It is very difficult to briefly describe the education system in the Russian Federation, since it is diverse and based on different components. Educational institutions and all kinds of training form the Russian system of lifelong education, which combines the following types of training:

State;

Additional;

Self-education.

The education system includes:

1) federal state educational standards and requirements;

2) organizations carrying out educational activities, teaching staff, students and parents (legal representatives) of minor students;

3) federal government bodies and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that carry out public administration in the field of education, and local government bodies;

4) organizations providing educational activities, assessing the quality of education;

5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

Education is divided into general education, vocational education, additional education and vocational training, ensuring the possibility of realizing the right to education throughout life (lifelong education).

3. General education and vocational education are implemented according to educational levels.

The following levels of general education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) preschool education;

2) primary general education;

3) basic general education;

4) secondary general education.

The following levels of professional education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) secondary vocational education;

2) higher education - bachelor's degree;

3) higher education - specialty, master's degree;

4) higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

You can also find the information you are interested in in the scientific search engine Otvety.Online. Use the search form:

More on the topic Article 10. Structure of the education system of the Russian Federation:

1. 7. Education system in Russia. The concept and structure of the educational system of society. Regulatory documents in the field of education.
2. 1. General concept of pedagogical systems in vocational education. The main elements of the pedagogical system: goals of education; content of education; methods, means, organizational forms of training and education.
3. B) CONCEPT AND STRUCTURE OF THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF SOCIETY (EDUCATIONAL STANDARDS, PROGRAMS, SYSTEM OF INSTITUTIONS AND EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT BODIES).