To the question What types of progress do you know? given by the author Caucasian the best answer is It is necessary to distinguish between morphological and biological progress. The latter is expressed in the fact that the number of individuals of a population or species is steadily increasing, the range is expanding, divergence and the formation of new species occur. Biological progress does not always coincide with the morphological one. In other words, good fitness of organisms is not necessarily associated with complex organization.
That is why we now observe the coexistence in ecosystems of organisms of very different levels of organization: bacteria and flowering plants, cyanobacteria and primates.
Embryological studies have made a great contribution to understanding the patterns of macroevolution.
The German naturalist Fritz Müller in the second half of the 19th century, exploring individual development various types crustaceans, discovered that during ontogenesis many animals seem to repeat evolution.
The same observations were made in the study of other species. For example, in the development of a mammalian embryo, one can distinguish a stage at which it resembles a fish - it has gill slits, which then disappear. In the embryo of tailless mammals, in particular humans, a tail is formed at a certain stage, which is then also reduced.
E. Haeckel absolutized these patterns and formulated the biogenetic law, according to which evolution proceeds by adding new stages of development and new characteristics to those already existing in the ancestral organism. However, this law is not universal. Müller already discovered that new characters, leading to a significant deviation from the ancestral form, can appear in the initial stages of ontogenesis. In this case, ontogeny may not reflect phylogeny.
Some confirmation biogenetic law obtained in genetic experiments while studying the development of insects. In particular, it has been shown that the increasing complexity of the organization of invertebrates in the lineage leading to insects is associated with an increase in the number of regulatory genes. New genes arise as a result of duplication of previous ones and their subsequent divergence.
It is not surprising that the embryos different classes vertebrates are more similar to each other in the early stages of development than in later stages. Ontogenesis can be represented as a chain of events, and each subsequent event depends on the previous one. Under these conditions, the slightest deviation in the “trajectory” of ontogenesis initial stages can lead to significant deviation at the end of the path, i.e. in an adult organism. Therefore, the early stages of development are more conservative, since they are more strictly controlled by natural selection.
A comparison of data from the analysis of nucleotide and amino acid sequences with morphological studies revealed a discrepancy in their rates evolutionary changes. Thus, the rates of amino acid substitutions in the proteins of frogs and mammals are not fundamentally different, while the morphological diversity of mammals and frogs is not comparable.
A similar discrepancy is found when comparing the amino acid and nucleotide sequences of humans and great apes. Their morphological differences are so significant that taxonomists have classified them into different families. However, molecular analysis data indicate that their proteins and DNA are 99% identical. In other words, morphological evolution in the phylogenetic line leading to humans occurred with very high speed and was not accompanied by a major change in molecular features.

Are you already familiar with the concept of social dynamics? Society does not stand still, constantly changing directions of its development. Is society really increasing the pace of its development, what is its direction? We’ll look at how to answer it correctly in task 25 after the topic.

“Progress is movement in a circle, but more and more quickly”

This is what the American writer Leonard Levinson thought.

To begin with, let us remember that we already know the concept and it and have also worked on the topic

Let us remember that one of the signs is development, movement. Society is constantly in the process of change; the institutions it needs are developing, making them more complex. Undemanded institutions are dying out. We have already traced the development of the institute

Let's look at others important institutions– let’s present their development and social demand for them in the form of a table:

Social dynamics are expressed in various directions of development of society.

Progress– the progressive development of society, expressed in the complication of the social structure.

Regression– degradation of social structure and public relations (the opposite term to PROGRESS, its antonym).

The concepts of PROGRESS AND REGRESS are very conditional; what is characteristic of the development of one society cannot be acceptable for another. Let us remember that in Ancient Sparta weak newborn boys were simply thrown off the cliff, because they could not become wars. Today this custom looks barbaric to us.

Evolution– gradual development of society (the opposite term to REVOLUTION, its antonym). One of its forms is reform– a change emanating from and changing relationships in one of the spheres (For example, agrarian reform P.A. Stolypin). REVOLUTION in the sense comes from

Social dynamics is the subject of study of one of the sciences about SOCIETY - social. There are two main approaches to the study of society.

According to Marx, every society must go through all stages of development and arrive at (linearity of development). Civilizational approach provides alternative paths for each parallel existence societies with different levels development, which is more consistent modern realities. It is this approach that is most in demand in the context of Unified State Examination tasks.

Let's try to compare three types of societies according to different important parameters in table form:

And we conclude that in historical development There are three main types of society:

Traditional society – historical type of civilization based on both the predominance and

Industrial society – historical type of civilization based on the introduction of the elimination of monarchical political system Middle Ages.

Post-industrial (information) society – a modern type of civilization based on the dominance (of computers in production, the result of the 20th century.

Thus, today we have worked on the following important topics from

• The concept of social progress;
• Multivariate social development(types of societies).

And now PRACTICUM! LET'S CONSOLIDATE THE KNOWLEDGE WE GOT TODAY!

We carry out

exercise 25. What meaning do social scientists put into the concept of “criterion of progress”? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, compose two sentences: one sentence revealing the features of progress, and one sentence containing information about the criterion(s) for determining progress.

First, let's not make the most common mistake associated with this task. What is required from us is not two sentences, but a CONCEPT and 2 SENTENCES (three in total!). So, we remembered the concept of progress - the progressive development of society, its movement forward. Let's choose a synonym for the word criterion - measure, yardstick. Respectively:
The “criterion of progress” is a measure by which the degree of development of society is judged.

1. A feature of progress is its inconsistency; all criteria for progress are subjective.

And, we remember that although the degree of development of a society can be measured in different ways (there are many approaches - the level of development of science, technology and technology, the degree of democracy, a generally accepted single criterion is the humanity of society). So:

2. The universal criterion for determining progress is the degree of humanity of society, the ability to provide maximum conditions for development to each person.

So this is what our response looks like:

25. The “criterion of progress” is a measure by which the degree of development of society is judged.

1. A feature of progress is its inconsistency; all criteria for progress are subjective.
2. The universal criterion for determining progress is the degree of humanity of society, the ability to provide maximum conditions development for every person.

Social (public) progress- the progressive development of society, its rise to higher levels, or levels. This is what it is more developed society, which is aimed at creating conditions for the continued existence of humanity and for free and happy life every person. The concept of social progress is a characteristic or assessment that people give to objective changes occurring in history in the life of society. The basis of assessment is the idea of ​​the ideals to which human society should strive. When changes occur in accordance with ideals, people consider them progressive; otherwise, they say there is no progress. The main criteria of social progress : 1. Preservation of humanity – original and main criterion. Only that which promotes conservation can be progressive. human society. Any activity that threatens the existence of humanity is reactionary. 2. Creation social conditions providing everyone with the opportunity to live freely and happily in accordance with the historically changing universal ideals of truly human existence: freedom and happiness. 3. Man - ch. value of society and progress is only truly progress when it contributes to improving people's lives. Philosophy also offers other criteria for social progress. Thinkers of the past and present associate hopes for a better future with the growth of social wealth and the improvement of people’s well-being, with the overcoming of social injustice, with the rise of culture, the development of reason, education, science, and morality . That. social progress is the development of society, which is aimed at creating conditions for the further existence of humanity and for the free and happy life of every person. IN social research indicators of a country's progress along the path of progress are: 1. Growth of what is produced by society gross product(total per capita); 2. Reducing hunger and poverty in society. 3, Growing needs of people and the degree of their satisfaction. 4. Changing the nature of employment of the population towards reducing unskilled, especially heavy physical labor. 5. Development public education and increasing the level of education of the population. 6. Development of social security and healthcare. 7. Provision civil law and human freedoms. Solving these problems is not an end in itself, but a condition and means of social progress. Social progress multifaceted. The most important components of social progress - technical progress and spiritual progress (involves cultural growth). Progress cannot be imposed by force. To move along the path of progress, people must consciously accept some losses, own conviction. Therefore, progress cannot be artificially prepared or forced. People must be psychologically prepared for it, desire it. To humanity, although at a cost big casualties improve conditions public life

Social progress - the movement of society from simple and backward forms to more advanced and complex ones.

The opposite concept is regression - a return of society to already obsolete, backward forms.

Since progress involves assessing changes in society as positive or negative, it can be understood differently by different researchers, depending on the criteria of progress. These include:

development of productive forces;

development of science and technology;

increasing people's freedom;

improvement of the human mind;

moral development.

Since these criteria do not correspond, and often contradict each other, the ambiguity of social progress appears: progress in some areas of society can lead to regression in others.

In addition, progress has such a feature as inconsistency: any progressive discovery of humanity can turn against itself. For example, the discovery of nuclear energy led to the creation of the nuclear bomb.

P Progress in society can be achieved in various ways:

I .

1) revolution - a violent transition of society from one socio-political system to another, affecting most spheres of life.

Signs of revolution:

a radical change in the existing system;

affects all spheres of public life sharply;

abrupt change.

2) reform - gradual, successive transformations of individual spheres carried out by the authorities.

There are two types of reforms: progressive (beneficial for society) and regressive (having a negative impact).

Signs of reform:

a smooth change that does not affect the basics;

As a rule, it affects only one sphere of society.

II .

1) revolution - sharp, abrupt, unpredictable changes leading to qualitative transformation.

2) evolution - gradual, smooth transformations, predominantly quantitative in nature.

1.17. Multivariate development of society

Society - such a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that it is impossible to unambiguously describe and predict its development. However, in social science several types of classification of the development of societies have developed.

I. Classification of society according to the main factor of production.

1. Traditional (agrarian, pre-industrial) society. The main factor of production is land. The main product is produced in agriculture, extensive technologies dominate, non-economic coercion is widespread, and technology is underdeveloped. The social structure is unchanged, social mobility is practically absent. Religious consciousness determines all spheres of social life.

2. Industrial (industrial) society. The main factor of production is capital. The transition from manual labor to machine labor, from a traditional society to an industrial one - the industrial revolution. Mass industrial production dominates. Science and technology are developing, and they are improving industry. The social structure is changing and the possibility of changing social status appears. Religion fades into the background, individualization of consciousness occurs, and pragmatism and utilitarianism are established.

3. Post-industrial (information) society. The main factor of production is knowledge and information. The service sector and small-scale production dominate. Economic growth is determined by the growth of consumption (“consumer society”). High social mobility, which determines social structure is middle class. Political pluralism, democratic values ​​and the importance of the human person. The importance of spiritual values.

What is progress? Types, forms, examples of progress. Achievements and inconsistencies of progress

The idea of progressive development entered science as a secularized (worldly) version of the Christian belief in providence. The image of the future in biblical stories represented an irreversible, predetermined and sacred process of development of people led divine will. However, the origins of this idea are discovered much earlier. Next, let's look at what progress is, what its purpose and meaning are.

First mentions

Before we talk about what progress is, we should give a brief historical description the emergence and spread of this idea. In particular, in the ancient Greek philosophical tradition there are discussions about improving the existing socio-political structure, which developed from the primitive community and family to ancient polis, i.e. city-states (Aristotle “Politics”, Plato “Laws”). A little later, during the Middle Ages, Bacon tried to apply the concept and concept of progress in the ideological field. In his opinion, knowledge accumulated over time is increasingly enriched and improved. Thus, each next generation is able to see further and better than its predecessors.

What is progress?

This word has Latin roots and translated means “success”, “moving forward”. Progress is a direction of development of a progressive nature. This process is characterized by the transition to the higher from the lower, from the less to the more perfect. The progress of society is a global, world-historical phenomenon. This process involves the ascent of human associations from savagery, primitive states to the heights of civilization. This transition is based on political, legal, moral, ethical, scientific and technical achievements.

Main Components

The above describes what progress is and when they first started talking about this concept. Next, we will analyze its components. During the improvement, the following aspects develop:

• Material. IN in this case we're talking about about the fullest satisfaction of the benefits of all people and the elimination of any technical restrictions for this.
• Social component. Here we are talking about the process of bringing society closer to justice and freedom.
• Scientific. This component reflects the process of continuous, deepening and expanding knowledge of the surrounding world, its development in both the micro and macro spheres, the liberation of knowledge from the boundaries of economic feasibility.

New time

During this period they began to see driving forces progress in natural science. G. Spencer expressed his point of view on the process. In his opinion, progress - both in nature and in society - was subject to a universal evolutionary principle: the continuously increasing complexity of internal functioning and organization. Over time, forms of progress began to be seen in the literature, general history. Art did not go unnoticed either. In different civilizations there was a diversity of social orders, which, in turn, determined different types progress. The so-called “staircase” was formed. At its apex were the most developed and civilized societies of the West. Next on at various levels there were other crops. The distribution depended on the level of development. There was a “Westernization” of the concept. As a result, such types of progress as “American-centrism” and “Eurocentrism” appeared.

Modern times

During this period decisive role was assigned to a person. Weber emphasized the tendency to rationalize the universal character in the management of diverse social processes. Durkheim gave other examples of progress. He talked about the trend social integration through "organic solidarity". It was based on the complementary and mutually beneficial contribution of all participants in society.

Classic concept

The turn of the 19th and 20th centuries is called the “triumph of the idea of ​​development.” At that time, the general belief that scientific and technological progress could guarantee continuous improvement of life was accompanied by a spirit of romantic optimism. In general, there was a classical concept in society. It represented an optimistic idea of ​​the gradual liberation of humanity from fear and ignorance towards ever more refined and high levels civilization. Classic concept was based on the concept of linear irreversible time. Here progress was a positively characterized difference between the present and the future or the past and the present.

Goals and objectives

It was assumed that the described movement would continue continuously not only in the present, but also in the future, despite random deviations. There was a fairly widespread belief among the masses that progress could be maintained at all stages, in every basic structure of society. As a result, everyone would achieve complete prosperity.