Task No. 2138

Read the text and complete tasks 21-24. Home driving force capitalist economy is self-interest: each economic unit strives to do what is most profitable for itself. Entrepreneurs set themselves the goal of maximizing the profits of their companies or, as an option, minimizing their losses. And the owners of material resources (property) are trying to sell or lease these resources for as much as possible high prices. Workers also strive to get the highest possible income (satisfaction) and are looking for a job where the combination wages, social benefits and working conditions would be most suitable for them. In turn, consumers, when buying a certain product, try to purchase it at the lowest price. Consumers are also looking to reduce costs and maximize product utility. In short, capitalism assumes that self-interest shapes the fundamental behavior of various economic units as they exercise their free choices. The motive of personal interest gives direction and order to the functioning of the economy, which without such interest would be extremely chaotic... It is simply amazing what a grandiose scale specialization has assumed in society. The vast majority of consumers do not themselves produce virtually any of the goods and services they consume, and, conversely, consume very little or nothing of what they produce... An assembly line worker who spends 8 hours a day installing glass on Fords. , he himself can own a Honda car. It’s rare that households seriously improve own production the food, shelter or clothing they need. Many farmers sell milk from their farm to a local dairy and buy their butter from the local supermarket. Society has long learned that self-sufficiency breeds inefficiency. A “jack of all trades” may be a very bright personality, but he certainly is not distinguished by high labor productivity. What do the authors call self-interest? How do they determine the personal interests of the owners? various factors production?

(K. McConnell, S. Brew)

Explanation

1) answer to the first question: self-interest is a situation where each economic unit strives to do what is most profitable for itself;

2) personal interests of the owners of various factors of production:

− entrepreneurs set as their goal maximizing the profits of their companies or, as an option, minimizing their losses;

− owners of material resources (property) try to sell or lease these resources at the highest possible prices;

− workers strive to get the highest possible income (satisfaction) and look for a job where the combination of wages, social benefits and working conditions would be most suitable for them.

Elements of the answer can be given in other formulations that are similar in meaning.

Example 1.

The correct answer to the first question is given, the personal interests of the owners of the three factors of production are determined.

Example 2.

Defined economic interests owners of only two factors of production.

Rate this solution in points:

Example 3.

The answer to the first question has not been given (an assessment of the role of personal interest in the economy is given), but the personal interests of the owners of the three factors of production are correctly identified.

Rate this solution in points:

Because vertical mobility is present to varying degrees in every society, and because between the strata there must be some kind of “membranes”, “openings”, “ladders”, “elevators” or “paths” along which individuals are allowed to move up or down from one stratum in another, then it would be legitimate for us to consider the question of what these channels actually are social circulation. The functions of social circulation are performed by various institutions... The most important of these social institutions are... professional organizations... Some of these organizations also play a large role in the vertical movement of individuals. These are scientific, literary, creative institutions and organizations. Since entry into these organizations was relatively free for anyone who showed appropriate abilities, regardless of their social status, then advancement within such institutions was accompanied by general advancement up the social ladder. Many scientists, lawyers, writers, artists, musicians, architects, sculptors, doctors, actors, singers and other creators simple origin rose socially thanks to this channel. The same can be said about representatives of the middle strata who have reached even higher social positions. Among the 829 British geniuses studied by H. Ellis, 71 were sons of unskilled workers who rose to high positions solely through this channel... In the United States, out of 1,000 writers, at least 187 achieved fame through this channel. 4% of the most famous Russian scientists (academics) who have achieved high social status, came from a peasant background. Printing should be mentioned here, especially newspapers, as specific type professional institutes, as an important vertical circulation channel. Currently, the role of the press in this regard has increased significantly. It can provide, at least for a while, an excellent career for any mediocrity, or destroy the career of a person of extraordinary ability. Directly or indirectly, it plays a huge role " social elevator" “Fame” is something without which rapid advancement is now extremely difficult. She often brings fame to empty space, it opens or destroys talent, it can “transform” average abilities into genius ones, and it can strangle a true genius. Therefore those social groups, which control the press, play a large role in social circulation, for it represents one of the noisiest, most efficient and fastest elevators of circulation.

(P. A. Sorokin)

Explanation

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1) the answer to the first question: the ability to “move up or down from one layer to another”;

2) the answer to the second question: the presence/discovery of appropriate abilities, regardless of social status.

1324 7
source: www.vesti.ru

February 11 representatives international project The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) announced the first-ever detection of gravitational waves.

It is believed that dark energy is the driving force that ensures the constant expansion of the Universe. In this case, observing several black hole mergers may suggest its nature. Signal parameters such as wave frequency and amplitude tell a lot about their source. And by comparing the power of the collision, determined using conventional telescopes, with the power of gravitational fluctuations measured by detectors, it is possible to determine how far the event occurred and how much space expanded while the waves flew towards Earth.

“This measure of the effect that dark energy has should be stronger and more reliable than anything we currently use,” says astrophysicist Avi Loeb of Harvard University. “Observations of just a few black hole mergers could change everything, and if there are dozens of them, this will become a new direction in cosmology."

Opening gravitational waves can become a serious test for general theory Albert Einstein's relativity. After all, with their help you can confirm or refute the basic principle theory of equivalence of gravitational and inertial forces, from which it follows that the forces gravitational interaction are proportional to body mass and affect all masses (body different masses) the same.

Scientists can now determine how the strength of gravitational waves decreases as they travel through long distances. And if the force does not decrease as the models predict, it will pose a serious challenge to one of the basic theories of physics.

Another direction in which science can advance thanks to the latest discovery, is the search for traces of the so-called cosmic inflation. According to the inflationary cosmological model, soon after big bang The universe was expanding much faster than in the standard hot universe model.

If, after the success of the LIGO project, new, even more sensitive gravitational detectors appear around the world, they may be able to detect shorter waves that arose during the period of increased expansion of the young Universe. According to the theory, at that time the space was impenetrable to light and electromagnetic radiation, so gravitational fluctuations may be the only “witnesses” of this period.

“We could potentially trace almost all the way back to the Big Bang,” says Dejan Stojkovic of New York University. “LIGO won’t be able to sense such vibrations, but now that we know the waves exist, it will be much easier to convince people invest money in creating other types of detectors."

Finally, gravitational waves may be the long-awaited key to Grand Unification Theories, which assumes that early stage development of the Universe all four fundamental forces- gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak interaction, were united into one force. As the Universe expanded and cooled, the forces separated for reasons that are still unclear. Once again, traces of these events can be found in the future using particularly sensitive detectors.

In any case, the near future promises to be interesting. After all, new studies of gravitational waves can finally prove the correctness of many basic models or, conversely, completely revolutionize our understanding of the Universe.

Interesting article?

1324 7
source: www.vesti.ru

On February 11, representatives of the international project Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory LIGO announced the first-ever registration of gravitational waves.

The discovery of gravitational waves could be a major test of Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. After all, with their help you can confirm or refute the basic principle theory of equivalence of gravitational and inertial forces, from which it follows that the forces of gravitational interaction are proportional to the mass of the body and affect all masses (bodies of different masses) equally.

Scientists can now determine how the strength of gravitational waves decreases as they travel over long distances. And if the force does not decrease as the models predict, it will pose a serious challenge to one of the basic theories of physics.

Another direction in which science can advance thanks to the latest discovery is the search for traces of the so-called cosmic inflation. According to the inflationary cosmological model, shortly after the Big Bang, the Universe expanded much faster than in the standard hot Universe model.

If, after the success of the LIGO project, new, even more sensitive gravitational detectors appear around the world, they may be able to detect shorter waves that arose during the period of increased expansion of the young Universe. According to the theory, at that time space was impenetrable to light and electromagnetic radiation, so gravitational fluctuations may be the only “witnesses” of this period.

Finally, gravitational waves may be the long-awaited key to Grand Unification Theories, which suggests that at the early stage of the development of the Universe, all four fundamental forces - gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak interactions - were combined into one force. As the Universe expanded and cooled, the forces separated for reasons that are still unclear. Once again, traces of these events can be found in the future using particularly sensitive detectors.

Interesting article?

On February 11, representatives of the international project Laser Interferometric Gravitational-Wave Observatory LIGO announced the first in history.

If, after the success of the LIGO project, new, even more sensitive ones appear around the world, they may be able to detect shorter waves that arose during the period of intense expansion of the young Universe. According to the theory, at that time space was impenetrable to light and electromagnetic radiation, so gravitational fluctuations may be the only “witnesses” of this period.

Option 2

Part 2

The answers to tasks 1-24 are a figure (number) or a word (several words), a sequence of numbers (numbers). Write the answer in the answer field in the text of the work, and then transfer it to answer form No. 1 to the right of the task number, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas or other additional characters. Write each letter or number in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form.

Read the text and complete tasks 1-3.

(1) Dark energy is believed to be the driving force that ensures the constant expansion of the Universe. (2) In this case, the observation of several black hole mergers can suggest the nature of the Universe,<...>The frequency and amplitude of the waves reveal a lot about their source. (3) By comparing the power of the collision, determined using conventional telescopes, with the power of gravitational fluctuations measured by detectors, it is possible to determine how far the event occurred and how much space expanded while the waves were traveling towards Earth.

Task 1.

Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information,

1) Scientists have been studying the nature of the Universe for a long time, but it was the observation of the collision and merger of black holes that became a breakthrough in their research activities, confirming many hypotheses.

2) When comparing the power of black hole collisions with the power of gravitational fluctuations, dark energy, which is considered the driving force behind the expansion of the Universe, can suggest the nature of the Universe.

3) The frequency and amplitude of dark energy waves say a lot about black holes, the merger of which can suggest the nature of the Universe if the power of the collision is compared with the power of gravitational oscillations.

4) It is believed that the power of a black hole collision can be determined using conventional telescopes: it is enough to compare it with the power of gravitational oscillations measured by detectors.

5) The frequency and amplitude of the waves tell a lot about their source: in particular, by determining the wavelength, you can understand how far away the event occurred.

Task 2.

Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the second (2) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

despite this,

but

after all

That's why

against,

Task 3.

Read the fragment dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word WAVE. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the second (2) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

Wave, -s, plural. Waves, waves, waves and waves; and.

1. Water shaft formed by oscillation water surface. The sound of the waves. Wave crest. Color sea wave(greenish blue).

2. Oscillatory motion in physical environment, as well as the spread of this movement. Sound in. Transfer to short wave. Air v.

3. transfer, someone or something. About what moves one after another in a multitude at a certain distance; about mass manifestation of something. B. Running, advancing. B. indignation. B. heroism.

4. Gymnastic, dance, etc. element in the form of a deflection, oscillatory movements. Performing waves with gymnastics. In belly dancing. occupies a special place.

Task 4.

In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.

to dryness

mosaic

tamed

tookA

exhaust

Task 5.

One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct lexical error, choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.

Excursion tour along the Circum-Baikal railway takes place on a COMFORTABLE train.

Olympic gold medal- This is perhaps the most DESIRED sports prize. PERSONAL growth- This maximum development abilities, talents of a person, realization of the potential inherent from the moment of birth.

For laser printers to work, a special DYED powder is required. A TEACHING approach to responsibilities does not bring socially significant benefits and deserves condemnation.

Task 6.

In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

pack of PASTA

FIFTY HUNDRED books

more irascible

from BOTH positions

BAKE a pie

Task 7.

Match between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are admitted: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Grammar errors

A) violation of aspect-temporal correlation of verb forms

B) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

B) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech

D) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate

D) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial phrase

Offers

1) A sparkling warm opening in the clouds, reflected in the water and supported by reflections on the ground, is fighting with huge dark and cold clouds and shadows running along the ground.

2) In the picture one can easily distinguish the compositional center to which the main lines of the landscape converged - the outlines of a hillside, the banks of a creek, paths, the boundaries of light and shadow in the meadow.

3) The smell of white carnations, heated by the sun, spread throughout the entire carriage.

4) In an effort to display the play of light on the canvas, Monet applies small, swift strokes, reminiscent of sparkling spots.

5) The artist simply transferred onto the canvas his childhood memories filled with the rustling of waves at the pier, the smells of a noisy port and mother-of-pearl reflections on the water.

6) Drops of either dew or rain began to glisten on the leaves of the hazel tree.

7) Those who visited the artists’ exhibition in Paris remember the scandal that Monet’s painting “Impression” caused. Sunrise".

8) Vincent Van Gogh said that “I want to convey through paintings something comforting, like music.”

9) I. E. Grabar was not only an artist, a master of landscape, still life, portrait, but also an art historian, museum worker, and creator of restoration workshops.

Task 8.

Identify the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

p..gardener

repented

met..orology

climb

measurement

Task 9.

Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.

heater, and... oven

rose..sk, s..zmala

climb..skate, play..

pr..tear, pr..crowded

pr..grandfather, d..added

Task 10.

Write down the word in which the letter E is written in the blank.

scissors

calculated

honored

merciful

extend

Task 11.

Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.

organized..my

built..my (city)

(useful) minerals..my

doubled

hesitate...hesitate

Task 12.

Determine the sentence in which NOT is spelled CONCLUSION with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.

Even (NOT)KNOWING anything about microbiology, ancient people made sure that the land was fertile.

Due to fires that (NOT) COPY year after year, the forest on the mountains was completely destroyed.

I prefer not to deny anything that is (NOT) TESTED from my own experience.

Representatives of the competitive side were (NOT) ANNOUNCEMENT: such a lucrative long-term contract was missed.

Another student response to additional question The examiner was far from (NOT) ACCURATE.

Task 13.

Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.

(IN) EVIL they sometimes respond with good: and (IN) MEETING good, other good will be born. (C) TO THE LEFT, behind the barrier, (AS) LIKE in a giant hole, there is a deserted hall where all postal operations take place, and a glass dome rises above it. The lieutenant, having formed the entire platoon (by) TWO, led us through the forest, (NOT) LOOKING at the approaching twilight.

I was thinking WHAT should I tell my father (C)CONTINUATION of our conversation yesterday.

(B)LATERALLY, when I had the chance (C)NOW to visit Turgenev’s park, I paid attention to large number young trees.

Task 14.

Indicate the number(s) replaced by N.

Throughout the city there are (1) firewood exchanges (2) located on the canals. The firewood brought (3) by water lies stacked (4) on the embankments, from where it is loaded onto carts and transported to homes.

Task 15.

Place punctuation marks. List two sentences that require ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Cold either inhibits the vital functions of the body or forces it to protect itself.

2) The wind swirled the leaves into an autumn carousel and threw them into the windows of the houses.

3) The Agency conducts research in all areas of electronic data transmission and operates listening and interception posts throughout the world.

4) On the site, users can get an answer to a question asked or read about it earlier questions asked and answers.

5) The Emperor was distinguished by his breadth of interests and outlook, and philosophy was his main hobby.

Task 16.

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

The love of the Aborigines for body painting and wearing (1) skillfully made (2) masks (3) used during ceremonies and celebrations (4) testifies to the special role of ornament.

Task 17.

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in the place of which(s) there should be a comma(s).

Task 18.

Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

The first tour of the city (1) with views (2) of which (3) you have long been familiar with from books, albums and postcards (4) leaves the most vivid impressions.

Task 19.

Place all punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

On the eve of the planned departure, I still decided (1) that (2) until I earn enough money to travel to Batum (3) and the owner gives me my freedom (4) I will work and wait.

Read the text and complete tasks 20-25.

(1) Brest Fortress. (2) It is very close to Moscow: the train runs for less than 24 hours. (3) Everyone who visits those parts must come to the fortress.

(4) They don’t speak loudly here: the days of the forty-first year were too deafening and these stones remember too much. (b) Discreet guides accompany groups to the battlefields, and you can go down into the basements of the 333rd regiment, touch bricks melted by flamethrowers, go to the Terespol and Kholm gates, or stand silently under the arches of the former church.

(6) Take your time. (7) Remember. (8) And bow down.

(9) In the museum they will show you weapons that once fired, and soldier’s shoes that someone hastily laced early morning June 22. (10) They will show you the personal belongings of the defenders and tell you how they went crazy with thirst, giving water to children... (11) And you will certainly stop near the banner - the only banner that has been found in the fortress so far. (12) But they are looking for banners.
(13) They are looking because the fortress did not surrender, and the Germans did not capture a single battle banner here.

(14) The fortress did not fall. (15) The fortress bled to death.

(16) Historians do not like legends, but they will certainly tell you about an unknown defender whom the Germans managed to capture only in the tenth month of the war.
(17) On the tenth, in April 1942. (18) This man fought for almost a year. (19) A year of fighting in the unknown, without neighbors to the left and right, without orders and rear support, without shifts and letters from home. (20) Time has not conveyed either his name or title, but we know that it was soviet soldier.

(21) Every year on June 22, the Brest Fortress solemnly and sadly marks the beginning of the war. (22) The surviving defenders arrive, wreaths are laid, and the guard of honor freezes.

(23) Every year on June 22, an old woman arrives in Brest on the earliest train. (24) She is in no hurry to leave the noisy station and has never been to the fortress. (25) It goes out onto the square, where a marble slab hangs at the entrance to the station:

FROM JUNE 22 TO JULY 2, 1941, UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF LIEUTENANT NIKOLAY (last name unknown) AND Sergeant Major PAVL BASNEV, MILITARY SERVANTS AND RAILWAY WORKERS HEROICLY DEFENDED THE STATION.

(26) The old woman reads this inscription all day. (27) Standing next to her, as if on a guard of honor. (28) Leaves. (29) Brings flowers. (30) And again he stands and reads again. (31) Reads one name. (32) Seven letters: "NICHOLAY".

(ZZ) The noisy station lives normal life. (34) Trains come and go, announcers announce that people should not forget their tickets, music thunders, people laugh loudly. (35) And an old woman stands quietly near the marble plaque.

(36) There is no need to explain anything to her: it is not so important where our sons lie.
(37) The only thing that matters is what they fought for.
(According to B.L. Vasiliev*)
* Boris Lvovich Vasiliev (1924-2013) - Russian writer.

Task 20.

Which statements contradict the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

1) Second world war began with the capture of the Brest Fortress.

2) There is no museum in the Brest Fortress where relics of the Great Times are kept Patriotic War: personal belongings of the fortress defenders could not be preserved.

3) An unknown Soviet soldier defended alone Brest Fortress, and only in the tenth month of the war were the Germans able to take it: this happened in April 1942.

4) The old woman comes to Brest every year, but never visits the fortress: she stays at the station.

5) There is no exact data left about the defense of the Brest Fortress: everything is overgrown with legends.

Task 21.

Which of the above statements are they true? Please provide answer numbers.

1. Proposition 12 gives the reason for what is said in sentence 13.

2. Proposition 22 reveals the content of sentence 21.

3. Sentences 26-30 contain narrative.

4. Propositions 33 and 34 are contrasted in content.

5. Sentences 36, 37 present the reasoning.

Task 22.

From sentences 9-13, write down synonyms (synonymous pair).

Task 23.

Among sentences 26-36, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a personal pronoun. Write the intent(s) of this sentence(s).

Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks 20-23.

This excerpt discusses language features text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Insert in place of the gaps (A, B, C, D) the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write down the corresponding number in the table under each letter.

Write down the sequence of numbers in the ANSWER FORM "1 to the right of task number 24, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas and other additional characters.

Write each number in accordance with the samples given in the form.

Task 24.

The author describes the Brest Fortress using a trope such as (A) _____ (“remember these stones” in sentence 4, “the fortress bled to death” in sentence 15). Addressing each of us, B. L. Vasiliev uses syntactic device- (B)_______ (sentences 6-8), sounding like advice from a person who went through a war. Your heart aches when you read about a woman who lost her son in the war, whose experiences the author conveys using techniques such as (B)______ (sentences 21 and 23, 24 and 25) and (D)______________________ (sentences 34 and 35).

List of terms:

1) synonyms

2) opposition

3) epithet

4) personification

5) book vocabulary

6) anaphora

7) one-part sentences

8) rhetorical exclamation

9) colloquial vocabulary

Task 25.

Write a co-chi-non-nie based on the pro-chi-tan-no-th text.

Form and comment on one of the problems posed by the authors of the text (avoid excessive quoting ).

Form the position of the author (storyteller). Write whether you agree or disagree with the author’s point of view about the text. Explain why. Justify your answer, relying primarily on the reader's experience, as well as on knowledge and life experiences (the first two arguments are taken into account).

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

Work written without reference to the pro-read text (not according to the given text) is not evaluated. If the co-representation is a re-said or completely re-written source text without any There were no comments, then such work is rated with zero points.

Write your essay carefully, in legible handwriting.

Answers.

1 - 23 or 32

2 - after all

3 - 2

4 - mosaic

5 - coloring

6 - pasta

7 - 29875

8 - climb

9 - search for mala or syzmalarosisk

10 - renew

11 - under construction

12 - indignant

13 - subsequently again or again subsequently

14 - 12 or 21

15 - 15 or 51

16 - 34 or 43

17 - 1234 or any other sequence of numbers

18 - 14 or 41

19 - 124 or any other sequence of numbers

20 - 125 or any other sequence of numbers

21 - 235 or any other sequence of numbers

22 - banner or banner

23 - 2736 or 3627

24 - 4762

25. Approximate circle problems

1. The problem of memory of the Great Patriotic War. (Why do people keep the memory of the events of 1941-1945?)

2. The problem of the courage of soldiers in war. (What was the courage of the soldiers during the war?)

3. The problem of the strength of parental love. (How strong is a parent's love?)

1. People still remember the events of the Great Patriotic War, because in those years many soldiers died who heroically fought for their Motherland. The creators and visitors of the museums remember, the members of the guard of honor remember, the parents who lost their children remember.

2. The courage of soldiers can be judged by the feats they performed during the war: sacrificing their lives, overcoming hunger and thirst, selflessly defending the Brest Fortress, defending the Brest railway station.

3. Parents are able to love their children so much that even after the death of their sons, they annually come to the place of their death to honor their memory.

Dark energy is believed to be the driving force. Dark energy

On the eve of the planned departure, I still decided (1) that (2) until I earn enough money to travel to Batum (3) and the owner gives me my freedom (4) I will work and wait.