The textbook was written taking into account the state educational standard of the second generation, based on Russian realities and the best foreign and domestic sociology textbooks, is distinguished by its encyclopedic and “multi-layered” presentation, integral solution of educational problems and aims to give the reader solid knowledge of sociology. The history of social ideas, basic concepts, trends and paradigms of sociology, as well as its methods are examined. Particular attention is paid to issues of modern sociology.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface 5
Chapter 1. SOCIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE 7
§ 1.1. Sociology as a science 7
Sociology and other sciences 7
Definitions of the subject of sociology 10
§ 1.2. Development of Sociology 13
Background and socio-philosophical premises of sociology 13
The formation of sociology as a science 18
Classic sociological theories 25
Russian sociological thought 30
Modern sociological theories 40
§ 1.3. Levels of sociological analysis and sociological paradigms 63
Levels of analysis 63
Sociological paradigms 65
§ 1.4. Theoretical approaches in sociology 68
Functionalism 68
Conflict Theory 71
Symbolic interactionism 75
§ 1.5. Sociological research 78
Basic concepts 78
Stages of sociological research 79
Research methods 83
Research Ethics 87
Sociological Perspective 88
Sociological imagination 88
Chapter 2. CULTURE 90
§ 2.1. Definitions of culture 90
§ 2.2. Components of culture 93
Standards 93
Values ​​95
Symbols and language 96
§ 2.3. Culture and Myth 98
Basic theories 98
Ideology 100
§ 2.4. Unity and diversity of cultures 103
Cultural universals 103
Cultural integration 104
Ethnocentrism 105
Cultural relativism 106
Subcultures and countercultures 107
Cultural evolution 108
Chapter 3. SOCIALIZATION 112
§ 3.1. Basics of socialization 112
The importance of socialization 112
Nature and nurture 114
Social communication 116
Defining the situation 121
§ 3.2. Personality 122
Personality characteristics 122
Self 124
Mirror Self Theory 126
The concept of “generalized other” 128
The process of “impression management” 130
§ 3.3. Socialization throughout the life cycle 132
Life cycle in different cultures 132
Childhood 134
Adolescence 136
Early maturity, or youth 138
Middle age or maturity 142
Old age, or old age 144
Death 146
§ 3.4. Resocialization 148
Chapter 4. SOCIAL GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS 149
§ 4.1. Social structure 149
Key Concepts: 149
Social statuses 151
Social roles 152
Groups 155
Institutes 156
Societies 160
§ 4.2. Classification of social groups 163
Social connections 163
Primary and secondary groups 164
Internal and external groups 166
Reference groups 167
§ 4.3. Group dynamics 168
Group size 168
Leadership 170
Social Skimping 171
Social dilemmas 172
Groupthink 173
Conformism 174
§ 4.4. Social organizations 175
Characteristics of the organization 175
Formal organizations 178
Types of formal organizations 179
Bureaucracy 180
Weber's concept of bureaucracy 181
Disadvantages of bureaucracy 183
Management in organizations 186
Informal organizations 191
Chapter 5. DEVIATION AND SOCIAL CONTROL 193
§ 5.1. The nature of deviation 193
Social characteristics of deviation 193
Social control 196
Social effects of deviation 198
§ 5.2. Sociological theories of deviation 201
Study of Deviant Behavior 201
Anomie theory 202
Cultural Transfer Theory 206
Conflict theory 208
Stigma theory 211
§ 5.3. Crime and the justice system 215
Law Enforcement System 215
Crime 219
Drugs and Crime 223
Imprisonment 224
Totalitarian institutions 227
Crime in Russia 228
Chapter 6. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 233
§ 6.1. Models of social stratification 25i
Social differentiation 233
Open and closed stratification systems 234
Dimensions of stratification 235
§ 6.2. Social stratification systems 240
Slavery 240
Castes 242
Clans 244
Classes 245
Gender inequality and social stratification 246
§ 6.3. Theories of social inequality 246
Functionalist theory of stratification 246
Conflict theory of stratification 248
§ 6.4. The class system of modern societies 250
Social classes 250
Stratification of modern Russian society 253
Identification of social classes 257
The meaning of social classes 259
Middle class 260
Poverty in Russia 261
Deprivation 263
§ 6.5. Social mobility 265
Forms of social mobility 265
Social mobility in industrial societies 268
Processes of achieving status 269
Chapter 7. RACIAL, ETHNIC AND GENDER INEQUALITY 271
§ 7.1. Racial and ethnic stratification 271
Races, Ethnicities and Minorities 271
Prejudice and discrimination 274
Dominant group politics 276
Functionalist and conflictological theories 278
National-ethnic composition of Russia 280
§ 7.2. Tender stratification 282
Female minority 282
Gender Roles and Culture 283
Gender self-identification 285
Gender roles in Russia and Western countries 287
Chapter 8. FAMILY 292
§ 8.1. Family structure 292
The role of the family. 292
Family types 294
Forms of marriage 297
Functionalist approach to the family problem 300
Conflictological approach to the problem of family 302
§ 8.2. Marriage and family in Russia and the USA 304
Choosing a partner for marriage 304
Family number of children 307
Parent status 308
Working mothers 309
Violence, child abuse and incest in the family 310
Dynamics of marriages and divorces in Russia 313
Families with a stepfather or mother 315
Caring for the Elderly 317
§ 8.3. Alternative Lifestyles 318
Reasons for diversity of life styles 318
Single life 318
Unregistered couples 319
Families with single parents 321
Chapter 9 RELIGION, EDUCATION AND HEALTH 323
§ 9.1. Religion 323
Sacred and profane 323
Types of Religious Beliefs and Practices 324
Social forms of religious organization 325
Functions of religion 335
Dysfunctions of religion 339
Conflictology and functionalism about religion 339
Reaffirming Tradition: The Islamic Revolution in Iran 342
Changes in the Secular World: Protestant Ethics 343
Revival of religion in Russia 345
Problems of relations between the state and the church in Russia 350
§ 9.2. Education 352
Training and education 352
Functionalist approach to education 353
Conflictology about education 355
Education in modern Russia 357
§ 9.3. Healthcare 367
Functionalist approach to health care 367
Conflictological approach to healthcare 369
Health System 370
Health of the population of Russia 372
CHAPTER 10. HUMAN HABITAT 376
§ 10.1. Ecological environment 376
Ecosystem 376
Effects of Overpopulation 380
§ 10.2. Population 381
World population growth 381
Factors influencing population change 382
Demographic processes in Russia 385
Population structure 390
Malthus and Marx 391
Demographic transition theory 393
Demographic policy 395
Demographic forecast of the world population 397
§ 10.3. Urban environment 400
The origin and evolution of cities 400
Urban growth models 405
Russian cities 408
Chapter 11. SOCIAL CHANGE 413
§ 11.1. Sources of Social Change 413
Social factors of change 413
Approaches to the study of social change. Concepts of Social Progress 416
Modernization 425
Modernization and industrialization 427
Transformation of Societies 428
Social changes in Russia 435
Social Change in Third World Countries 438
World system and globalization processes 441
§ 11.2. Collective behavior 445
Diversity of collective behavior models 445
Prerequisites for collective behavior 451
Explanations of crowd behavior 455
§ 11.3. Social movements 458
Types of Social Movements 458
Social Revolution 460
Terrorism 462
Causes of Social Movements 464
Social problems 466
Conclusion. LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE 469
Changes in the world 469
Multipolar world 470
Russia's place in the world community 474
Dictionary of Special Terms 476
Literature 495

PREFACE .
There are few academic disciplines that touch us as closely as sociology. As a science that studies social organizations and interactions, sociology helps us understand the events around us and the social forces that affect us, focusing attention on those aspects of our social environment that we often ignore, overlook, or take for granted. Sociology equips us with a special form of awareness of reality.

The proposed textbook consistently sets out the principles, laws and patterns of the emergence and functioning of human societies, organized into a system by science, which its founder O. Comte called sociology.

The sociology course aims to give students a fairly complete compendium of knowledge about the specifics of sociology and its laws, isolating it from the entire huge mass of information provided by scientific and educational literature.

The arrangement of the material and the data of sociological research, examples from various areas of social life will allow the reader who does not have special training to get acquainted with a wide range of sociological problems with the least amount of time.

This textbook emphasizes principles rather than details, fundamentals rather than current issues, and selected examples rather than mere recitation of facts.

The structure of the textbook preserves the integrity of the sociology curriculum, which allows, according to the authors, to optimally use it, in particular, when preparing for an exam - to systematize and quickly assimilate the material.

Sociology. Volkov Yu.G., Dobrenkov V.I., Nechipurenko V.N., Popov A.V.

2nd ed., rev. and additional - M.: Gardariki, 2003. - 512 p.

The textbook was written taking into account the state educational standard of the second generation, based on Russian realities and the best foreign and domestic sociology textbooks, is distinguished by its encyclopedic and “multi-layered” presentation, integral solution of educational problems and aims to give the reader solid knowledge of sociology. The history of social ideas, basic concepts, trends and paradigms of sociology, as well as its methods are examined. Particular attention is paid to issues of modern sociology.

Designed for students of higher educational institutions. Of interest to graduate students and university teachers, as well as a wide range of readers.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface 5
Chapter 1. SOCIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE 7
§ 1.1. Sociology as a science 7
Sociology and other sciences 7
Definitions of the subject of sociology 10
§ 1.2. Development of Sociology 13
Background and socio-philosophical premises of sociology 13
The formation of sociology as a science 18
Classic sociological theories 25
Russian sociological thought 30
Modern sociological theories 40
§ 1.3. Levels of sociological analysis and sociological paradigms 63
Levels of analysis 63
Sociological paradigms 65
§ 1.4. Theoretical approaches in sociology 68
Functionalism 68
Conflict Theory 71
Symbolic interactionism 75
§ 1.5. Sociological research 78
Basic concepts 78
Stages of sociological research 79
Research methods 83
Research Ethics 87
Sociological Perspective 88
Sociological imagination 88
Chapter 2. CULTURE 90
§ 2.1. Definitions of culture 90
§ 2.2. Components of culture 93
Standards 93
Values ​​95
Symbols and language 96
§ 2.3. Culture and Myth 98
Basic theories 98
Ideology 100
§ 2.4. Unity and diversity of cultures 103
Cultural universals 103
Cultural integration 104
Ethnocentrism 105
Cultural relativism 106
Subcultures and countercultures 107
Cultural evolution 108
Chapter 3. SOCIALIZATION. . 112
§ 3.1. Basics of socialization 112
The importance of socialization 112
Nature and nurture 114
Social communication 116
Defining the situation 121
§ 3.2. Personality 122
Personality characteristics 122
Self 124
Mirror Self Theory 126
The concept of “generalized other” 128
The process of “impression management” 130
§ 3.3. Socialization throughout the life cycle 132
Life cycle in different cultures 132
Childhood 134
Adolescence 136
Early maturity, or youth 138
Middle age or maturity 142
Old age, or old age 144
Death 146
§ 3.4. Resocialization 148
Chapter 4. SOCIAL GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS 149
§ 4.1. Social structure 149
Key Concepts: 149
Social statuses 151
Social roles 152
Groups 155
Institutes 156
Societies 160
§ 4.2. Classification of social groups 163
Social connections 163
Primary and secondary groups 164
Internal and external groups 166
Reference groups 167
§ 4.3. Group dynamics 168
Group size 168
Leadership 170
Social Skimping 171
Social dilemmas 172
Groupthink 173
Conformism 174
§ 4.4. Social organizations 175
Characteristics of the organization 175
Formal organizations 178
Types of formal organizations 179
Bureaucracy 180
Weber's concept of bureaucracy 181
Disadvantages of bureaucracy 183
Management in organizations 186
Informal organizations 191
Chapter 5. DEVIATION AND SOCIAL CONTROL 193
§ 5.1. The nature of deviation 193
Social characteristics of deviation 193
Social control 196
Social effects of deviation 198
§ 5.2. Sociological theories of deviation 201
Study of Deviant Behavior 201
Anomie theory 202
Cultural Transfer Theory 206
Conflict Theory 208
Stigma theory 211
§ 5.3. Crime and the justice system 215
Law Enforcement System 215
Crime 219
Drugs and Crime 223
Imprisonment 224
Totalitarian institutions 227
Crime in Russia 228
Chapter 6. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 233
§ 6.1. Models of social stratification 25i
Social differentiation 233
Open and closed stratification systems 234
Dimensions of stratification 235
§ 6.2. Social stratification systems 240
Slavery 240
Castes 242
Clans 244
Classes 245
Gender inequality and social stratification 246
§ 6.3. Theories of social inequality 246
Functionalist theory of stratification 246
Conflict theory of stratification 248
§ 6.4. The class system of modern societies 250
Social classes 250
Stratification of modern Russian society 253
Identification of social classes 257
The meaning of social classes 259
Middle class 260
Poverty in Russia 261
Deprivation 263
§ 6.5. Social mobility 265
Forms of social mobility 265
Social mobility in industrial societies 268
Processes of achieving status 269
Chapter 7. RACIAL, ETHNIC, AND GENDER INEQUALITY 271
§ 7.1. Racial and ethnic stratification 271
Races, Ethnicities and Minorities 271
Prejudice and discrimination 274
Dominant group politics 276
Functionalist and conflictological theories 278
National-ethnic composition of Russia 280
§ 7.2. Tender stratification 282
Female minority 282
Gender Roles and Culture 283
Gender self-identification 285
Gender roles in Russia and Western countries 287
Chapter 8. FAMILY 292
§ 8.1. Family structure 292
The role of the family. 292
Family types 294
Forms of marriage 297
Functionalist approach to the family problem 300
Conflictological approach to the problem of family 302
§ 8.2. Marriage and family in Russia and the USA 304
Choosing a partner for marriage 304
Family number of children 307
Parent status 308
Working mothers 309
Violence, child abuse and incest in the family 310
Dynamics of marriages and divorces in Russia 313
Families with a stepfather or mother 315
Caring for the Elderly 317
§ 8.3. Alternative Lifestyles 318
Reasons for diversity of life styles 318
Single life 318
Unregistered couples 319
Families with single parents 321
Chapter 9. RELIGION, EDUCATION AND HEALTH 323
§ 9.1. Religion 323
Sacred and profane 323
Types of Religious Beliefs and Practices 324
Social forms of religious organization 325
Functions of religion 335
Dysfunctions of religion 339
Conflictology and functionalism about religion 339
Reaffirming Tradition: The Islamic Revolution in Iran 342
Changes in the Secular World: Protestant Ethics 343
Revival of religion in Russia 345
Problems of relations between the state and the church in Russia 350
§ 9.2. Education 352
Training and Education 352
Functionalist approach to education 353
Conflictology about education 355
Education in modern Russia 357
§ 9.3. Healthcare 367
Functionalist approach to health care 367
Conflictological approach to healthcare. . .- 369
Health System 370
Health of the population of Russia 372
CHAPTER 10. HUMAN ENVIRONMENT 376
§ 10.1. Ecological environment 376
Ecosystem 376
Effects of Overpopulation 380
§ 10.2. Population 381
World population growth 381
Factors influencing population change 382
Demographic processes in Russia 385
Population structure 390
Malthus and Marx 391
Demographic transition theory 393
Demographic policy 395
Demographic forecast of the world population.... 397
§ 10.3. Urban environment 400
The origin and evolution of cities 400
Urban growth models 405
Russian cities 408
Chapter 11. SOCIAL CHANGE 413
§ 11.1. Sources of Social Change 413
Social factors of change 413
Approaches to the study of social change. Concepts of Social Progress 416
Modernization 425
Modernization and industrialization 427
Transformation of Societies 428
Social changes in Russia 435
Social Change in Third World Countries 438
World system and globalization processes 441
§ 11.2. Collective behavior 445
Diversity of collective behavior models 445
Prerequisites for collective behavior 451
Explanations of crowd behavior 455
§ 11.3. Social movements 458
Types of Social Movements 458
Social Revolution 460
Terrorism 462
Causes of Social Movements 464
Social problems 466
Conclusion. LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE 469
Changes in the world 469
Multipolar world 470
Russia's place in the world community 474
Dictionary of Special Terms 476
Literature 495

The textbook is distinguished by its integral solution of educational problems, motivational structure of the text, modern “multi-layered” presentation, allowing for the consistent and in-depth formation of a thesaurus in the field of sociological knowledge. The content is characterized by the modernity of theoretical approaches and the accessibility of presentation of the most complex subjects of a dynamically developing science, reliance on the Russian sociocultural context in the field of facts and examples, organic inclusion of theoretical achievements of modern Russian sociology in the thematic presentation of the course.
The methodological support of the text was carried out in an innovative manner. The textbook contains lists of references, “portraits” of sociologists, a dictionary of special terms, and mechanisms for “condensed” presentation and reproduction of the text (semantic tables).
Intended for students, graduate students, teachers of higher educational institutions.

The presented book can be classified as a new generation of Russian textbooks. It presents modern sociological knowledge, with all its complexities and subtleties, and at the same time, the form of presentation of the material allows it to be mastered quite easily. You will see that the first topics of the course are presented so simply that beginners will be able to read them with pleasure and complete understanding without losing interest. And the material will entail them, since the text has its own “intrigue”: it not only reveals a system of concepts and provides practical information, but addresses it personally to the reader living in Russia and receiving higher education. Students are also a “social group”, transitioning to a special social state in which knowledge becomes capital, a tool and a professional monopoly.

The third millennium is coming. All over the world, significant changes are taking place in the world of work, information and power. Education is becoming an independent factor of profound social and economic changes. Highly educated people are now not just carriers of the best examples of national culture, but also a special social potential, without which society becomes uncompetitive.
Current students, who will occupy a special position in the future Russian and world society, must be not only professionally trained in their chosen field, but also socially competent people who know the laws of social organization, the development of social changes, and master the basics of competent communication.
This textbook prepares them for this, among other things.

CONTENT
Preface 5
Introduction 9
Why sociology? eleven
TOPIC 1. A very short history of sociology 13
Science that is “indecently young” 14
“Vile empiricists, vulgar scholastics” 14
Dispute in absentia about the “laws of perspective” 15
Two levels of sociological analysis 17
Is it based on solidarity or struggle? 17
Portraits of sociologists 19
(Kont O. - 19, Spencer G. - 20, Lavrov P. - 21, Kistyakovsky B. - 22)
Self-study questions 23
Literature 24
Appendix 1. Materials for the colloquium on Russian sociology 25
Appendix 2. Program for in-depth study of the history of sociology 46
TOPIC 2. Rules of sociological knowledge 54
Classics, modern and postmodern in science 54
Ideas about “subject” and “method” 62
Crises of knowledge and the structure of knowledge 76
Is sociology a science? 81
Portraits of sociologists 82
(Dilthey V. - 82, Durkheim E. - 83, Lappo-Danilevsky A. - 84, Park R. - 84, Wiese L. - 85, Schutz A. - 85, Foucault M. - 86, Berger P. - 87 , Osipov G. - 88, Yadov V. - 88)
Self-study questions 88
Literature 89
Application. Discussion plan “Problems of sociological knowledge” 91
TOPIC 3. Man in a social context 93
Opportunities to “become human” 95
Habitat - social communities 98
Mysteries of the origin of associations 105
What is "society"? 118
Theories of the origin of society 149
Modern society: humanization of the environment 153
Features of modernization in Russia 163
Portraits of sociologists 171
(Gumplowicz L. - 171, Lebon G. - 272, Tarde G. - 272, Kovalevsky M. - 173, Simmel G. - 174, Znaniecki F. - 275, Sorokin P. - 275, Luhmann N. - 176, Bourdieu P. - 177)
Self-study questions 178
Literature 178
Application. Workshop on compiling a sociomatrix 182
TOPIC 4. Production of social structure 183
Organization of "relationships" and "behavior" 183
Institutional structure 185
Social stratification and mobility 191
Study of social disposition 194
Inequality as a source of stratification 198
Inequality as a structural stabilizer 200
The struggle for “fair inequality” 203
“Boiling Universe” of Social Groups 221
Movements in social space 223
Social mobility algorithms 225
What does knowledge of social structure give 227
Portraits of sociologists 230
(Marx K. - 230, Pareto V. - 231, Small A. - 232, Mosca G. - 232, Moreno J. - 232)
Self-study questions 233
Literature 234
Application. Sociodrama “Unequal Marriage” 238
TOPIC 5. Development of social management 241
Crisis of systems and management innovations 242
The mystery of “social management” 246
Security of the social system 286
Security of a “transitive” society 293
Portraits of sociologists 314
(Bakunin M. - 314, Sumner W. - 315, Ward L. - 316, May O"E. - 316, Horkheimer M. - 317, Parsons T. - 318, Adorno T. - 319, Rostow T. - 319 , Bell D. - 320, Zaslavskaya T. - 320, Toffler A. - 321, Dahrendorf R. - 321, Toshchenko Zh. -322)
Self-study questions 322
Literature 323
Application. Conference “Management in the modern world” 328
TOPIC 6. Social identity of the individual 329
Ideas about personality in sociology 330
Macrosociological concepts of personality 332
Microsociological concepts of personality 336
Portraits of sociologists 366
(Mikhailovsky N. - 366, Mead J. - 367, Cooley Ch. - 368, Weber M. - 369, Fromm E. - 370, Merton R. - 370, Kohn I. - 371)
Self-study questions 371
Literature 372
Application. Business game “Friday. Saturday. Sunday" 376
TOPIC 7. Social culture 377
The concept of culture in sociology 378
Civilization progress 379
Universals of culture 381
Interaction of cultures 382
Portraits of sociologists 402
(Danilevsky N. - 402, Mannheim K. - 403, Marcuse G. - 404, Aron R. - 404, Levi-Strauss K. - 405, Shils E. - 405, Luckman T. - 406, Habermas J. - 406 , Davydov Yu. - 407)
Self-study questions 407
Literature 408
Application. Seminar “Culture as a social phenomenon” 413
Dictionary of Special Terms 414

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PREFACE...5
SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE...8
CHAPTER 1. SOCIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE...8
1.1. The subject field of sociology and its terminological specificity. . . 8
1.2. Sociological paradigms...16
1.3. Levels of sociological knowledge and main functions of sociology...22
1.4. Methods of sociological research...26
Questions and tasks...33
Abstract topics...33
CHAPTER 2. SHORT COURSE IN THE HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY...34
2.1. Social and scientific prerequisites for the emergence of sociology...34
2.2. The formation of sociology as a science...38
2.3. Classic sociological theories...42
2.4. Russian sociological thought...47
2.5. Domestic sociology in the era of socialism...55
2.6. Modern foreign sociological theories...66
2.7. The role of sociological congresses and international cooperation in the institutionalization of sociological science...81
Questions and tasks...86
Abstract topics...88
CHAPTER 3. SPECIAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES...89
3.1. Sociology of management...89
3.2. Sociology of security...99
3.3. Sociology of Youth...107
3.4. Conflictology...120
3.5. Ethnosociology...125
Questions and tasks...133
Abstract topics...134
SECTION 2. SOCIETY...135
CHAPTER 4. THEORY OF SOCIETY...135
4.1. The concept and signs of society...135
4.2. Concepts of society...141
Questions and tasks...150
Abstract topics...150
CHAPTER 5. SOCIETY AS A SYSTEM...151
5.1. The concept of a social system...151
5.2. System characteristics of society...153
Questions and tasks...157
Abstract topics...157
CHAPTER 6. TYPES OF SOCIETIES...158
6.1. Principles of the typology of societies...158
6.2. Evolutionary types of societies...164
Questions and tasks...172
Abstract topics...173
CHAPTER 7. IDEOLOGY AND SOCIETY...174
7.1. The concept and essence of ideology...174
7.2. Classification of ideologies...178
7.3. Social functions of ideology...187
Questions and tasks...193
Abstract topics...194
CHAPTER 8. CULTURE AND SOCIETY...195
8.1. The concept of culture in sociology...195
8.2. Basic elements of culture and cultural universals...198
8.3. Youth culture and subculture...203
Questions and tasks...208
Abstract topics...209
R SECTION 3. INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY...210
CHAPTER 9. THE CONCEPT OF PERSONALITY IN SOCIOLOGY...210
9.1. Individual and personality...210
9.2. Personal and social identification...217
Questions and tasks...222
Abstract topics...224
CHAPTER 10. SOCIALIZATION...225
10.1. The concept and process of socialization...225
10.2. Agents of socialization....236
Questions and tasks...245
Abstract topics...246
SECTION 4. SOCIAL INTERACTIONS...247
CHAPTER 10. SOCIAL ACTION...247
11.1. The concept and structure of social action...247
11.2. Social interactions...249
Questions and tasks...254
Abstract topics...254
CHAPTER 12. SOCIAL COMMUNICATION 255
12.1. The concept and content of the process of social communication. . . 255
12.2. Types of social communication...257
Questions and tasks...264
Abstract topics.... 265
CHAPTER 13. SOCIAL BEHAVIOR...266
13.1. The concept of social behavior...266
13.2. Concepts of Human Behavior...267
Questions and tasks...276
Abstract topics...276
SECTION 5. STRUCTURE OF THE SOCIETY AND ITS ELEMENTS...277
CHAPTER 14. SOCIAL STRUCTURE...277
14.1. The concept of social structure...277
14.2. Concepts of social structure...279
Questions and tasks...283
Abstract topics...284
CHAPTER 15. SOCIAL GROUPS 285
15.1. Concept and types of social groups 285
15.2. Dynamic characteristics of social groups 289
15.3. Phenomena of social life associated with group behavior. . 292
Questions and tasks 294
Abstract topics 295
CHAPTER 16. SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS...296
16.1. Concept and structure of organization...296
16.2. Types of organization...301
Questions and tasks...306
Abstract topics...307
CHAPTER 17. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS...308
17.1. The concept of a social institution. Institutional organization of society...308
17.2. Institutionalization and changes in social institutions. . . 312
Questions and tasks...316
Abstract topics...316
CHAPTER 18. SOCIAL ROLE...317
18.1. The concept of social role...317
18.2. Role conflicts and their types...319
Questions and tasks...322
Abstract topics...323
CHAPTER 19. SOCIAL STATUS...324
19.1. The concept and types of social status...324
19.2. Status hierarchy...325
Questions and tasks...328
Abstract topics...329
SECTION 6. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND MOBILITY...330
CHAPTER 20. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION...330
20.1. Concept, origin, theories of social stratification. . . 330
20.2. Systems of social stratification...335
20.3. Modern concepts of social stratification...339
Questions and tasks...346
Abstract topics...347
CHAPTER 21. SOCIAL MOBILITY...349
21.1. The concept and types of social mobility...349
21.2. Channels of social mobility...353
21.3. Concepts of social mobility...357
Assignment questions...359
Abstract topics...359
SECTION 7. SOCIODYNAMICS OF MODERN SOCIETY...361
CHAPTER 22. SOCIAL CHANGES...361
22.1. Society as a dynamic system: basic concepts of social change...361
22.2. Factors of social change...368
22.3. Modernization and models of social change...375
Questions and tasks...381
Abstract topics...382
CHAPTER 23. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS...383
23.1. The concept and criteria for the classification of social movements.... 383
23.2. Theories of social movements...385
23.3. Life cycle of social movements...390
Questions and tasks...392
Abstract topics...393
CHAPTER 24. GLOBALIZATION...394
24.1. Concept and factors of the globalization process: theoretical interpretations...394
24.2. Social consequences of the globalization process 396
Questions and tasks....403
Abstract topics...404
INSTEAD OF CONCLUSION. MODERNITY AND POSTMODERNITY....405
Questions and tasks...411
Abstract topics....412
TESTS...413
GLOSSARY...426
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST...441

The textbook is distinguished by its integral solution of educational problems, motivational structure of the text, and modern “multi-layered” presentation, which makes it possible to consistently and in-depth form a thesaurus in the field of sociological knowledge. The content is characterized by the modernity of theoretical approaches and the accessibility of presentation of the most complex subjects of a dynamically developing science, reliance on the Russian sociocultural context in the field of facts and examples, and the organic inclusion of theoretical achievements of modern Russian sociology in the thematic presentation of the course.
The methodological support of the text was carried out in an innovative manner. The textbook contains lists of references, “portraits” of sociologists, a dictionary of special terms, and mechanisms for “condensed” presentation and reproduction of the text (semantic tables).
Intended for students of higher educational institutions, graduate students, teachers and those who are informally interested in the problems of social structure.

PREFACE 2
INTRODUCTION 4
WHY SOCIOLOGY? 5

TOPIC 1. A VERY SHORT HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY 6
SCIENCE THAT IS “INDECENTLY YOUNG” 6
“VOLE EMPIRICIANS, VILLAIN SCHOLASTICS” 7
DISPUTE IN ABSENTIA ABOUT THE “LAWS OF PERSPECTIVE” 7
TWO LEVELS OF SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 8
IS IT BASED ON SOLIDARITY OR FIGHT? 8
Portraits of sociologists 9
Self-study questions 11
Literature 11
Appendix 1. Materials for the colloquium on Russian sociology 12
Appendix 2. Program for in-depth study of the history of sociology 22

TOPIC 2. RULES OF SOCIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE 26
CLASSICS, MODERN AND POSTMODERN IN SCIENCE 26
CONCEPTS ABOUT “SUBJECT” AND “METHOD” 30
CRISES OF COGNITION AND STRUCTURE OF KNOWLEDGE 38
IS SOCIOLOGY A SCIENCE? 40
Portraits of sociologists 41
Self-study questions 44
Literature 45
Application. Discussion plan “Problems of sociological knowledge” 46

TOPIC 3. MAN IN A SOCIAL CONTEXT 47
OPPORTUNITIES TO “BECOME A HUMAN” 48
HABITAT - SOCIAL COMMUNITIES 49
MYSTERIES OF THE ORIGIN OF ASSOCIATIONS 53
WHAT IS “SOCIETY”? 59
THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN OF SOCIETY 74
MODERN SOCIETY: HUMANIZATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 76
FEATURES OF MODERNIZATION IN RUSSIA 81
Portraits of sociologists 85
Self-study questions 88
Literature 89
Application. Workshop on compiling a sociomatrix 91

TOPIC 4. PRODUCTION OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE 92
ORGANIZATION OF “RELATIONS” AND “BEHAVIOR” 92
INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE 93
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND MOBILITY 96
STUDYING SOCIAL DISPOSITION 97
INEQUALITY AS A SOURCE OF DISTRIBUTION 100
INEQUALITY AS A STABILIZER OF STRUCTURE 100
FIGHT FOR “FAIR INEQUALITY” 102
“BOILING UNIVERSE” OF SOCIAL GROUPS 111
MOVEMENTS IN SOCIAL SPACE 112
SOCIAL MOBILITY ALGORITHMS 113
WHAT KNOWLEDGE OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE GIVES 114
Portraits of sociologists 115
Self-study questions 117
Literature 117
Application. Sociodrama “Unequal Marriage” 121

TOPIC 5. DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL MANAGEMENT 122
SYSTEMS CRISIS AND MANAGERIAL INNOVATIONS 122
THE MYSTERY OF “SOCIAL MANAGEMENT” 124
SECURITY OF THE SOCIAL SYSTEM 144
SECURITY OF A “TRANSITIVE” SOCIETY 148
Portraits of sociologists 159
Self-study questions 163
Literature 163
Application. Conference “Management in the modern world” 167

TOPIC 6. SOCIAL IDENTITY OF A PERSON 167
CONCEPTS OF PERSONALITY IN SOCIOLOGY 168
MACROSOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS OF PERSONALITY 169
MICROSOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS OF PERSONALITY 171
Portraits of sociologists 186
Self-study questions 189
Literature 189
Application. Business game “Friday. Saturday. Sunday" 192

TOPIC 7. SOCIAL CULTURE 193
THE CONCEPT OF CULTURE IN SOCIOLOGY 193
CIVILIZATIONAL PROGRESS 194
UNIVERSALIES OF CULTURE 195
INTERACTION OF CULTURES 195
Portraits of sociologists 205
Self-study questions 208
Literature 208
Application. Seminar “Culture as a social phenomenon” 212

DICTIONARY OF SPECIAL TERMS 213

Format: DOC
Russian language