All members of a sentence, both main and secondary, can be homogeneous. They are usually expressed in words of one part of speech, i.e.

The heat in the large third-class carriage, heated by the sun all day long and full of people, was so suffocating that Nekhlyudov did not go into the carriage, but remained on the brake. But even here there was nothing to breathe, and Nekhlyudov sighed with all his heart only when the carriages rolled out from behind the houses and a draft wind blew. “Yes, they killed,” he repeated to himself the words he said to his sister. And in his imagination, because of all the impressions of that day, the beautiful face of the second dead prisoner with a smiling expression on his lips, a stern expression on his forehead and a small strong ear under a shaved, blue skull arose with extraordinary vividness. “And the worst thing is that he was killed, and no one knows who killed him. And they killed. He was taken away, like all the prisoners, by order of Maslennikov. Maslennikov probably made his usual order, signed a paper with a printed heading in his stupid flourish, and, of course, will certainly not consider himself guilty. The prison doctor who testified the prisoners may even less consider himself guilty. He carefully fulfilled his duty, separated the weak and could not have foreseen either this terrible heat or the fact that they would be led out so late and in such a heap. The caretaker?.. But the caretaker only fulfilled the order to send so many convicts, exiles, men, women on such and such a day. The guard, whose duty was to accept such and such an amount and hand over the same amount there, cannot be to blame either. He led the game as usual and as it should be, and could not in any way foresee that such strong people as the two whom Nekhlyudov saw would not stand it and die. No one is to blame, but people are killed, and still killed by these very people who are not to blame for these deaths. “All this happened,” Nekhlyudov thought, “because all these people—governors, wardens, police officers, policemen—believe that there are situations in the world in which human relations with people are not necessary. After all, all these people - Maslennikov, and the caretaker, and the guard - all of them, if they were not governors, caretakers, officers, would have thought twenty times about whether it was possible to send people in such heat and in such a bunch, they stopped on the way twenty times If they saw that a person was weakening and suffocating, they would take him out of the crowd, bring him into the shade, give him water, let him rest, and when a misfortune happened, they would show compassion. They did not do this, they even prevented others from doing this only because they saw before them not people and their responsibilities to them, but service and its requirements, which they placed above the requirements of human relations. That’s all, thought Nekhlyudov. “If we can admit that anything is more important than the feeling of philanthropy, even for one hour and even in some one, exceptional case, then there is no crime that cannot be committed against people without considering oneself guilty.” Nekhlyudov was so lost in thought that he did not notice how the weather had changed: the sun disappeared behind the leading low, torn cloud, and from the western horizon a solid light gray cloud was approaching, already pouring out there, somewhere far away, over the fields and forests, in a slanting spore rain . The clouds blew damp, rainy air. Occasionally the cloud was cut by lightning, and the roar of thunder mixed with the roar of the carriages more and more often. The cloud became closer and closer, slanting drops of rain, driven by the wind, began to stain the brake pad and Nekhlyudov’s coat. He crossed to the other side and, inhaling the damp freshness and bready smell of the earth that had long been waiting for rain, looked at the running gardens, forests, yellowing fields of rye, still green stripes of oats and black furrows of dark green flowering potatoes. Everything seemed to be covered with varnish: green became greener, yellow became yellower, black became blacker. - More more! - Nekhlyudov said, rejoicing at the fields, orchards, and vegetable gardens coming to life under the beneficial rain. It rained heavily for a short time. The cloud partly poured out, partly swept past, and the last straight, frequent, small drops were falling onto the wet ground. The sun came out again, everything sparkled, and in the east a low but bright rainbow, with a protruding purple color, interrupted only at one end, bent over the horizon. “Yes, what was I thinking? - Nekhlyudov asked himself when all these changes in nature ended and the train descended into a recess with high slopes. “Yes, I thought that all these people: the caretaker, the guards, all these employees, mostly meek, kind people, became evil only because they serve.” He remembered Maslennikov's indifference when he told him about what was happening in the prison, the sternness of the warden, the cruelty of the escort officer when he did not allow him to enter the carts and did not pay attention to the fact that a woman was suffering from childbirth on the train. “All these people were obviously invulnerable, impervious to the simplest feeling of compassion, simply because they served. They, as employees, were impenetrable to the feeling of philanthropy, like this paved earth to rain, thought Nekhlyudov, looking at the slope of the excavation paved with multi-colored stones, along which rainwater was not absorbed into the ground, but oozed out in streams. “Perhaps it is necessary to lay the excavations with stones, but it is sad to look at this land devoid of vegetation, which could give birth to bread, grass, bushes, trees, like those that can be seen at the top of the excavation. It’s the same with people,” thought Nekhlyudov, “maybe these governors, caretakers, policemen are needed, but it’s terrible to see people deprived of the main human quality - love and pity for each other. The whole point is, thought Nekhlyudov, that these people recognize as law that which is not law, and do not recognize as law that which is an eternal, unchangeable, urgent law, written by God himself in the hearts of people. That’s why it’s so hard for me with these people,” thought Nekhlyudov. - I'm just afraid of them. And indeed, these people are terrible. More terrible than robbers. A robber can still feel sorry, but these people cannot feel sorry: they are protected from pity, like these stones from vegetation. This is why they are terrible. They say the Pugachevs and Razins are terrible. These are a thousand times more terrible,” he continued to think. - If a psychological task was given: how to make the people of our time, Christians, humane, simple good people, commit the most terrible atrocities without feeling guilty, then only one solution is possible: it is necessary that it be what it is , it is necessary that these people be governors, caretakers, officers, policemen, that is, that, firstly, they should be sure that there is such a thing called public service, in which you can treat people like things, without humanity, fraternal attitude towards them, and secondly, so that people are bound by this very public service so that responsibility for the consequences of their actions with people does not fall on anyone separately. Outside of these conditions, there is no possibility in our time of committing such terrible deeds as those that I saw today. The whole point is that people think that there are provisions in which one can treat a person without love, but there are no such provisions. Things can be handled without love: you can cut down trees, make bricks, forge iron without love; but people cannot be treated without love, just as bees cannot be treated without caution. This is the nature of bees. If you handle them without care, you will harm them and yourself. It's the same with people. And this cannot be otherwise, because mutual love between people is the fundamental law of human life. It is true that a person cannot force himself to love, just as he can force himself to work, but it does not follow from this that you can treat people without love, especially if you demand something from them. If you don’t feel love for people, sit still, thought Nekhlyudov, turning to himself, take care of yourself, things, whatever you want, but not people. Just as you can eat without harm and with benefit only when you want to eat, so you can treat people with benefit and without harm only when you love. Just allow yourself to treat people without love, as you treated your son-in-law yesterday, and there are no limits to cruelty and brutality towards other people, as I saw today, and there are no limits to suffering for yourself, as I have learned this from my whole life. Yes, yes, that’s so, thought Nekhlyudov. “That’s good, good!” - he repeated to himself, experiencing double pleasure - coolness after the excruciating heat and the consciousness of reaching the highest level of clarity in a question that had long occupied him.

SIMPLE COMPLICATED SENTENCE - a simple sentence in which there are “complicating elements” that express an additional message. Complicating elements are divided into two subtypes. 1- homogeneous members of the sentence and isolated members of the sentence; 2 - words and phrases that are not members of the sentence and are not included in its structure: introductory and inserted constructions, addresses and interjections.

HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS OF A SENTENCE are members of the same name, connected to each other by a coordinating connection and performing the same syntactic function in the sentence. Homogeneous members are connected or can be connected by coordinating conjunctions and are pronounced with the so-called intonation of enumeration. Both the main and secondary members of a sentence can be homogeneous, for example: Meadows, vegetable gardens, fields, and groves have already stretched along the banks. - homogeneous subjects; The arable land is overgrown with strong, tenacious, unpretentious weeds - uniform definitions. Homogeneous members of a sentence can be uncommon and common, that is, they can have explanatory words with them: My horse jumped through the bushes, tore the bushes with its chest. Homogeneous members may have the same morphological expression, but may be morphologically dissimilar: He was always pale, thin, prone to colds, ate little, slept poorly. The presence of homogeneous members of a sentence is not seen when repeating the same words in order to emphasize the duration of the action, the multitude of persons or objects, the enhanced manifestation of a sign, etc., for example: I’m eating, I’m eating in an open field. HOMOGENEOUS DEFINITIONS are each directly related to the word being defined and are in the same relationship to it. Homogeneous definitions are connected with each other by coordinating conjunctions and enumerative intonation or only by enumerative intonation and connecting pauses. Homogeneous definitions are used in two cases: a) to indicate the distinctive features of different objects: Red, green, purple, yellow, blue flowers were collected in a huge bouquet for the sister. b) to designate different signs of the same object: He loved a strong, decisive, firm word.

Definitions are HETEROGENEOUS if the preceding definition does not refer directly to the defined noun, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the defined noun: The sun disappeared behind a leading low torn cloud. HETEROGENEOUS definitions characterize an object from different sides, in different respects, for example: a large leather briefcase (size and material). Homogeneous members specify the content of the concept expressed by the generalizing word, therefore, grammatically they act as clarifying words in relation to the generalizing word: The entire estate consisted of four, namely: an outbuilding, a stable, a barn, a bathhouse. The generalizing word can be in front of homogeneous members or follow them. SEPARATION - semantic and intonation highlighting of minor members in order to give them some independence in the sentence. Isolated members of the sentence contain an element of additional message: He woke up from the stomping of a horse, suddenly bursting out from behind a hillock. Between isolated members and defined words there are so-called semi-predicative relations, as a result of which isolated members in their semantic load and intonation design approach subordinate clauses.

There is also an intonation-semantic emphasis on words that can be not only secondary, but also main members. This is the so-called CLARIFICATION and EXPLANATION.

CLARIFICATION - narrowing the scope of the concept, its limitation: Ahead, near the road, a fire was burning. Most often, the circumstances of place and time, as well as the circumstance of the manner of action, are clarifying: Quietly, with fear, she told him something strange. Definitions often act as clarifying terms: He examined the little high school student in a long overcoat that reached to his toes from all sides. EXPLANATION is a designation in a given context of the same concept by another word or other words. Both minor and main members of a sentence can be explanatory, for example: I only need one thing - to warn you. - the subject is explained; Completely different city sounds were heard outside and inside the apartment - the definition is explained. INTRODUCTORY WORDS AND PHRASES are not grammatically related to the members, are not parts of the sentence and express the speaker’s attitude to the thought being expressed. Introductory words and phrases can refer either to the entire sentence as a whole, or to its individual members: Fortunately, no one noticed me; - . . . Our dilapidated ship sank, fortunately, not in a deep place.

According to the meaning they express, introductory words and combinations are divided into several categories: 1. ASSESSMENT by the speaker of the degree of RELIABILITY of what is being reported: of course, without any doubt, it may be: Mountain air, without any doubt, has a beneficial effect on human health. 2. EMOTIONAL ASSESSMENT of the reported: fortunately, unfortunately, strange thing, etc.: But, as luck would have it, at that time the governor turned up. 3. The connection of thoughts, the SEQUENCE of presentation is indicated by introductory words and phrases: firstly, secondly, etc., on the one hand, on the contrary, however, in particular, in addition, for example: Nikita’s whole life was not a constant holiday, but, on the contrary, it was an unceasing service. 4. INDICATION TO THE SOURCE of the reported: according to, in opinion, in my opinion, from the point of view: According to the captain, the nearest port is two days away.

INSERT CONSTRUCTIONS introduce additional information, incidental comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc. into the main sentence, are usually not syntactically related to the main sentence, do not express the speaker’s attitude to the thought expressed, do not contain an assessment of the message, indications of its source, connection with other messages, etc., plug-in constructions can only be in the middle and, less often, at the end of the main sentence: The father lost his usual firmness, and his (usually silent) grief poured out in bitter complaints. APPEAL can take place at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of a sentence: Sergey Sergeich, is it you! The natural form of expression of address is a noun in the nominative case, which performs a nominative function. In the Old Russian language, for this purpose, the form of the vocative case was used, which in modern language is sometimes used for stylistic purposes: What do you want, elder? Very rarely, the role of address is played by words that name the sign of the person to whom the speech is addressed: Hey, in a white scarf, where can I find the chairman?

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More on topic 23. Specifics of a complicated sentence. Types of complicating structures:

Constructions not included in the structure of the sentence (address, nominative representations, introductory and plug-in constructions, interjections)
31. Types and functions of introductory words. Introductory constructions as rheme actualizers. Methods for isolating introductory structures.
Complex sentences of open and closed structure; homogeneous and heterogeneous composition; with reversible and irreversible parts; these types of structures in their relationship and opposition; distribution of semantic-syntactic types of complex sentences according to these types of structures. Typology of compound sentences

Exercise 227. Rewrite using the necessary punctuation marks.

1. They scold her for everything (Kr.). 2. The Oryol man is short, stooped, gloomy, looks from under his brows (T.)3. I’ll come in and check on you (L.T.). 4. On the street, the workers’ song flowed straight ahead with terrible force (M.G.). 5. Chapaev jumps to the side, pulls out a fairly greasy smoky handkerchief, wipes his happy, cheerful wet face (Furm.).6. The struggle taught cunning, caution, vigilance, courage (Furm.). 7. You could hear the sniffing of the locomotive, the whistles and the switchman's horn (Fad.).8. I’ll go report (Cossack).

For reference: A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence that are not connected by conjunctions. There is no comma:

a) between two verbs in the same form, indicating movement and its purpose or forming a single semantic whole: I’ll go find out, sit down and write, let’s sit and talk, etc.;

b) in stable expressions: we talked about this and that.

Common homogeneous terms, especially if they contain commas, can be separated by a semicolon, for example: The dressed-up pleasure boats for excursions have long been left behind; the station rising out of the water, bubbling with the shudders of trains; floating docks shimmering with the ringing of metal, into which the egg-shaped, slightly flattened hulls of ships were inserted, as if into a box (Fed.).

HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS DEFINITIONS

Exercise 228. Rewrite, placing commas where necessary.

1.1. She (Ya.) innocently surrendered to involuntary, selfless love. 2. Heavy cold clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains (L.). 3. And along with the chilling stream, a slow, dull voice (T.) is carried out from the depths of the building. 4. I will then possess the eternal undoubted truth (T.). 5. He was met by a skinny, hunchbacked old woman with a sharp chin (Ch.). 6. I saw a young, beautiful, kind, intelligent, charming woman (Ch.). 7. It seemed that the muscles had melted from the heat and only thin elastic nerves remained (M.G.). 8. The even monotonous muttering is interrupted (Seraph.). 9. In the chest I found a yellowed hetman’s letter written in Latin (Paust.). 10. Chapaev loved a strong, decisive, firm word (Furm.). 11. Below, the reflection of the city swayed rhythmically in the blue, yellow, and purple spots (Sayan). 12. Moonlight broke through the small ice-covered window (Closed). 13. She really looked like a young white slender flexible birch (Field.). 14. The trained, cheerful, determined ones moved into battle

young people who were burning with the desire to prevent the enemy from approaching the great city (Trans.). 15. Our friendship is forever sealed with the blood of righteous scarlet (Oshan.). 16. Not long ago in this area there were low wooden houses, but now there are tall stone ones.

II. 1. Loud laughter filled the snowy surrounding fields (Ax.). 2. An old black silk scarf wrapped around the huge neck of the Wild Master (T.). 3. Alyosha handed him a small folding round mirror (Dost.). 4. The sun disappeared behind the leading low torn cloud (L.T.). 5. The snowdrifts were covered with a thin ice crust (Ch.). 6. The July endless steppe nights are dark (Seraph.). 1. Can you imagine a nasty southern county town? (Cupr.).8. Fedora was brought to a smart black stallion (Furm.). 9. The early harsh winter dawn appeared through the deathly haze (Fad.). 10. Give me another interesting book.

Reference.

1. Definitions are homogeneous if:

a) indicate the distinctive features of different objects, for example: Red, green, purple, yellow, blue sheets of light fall on passers-by, slide along facades (Cat.);

b) indicate various signs of the same object, characterizing it on one side, for example: Everything was sleeping in a sound, motionless, healthy sleep (T.).

Each of the homogeneous definitions directly relates to the noun being defined; You can insert a coordinating conjunction between homogeneous definitions. Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object from different sides, being united in context by some common feature (appearance, similarity of the impression made, causal connection, etc.), for example: Her sweet, hard, red lips were still wrinkled , as before, at the sight of him with uncontrollable joy (L. T.); One small, golden cloud melted in the sky (M.G.) (appearance); Wed also: spring, morning, thin ice (the general sign is “weak, fragile”); red, inflamed eyelids (“red because they are inflamed”); moonlit, clear night (“moonlit, and therefore clear”).
As a rule, artistic definitions (epithets) are homogeneous, for example: The old woman closed her leaden, extinct eyes (M. G.); Some grasshoppers are chattering together, and this incessant, sour and dry sound is tiring (T.).

Definitions are homogeneous if synonymous relations are created between them in the context, for example: Dark, difficult days have come (T.).

Definitions are homogeneous if they form a semantic gradation (each subsequent definition strengthens the characteristic they denote), for example: A joyful, festive, radiant mood was bursting, and the uniform seemed to become tight (Seraph.).

Usually homogeneous are a single definition and the following definition, expressed in a participial phrase, for example: That was the first joy of discovery, not clouded by any fears (Gran.); His black, uncovered head kept flashing in the bushes (T.); It was somehow really sad in this small garden, already touched by late autumn (Hump.); In the Collective Farmer's House, a fast, city-dressed man looked at her ID... (Nikol.).

As a rule, agreed upon definitions that appear after the word being defined are homogeneous, for example: Along a winter, boring road, three greyhounds are running (P.). Deviations from the rule are found in poetic speech, for example: Hello, blue autumn days... (Bruce.). Also in some combinations of a terminological nature, for example: black cloth trousers, late-ripening winter pear, thin-walled electric-welded stainless steel pipes,

Homogeneous definitions are those that are contrasted with a combination of other definitions for the same defined word, for example: This bottle contains simple, black ink, and that bottle contains chemical, purple ink.

2. Definitions are heterogeneous if the preceding one does not directly refer to the defined noun, but to the combination of the subsequent definition and this noun, for example: There was an old hanging wall clock in the office (L.T.). Heterogeneous definitions characterize the object from different sides, in different respects, for example: In the corner of the living room there was a pot-bellied walnut bureau (G.). - form and material; White round clouds (T.) quietly float and quietly pass like magical underwater islands - color; We lived in the basement of a large stone house (M. G.) - size and material; Once upon a time, I had the opportunity to sail along a gloomy Siberian river (Kor.) - quality of location, etc. Such definitions become homogeneous, if they are united by a common feature, for example: Reserved for a tourist base

a large, stone house (the unifying concept is “well-appointed”).

Heterogeneous definitions are usually expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives, since they denote heterogeneous characteristics, for example: The bright winter sun looked into our windows (Ax.); Suddenly, an alarming horse neigh was heard in the darkness (Fad.). Less often, heterogeneous definitions are formed by a combination of some qualitative adjectives, for example: A light, discreet whisper woke me up (T.).
Double interpretation and double punctuation are allowed by combinations like: another leather briefcase (before that there was already a leather briefcase) - another, leather briefcase (before that there was a non-leather briefcase). In the latter case, the second definition is explanatory (before such a definition you can insert not a coordinating conjunction and, but explanatory conjunctions, namely, that is), cf.: ... saw completely strange, unknown places to me (T.); Completely different city sounds were heard outside and inside the apartment (Cat.).

Usually the adjective and the participial phrase that follows it act as homogeneous definitions, for example: It was kind of sad about thissmall, already touched in late autumngarden(Hump.).

Agreed definitions that appear after the defined noun are, as a rule, homogeneous, which is explained by the greater independence of each of them and the direct connection with the defined word, for example: At hometall, stonerecently built here.

However, in combinations of a terminological nature, postpositive definitions remain heterogeneous, for example: gray cloth trousers, early terry aster, late-ripening winter pear.

Definitions become homogeneous if they are contrasted with a combination of other definitions for the same defined word, for example: Previously in this quarter there werenarrow, dirtystreets, and now -wide, clean.

Heterogeneous definitions

Definitions are heterogeneous, if the preceding definition does not refer directly to the defined noun, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the defined noun, for example: The sun disappeared behindadvanced low rippedcloud(L.T.).

Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different sides, in different respects, for example: large leather briefcase(size and material), long pale face(shape and color), beautiful Moscow boulevards(quality and location), etc. If it is possible to bring such characteristics under a general generic concept, definitions can become homogeneous, for example: Bymossy, muddyblackened huts here and there along the banks(P.) (unifying feature - marshy).

Combinations like: another experienced doctor(before this I was already an experienced doctor) - another, experienced doctor(before that he was an inexperienced doctor). In the second case, the second definition is not homogeneous, but explanatory. In these cases, the second definition explains the first (a conjunction can be inserted between both definitions And, and the words that is, namely), For example: At allothers, urbansounds were heard outside and inside the apartment(Cat.) (see § 315).

Clarifying definitions are also not homogeneous (the second definition, often inconsistent, clarifies the first and limits the attribute it expresses), for example: Onlynarrow, three hundred fathoms, a strip of fertile land constitutes the possession of the Cossacks(L.T.) (see § 315).

Agreement in sentences with homogeneous members

Form of the predicate with homogeneous subjects

The form of the predicate with homogeneous subjects depends on a number of conditions: word order, the meaning of conjunctions, the lexical meaning of the subject or predicate, etc.

For subjects that have a plural form, the predicate is put in the plural; the same thing if the subject closest to the predicate is in the plural form, and the remaining homogeneous subjects are in the singular form. For example: Valleys, hills, fields, grove tops and river waves flashed(P.); And Sasha, and Motka, and all the girls, how many there were, huddled in a corner on the stove(Ch.).

If the subject closest to the predicate or all homogeneous subjects are in the singular, and they are connected by a non-union connection or connected by connecting conjunctions, then in the case of direct word order the predicate is usually placed in the plural, and in the reverse order - in the singular, for example: a) The heat and drought lasted for more than three weeks(L. T.); A dog, a lion and a wolf and a fox once lived next door(Kr.); b) Suddenly, because of this rustling, a howl, a squeal, a cry, and the laughter of jackals were heard(L. T.); There was aching in all the limbs and a painful headache(T.).

The placement of the predicate in these cases in the singular form - in the postpositive position and, conversely, in the plural form - in the prepositive position is explained by the influence of other conditions (see below).

The forms of the predicate depend on the meaning of conjunctions with homogeneous subjects.

In the presence of connecting conjunctions, the above predicate forms are usually observed.

When there are disjunctive conjunctions, the predicate is usually put in singular form, for example: The fear or momentary fright experienced within a minute seems funny, strange, and incomprehensible.(Furm.).

However, if the subjects relate to different persons, then the predicate, as a rule, is put in the plural form, for example: Then, with Mimi’s permission, Volodya or I go to the carriage...(L. T.); A brother or sister visited their sick mother every day.

In the presence of adversative conjunctions, the predicate is put in the singular, and the gender form is determined by the nearest subject, for example: Not you, but fate is to blame(L.); It was not the pain that oppressed me, but a heavy, dull bewilderment(M.G.).

However, with direct word order, the predicate chooses the number form not of the nearest, but of the more distant subject, if the latter denotes the actual, real (not negated) subject of the sentence, for example: The mountains, not the sea, attract me; The sea, not the mountains, attracts me! When word order is reversed, the predicate is combined with the nearest subject, even if it is negated, for example: I am attracted not by the sea, but by the mountains.

If homogeneous subjects denote persons, and the predicate denotes their action, then it is put in the plural form and in the prepositive position, for example: An hour later a regiment of cadets and a women's battalion arrived(Shol.).

If the subjects denote abstract concepts, then the predicate, even in direct word order, can be in the singular form, for example: Everything has passed: with the cold winter, need, hunger comes...(Kr.).

If the predicate denotes an action performed jointly by several persons, then in the prepositive position it is put in the plural form, for example: And in the evening both Cheremnitsky and the new mayor Porokhontsev came to see me(Lesk.).

If there are personal pronouns among homogeneous subjects, then when choosing the form of the predicate, preference is given to the first person over the second and third, and to the second person over the third, for example: Both you and I appreciate music equally; You and your friends will be welcome guests with us.

Coordination of definitions with the word being defined

The question of agreement in number in the presence of definitions in sentences with homogeneous members arises in two cases:

1) if one definition refers to several homogeneous defined words;

2) if several homogeneous definitions refer to one defined noun, and the definitions indicate varieties of objects.

If a definition refers to several nouns that act as homogeneous members and have a singular form, then it is usually put in the singular when, from the meaning of the statement, it is clear that the definition characterizes not only the nearest noun, but also all subsequent ones, for example: The wild goose and duck arrived first(T.).

The definition agrees with the nearest word if there is a disjunctive conjunction between the defined nouns, for example: next Sunday or Monday.

The definition is put in plural form to show that it applies not only to the nearest noun, but also to all homogeneous members being defined, for example: ...The field smelled, young rye and wheat were green...(Ch.).

If a noun has several homogeneous definitions listing types of objects, then the defined noun can be in either the singular or the plural.

The singular number emphasizes the internal connection of the defined objects, for example: masculine and feminine noun; verbs of the first and second conjugation; in the right and left half of the house and so on.

The noun being defined is put in the singular if there is a divisive or adversative conjunction between the definitions, for example: printed or lithographed edition; not French, but German.

The plural form of the qualified noun emphasizes the presence of several objects, for example: German and French languages; philological and historical faculties; eldest and youngest daughters and so on.

If the defined noun comes before the definitions, then it is put in the plural form, for example: conjugations first and second; types perfect and imperfect.

Prepositions with homogeneous members

Prepositions can be repeated before all homogeneous members, for example: Death prowls the fields, the ditches, the heights of the mountains...(Kr.).

It is possible to omit identical prepositions, but different prepositions cannot be omitted; Wed: a) Marya Pavlovna got up, went into another room and returned with a sheet of paper, an inkwell and a pen.(T.); b) They traveled a long distance on ships, on trains, and in cars...(Semushkin).

With common homogeneous members, the preposition is usually repeated, for example: For a year now, Pavel Korchagin has been running around his breed country on a cart, on a gun limber, on a gray horse with a severed ear.(N. Ostr.).

You cannot omit a preposition if homogeneous members are connected by repeating conjunctions, for example: The collective farms experienced a greater shortage of machinery, tax, and equipment...(Laptev).

The preposition is also not omitted if homogeneous members are connected by double comparative conjunctions, for example: Siberia has many features both in nature and in human customs(Gonch.).

When there is an adversative conjunction, the preposition is usually repeated, for example: Actions speak louder than words(last).

If there is a disjunctive conjunction, the preposition may be omitted or repeated; Wed: a) Only those who could not leave due to illness or weakness could not get carried away by this general movement...(M.-S.); b) Another river runs through a valley or across a wide meadow(Ax.).

Generalizing words for homogeneous sentence members

General word usually is a grammatical form of expression of a generic concept that unites, on the basis of material proximity, subordinate concepts, the grammatical form of expression of which is the homogeneous members of the sentence, for example: Every day the old letter Moiseich began to bringvarious largefish: pike, ide, chub, tench and perch(Ax.).

Often, words denoting concepts with a wide scope are used as generalizing words, for example: GerasimNothingI didn’t hear: neither the quick squeal of the falling Mumu, nor the heavy splash of water(T.); In the steppe, across the river, along the roads -everywhereit was empty(L.T.).

Between a generalizing word and homogeneous members there can also be semantic relationships between the whole and the part, for example: But I seem to see in front of methis picture: quiet banks, a widening lunar road straight from me to the barges of the pontoon bridge and on the bridge long shadows of running people(Kav.).

Homogeneous members specify the content of the concept expressed by the generalizing word, and therefore grammatically act as clarifying words in relation to the generalizing word. An explanatory connection is established between the latter and homogeneous members, which is expressed in the presence or possibility of inserting words namely, that is, for example, somehow. For example: The entire Tchertopkhanov estate consisted of four log buildings of different sizes, namely: an outbuilding, a stable, a barn, a bathhouse(T.); He was served the usual tavern dishes, such as cabbage soup, brains with peas, sausages with cabbage(G.); Khor understood reality, that is, he settled down, saved up some money, got along with the master and other authorities...(T.).

The generalizing word can be in front of homogeneous members or follow them (see examples above). Sometimes homogeneous members are found between the subject - a generalizing word - and the predicate, for example: A crowd of buildings: human buildings, barns, cellars - filled the yard(G.).

For strengthening purposes, one of the summary words is placed before the generalizing word: in a word, in one word, etc., for example: Spoons, forks, bowls - in short, everything that was needed on a hike was packed into the backpacks.

Homogeneous members agree in case with the generalizing word, for example: Kashtanka divided all humanity into two very unequal parts: owners and customers.(Ch.).

Proposals with separate members

General concepts

Separation is called the semantic and intonation highlighting of minor members in order to give them some independence in the sentence. Isolated members of a sentence contain an element of additional message, due to which they are logically emphasized and acquire greater syntactic weight and stylistic expressiveness in the sentence. Wed: a) The remaining bread on the root burned and spilled out(J.I.T.); b) Morozka woke up from the sound of a horse stomping, suddenly bursting out from behind a hillock.(Fad.).

In the first sentence, the participial phrase remaining on the root acts as a common definition and serves only to characterize the subject. In the second sentence, the participial phrase suddenly bursting out from behind a hillock performs the same defining function, but at the same time it has the connotation of an additional statement (cf.: Morozka woke up from the sound of a horse stomping, which suddenly burst out from behind a hillock.

The semantic highlighting of isolated members of a sentence is achieved in oral speech by intonation highlighting them: before the isolated member (if it is not at the beginning of the sentence) there is a rise in voice, a pause is made, it is characterized by phrasal stress, characteristic of the intonation-semantic segments (syntagmas) into which it is divided offer.

Between isolated members and defined words, due to the presence of an additional affirmation or negation, there are so-called semi-predicative relations, as a result of which the isolated members in their semantic load and intonation design approach subordinate clauses.

In the direct meaning of this term, only the secondary members of the sentence are isolated, since the main members serve to express the main, and not the additional, message and cannot be “turned off” (isolated) as part of the sentence.

Vary are common And private conditions of separation. The first concerns all or most of the secondary members, the second - only their individual types. The general conditions of isolation include the following: 1) word order, 2) the degree of prevalence of a sentence member, 3) the clarifying nature of one sentence member in relation to another, 4) the semantic load of a minor sentence member.

Word order is important for isolating definitions, applications, circumstances.

Prepositive definition, expressed by a participle or an adjective with explanatory words, is not isolated (if it does not have additional shades of meaning), postpositive, as a rule, is isolated. Wed: A chicken tied by the leg was walking near the table(L.T.). - At the porch stood several carts and sleighs drawn in single file.(Ax.).

The importance of word order when isolating definitions is also reflected in the fact that the prepositive definition immediately preceding the word being defined is not isolated, but the definition, separated from the subsequent word being defined by other members of the sentence, is isolated. Wed: Snow-covered huts sparkled brightly in the sun(Grieg.). - For a moment, illuminated by lightning, in front of us is a birch trunk(M.G.).

Prepositive application, standing before a proper name, as a rule, is not isolated, postpositive is isolated. Wed: Several years ago, an old Russian gentleman, Kirila Petrovich Troekurov, lived on one of his estates(P.). - About two months ago, a certain Belikov, a Greek language teacher, died in our city.(Ch.).

Circumstance, expressed by a single gerund, is usually isolated if it precedes the predicate, and more often is not isolated in a position postpositive in relation to the predicate. Wed: About ten Cossacks were crowded near the porch, smoking.(Shol.). - Sergei dismissed Vera, nodded to her and left whistling(A.N.T.).

Member prevalence sentences is important for isolating definitions, applications, circumstances, additions.

Single post-positive definition usually not isolated, common - isolated. Wed: He looked around him with indescribable excitement(P.). - The willow, all fluffy, is spread out all around(Fet).

Single application, expressed by a common noun and relating to a common noun, is usually not isolated, closely merging with it, and a common application is isolated. Wed: Some literate cook from the kitchen ran away to his tavern(Kr.). - Memory, this scourge of the unfortunate, revives even the stones of the past(M.G.).

Single circumstance, expressed by a gerund, is usually not isolated in a postpositive position in relation to the predicate, but a common circumstance with the same meaning (adverbial phrase) is isolated. Wed: - Did you see it? - asked the smiling grandmother(M.G.). - A belated hawk flew briskly and straight into the heights, hurrying to its nest(T.).

Members of a sentence with meaning inclusions, exclusions And substitution with prepositions except, instead of, besides and others show a tendency towards isolation depending on the degree of prevalence. Wed: ...Instead of words, a dull bubbling sound came out of his chest(Grieg.). - ...Instead of the expected familiar plain with an oak forest to the right and a low white church in the distance, I saw completely different, unknown places(T.).

Clarifying the nature of one member of a sentence in relation to another is important for the isolation of definitions, applications, additions, circumstances. For example: Thick, guards cloth trousers certainly did not suit either the craftsman or the farm laborer.(Cat.); There were only two of us Russians, and all the rest were Latvians(N. Ostr.); I want one thing - peace(Cupr.); Far away, somewhere in the thicket, a night bird moaned(M.G.); All night, until the rooster dawn, Chapaev measured the map and listened to the brave snoring of the commanders(Furm.).

A prepositive definition, which has only an attributive meaning, is not isolated, but a definition complicated by an adverbial meaning is isolated. Wed: Brown twigs tangled with peas stuck out closely on the ridges(T.). - Tightly tied to young oak trees, our good horses suffered terrible torture from the attack of a gadfly.(Ax.).

A prepositive application relating to a proper name is not isolated if it has only an attributive meaning, and is isolated if it is complicated by an adverbial meaning. Wed: ...My comrade Emelyan Pilyai took his pouch out of his pocket for the tenth time...(M.G.). - A short man, Tiomkin was almost invisible from behind the podium(Already).

A circumstance expressed by a noun in the indirect case with a preposition is isolated if, in addition to its main meaning (for example, temporary O th) has an additional connotation of meaning (for example, causal, conditional, concessional). Wed: As night approached, everything around me changed strangely.(T.). - As the enemy approached Moscow, Muscovites’ view of their situation not only did not become more serious, but, on the contrary, became even more frivolous(L.T.).

Particular conditions of isolation include such as syntactic incompatibility of words related in meaning (for example, personal pronouns and definitions), weak syntactic connection between the defined and defining words (poor controllability of nouns in the indirect case); proximity of other isolated groups, etc. (see below).

Separate Consensus Definitions

As a rule, common definitions are isolated, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the noun being defined, for example: Cloud,hanging over the high tops of poplars, it was already raining(Cor.); Science,alien to music, there were hateful words for me(P.).

Definitions of this type are not isolated if the defined noun itself in a given sentence does not express a lexically necessary concept and needs a definition, for example: I have never seen a more exquisitely calm, self-confident and autocratic man(T.).

Common postpositive definitions are also not isolated if their meaning is connected not only with the subject, but also with the predicate, for example: I sat lost in deep thought(P.); Taiga stood silent and full of mystery(Cor.). This usually happens with verbs of motion and state that can act as a significant connective.

Two or more postpositive single definitions are distinguished, explaining the noun, for example: In the air,hot and dusty, talk of a thousand voices(M.G.).

However, the separation of two uncommon definitions is only necessary when the defined noun is preceded by another definition. Wed: I want to know the secrets of life wise and simple(Bruce.). - The spring spirit, cheerful and dissolute, walked everywhere(Bagr.).

A single postpositive definition is isolated if it has an additional adverbial meaning, for example: People, amazed, became like stones(M.G.).

A definition is isolated if it is separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence; in these cases, the definition is also related in meaning to the predicate and has an additional adverbial connotation. For example: Here,disturbed by the whirlwind, a crake flew out of the grass(Ch.); Sunlit, buckwheat and wheat fields lay across the river(Shol.).

The definition immediately before the defined noun is isolated if, in addition to the attributive one, it also has an adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive), for example: Growing up in poverty and hunger, Paul was hostile to those who were, in his understanding, rich(I. Ostr.); Cut off from the whole world, the Urals withstood the Cossack siege with honor(Furm.).

Definitions relating to the personal pronoun are always isolated; such definitions are attributive-predicative in nature and have additional adverbial meaning. For example: Exhausted, dirty, wet, we finally reached the shore(T.); How,poor, should I not grieve?(Kr.).

Separate inconsistent definitions

Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns are isolated if it is necessary to emphasize the meaning they express, for example: Headman,in boots and a saddle-backed coat, with burkas in his hand, noticing the priest from afar, he took off his red hat(L.T.).

Most often, inconsistent definitions are isolated with a proper name, since it, being the bearer of an individual name, in itself quite specifically designates a person or thing, and the indication of a characteristic in this case has the nature of an additional message that clarifies the instructions, for example: Shabashkin,with a cap on his head, stood with his arms akimbo and proudly looked around him(P.).

The same is observed with personal pronouns, which indicate an object or person already known from the context, for example: He,with your intelligence and experience, could already notice that she distinguished him(P.).

Often, the isolation of an inconsistent definition serves as a means of deliberately separating it from one member of the sentence (usually the predicate), to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and referring it to another (usually the subject), for example: Women,with a long rake in his hands, wandering into the field(T.).

Usually, inconsistent postpositive definitions, expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective, are isolated; in these cases, the qualified noun is often preceded by an agreed definition. For example:Another room,almost twice as much(Ch.).

, was called the hall...

Dedicated Applications

Isolated applications in some cases have a purely attributive meaning, in others adverbial shades of meaning are added to it, which is associated with the degree of prevalence of the isolated construction, its place in relation to the word being defined, and the morphological nature of the latter. The common application expressed by a common noun with dependent words and relating to a common noun is isolated; Such applications, as a rule, are postpositive; they are less common in the prepositive position. For example: a)The hospital watchman always lies on the rubbish with a pipe in his teeth, old retired soldier (Ch.); b)Misfortune's faithful sister, hope in a gloomy dungeon will awaken cheerfulness and fun

(P.); A single application relating to a common noun is isolated if the defined noun has explanatory words with it, for example:One girl looked after me,(M.G.).

polka Less commonly, an uncommon application is isolated with a single qualified noun, for example:And the enemiesfools(Fad.).

The application relating to a proper name is isolated if it is in postposition; a prepositive application is isolated if it has an additional adverbial meaning. For example: a)The sailor Zheleznyak lies under a mound overgrown with weeds, partisans (Dutk.); b)A fan of Bach and Handel, an expert in his field(T.).

, ...Lemm over time - who knows? - would become one of the great composers of his homeland A person’s own name can act as a separate application if it serves to explain or clarify a common noun (the words namely can be placed in front of such an application without changing the meaning). For example:The rest of the brothersMartyn and Prokhor(Shol.).

, are similar to Alexey to the smallest detail The application with a personal pronoun is always isolated, for example:It's a shame for meold man(M.G.).

listen to such speeches An isolated application may refer to a word that is absent in a given sentence, but clear from the context or situation, for example:Child herself(P.).

, I didn’t want to play and jump in a crowd of children A separate application can be joined by a union How (with causal meaning), words by name, by surname, by nickname, by birth and so on. For example:The commandant friendly advised me to give up poetry,(P.); as a matter that is contrary to service and does not lead to anything goodAt the guardhouse there was a huge black dog of an unknown breed,(Ch.).

named Arapka

Isolated circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases As a rule, participial phrases are isolated, i.e. gerunds with explanatory words, acting as secondary predicates or adverbials with different meanings, for example:After walking a few steps(L. T.); , the Cossacks turned off the ditchLong shavingscurling tightly with a corkscrew(Cat.); , climbed out of the planeSometimes the blind man took the pipe and completely forgot, choosing thoughtful melodies to suit your mood

(Cor.). Two single gerunds are distinguished, acting as homogeneous members of the sentence, for example:Shouting and squealing(M.G.).

, barefoot boys were jumping... Single gerunds are isolated if they mainly retain their verbal meaning;More often they come before the predicate verb, less often - after it, for example:Month,(L. T.); going golden, went down to the steppe(Shol.).

The Cossacks dispersed without agreeingout of breath(M.G.); My coachman cried silently andslowly(T.).