educational institution
Secondary school No. 2 of Asha
Geography lesson notes
in 6th grade
Topic: “Volcanoes. Geysers"
Completed by: Sukhikh N.V.,
geography teacher,
Educational:
Form the concepts of “volcano”, “geyser”, “crater”, “vent”, “magma chamber”, “cone”
To form an idea of the origin of volcanoes and geysers
Study the differences between active and extinct volcanoes
Development of the ability to determine the geographical location of a volcano
Teach schoolchildren to analyze, draw conclusions, and think independently
Continue the formation of cognitive interest in geography with the help of new information and computer technologies
To instill in children a sense of mutual assistance, the ability to work in a team, and empathize with a friend
Carrying out career guidance work, using the example of the profession of volcanologist
Methods: reproductive, explanatory-illustrative, partially search
Terms to Learn: volcano, geyser, crater, crater, magma chamber, cone, active volcano, extinct volcano, dormant volcano
Equipment:
textbook “Beginner Course in Geography”, authors: T.P. Gerasimova; N.P. Neklyukova
educational electronic publication: “Elementary course in geography” 6th grade, author Petrova N.N.
Library of electronic visual aids for geography grades 6-10,
thematic presentation “Volcanoes”,
atlases, physical map of the hemispheres.
Lesson stages.
Organizing time
Updating knowledge
Learning new material
Consolidation of knowledge
Testing knowledge (testing)
Lesson summary
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Teacher activities |
Student activities |
Today we have guests at our lesson, we are glad to see them! We will work as usual. Make sure you have everything you need for the lesson on your desk. Guys, which of you will work well, listen carefully, and give complete answers for your work in class will receive good grades. The teacher encourages the children to do good work in class |
Children check the equipment needed for work in the lesson |
I take a small amount of ammonium dichromate. I set it on fire (observing all safety rules), when the combustion process occurs, it feels like a small volcanic eruption is occurring. And How? Interesting? Scary? So - the topic of our lesson is “Volcanoes” Open your notebooks and write down the topic of the lesson “Volcanoes” |
Observe the experience Find out the topic of the lesson Write down the topic of the lesson |
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3. Learning new material Today in class we must:
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Get to know the lesson objectives |
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Let's look at the slides and try to formulate a definition - a volcano is... (slide show) |
Review the slides and formulate a definition of a volcano |
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But Vasya Yashbulatov knows where the name “volcano” came from and he will tell us now. So, you understand that the volcanoes were named after the god of fire and blacksmithing. |
Listen to the message “Where does the name “volcano” come from? |
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The volcano has a certain structure. Open page 49, read point 1, look at Fig. 31 |
Read point 1 on page 49, look at the figure in Fig. 31 |
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A crater is a hole, a depression at the top of a volcano, from which magma pours out (shows) How many craters are shown in Fig. 31? A vent is a channel through which magma rises. It can be vertical or inclined (shows) How many channels are there in Fig. 31? A magma chamber is an accumulation of magma in the earth’s crust, near the boundaries of the mantle. Show it. Cone - a volcanic mountain formed by solidified lava (shows) Guys, who can come to the board and talk about the structure of the volcano? |
Answer questions 1 vertical and 3 inclined 1 person at the board talks about the structure of a volcano |
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We know that magma pours out of a volcano, but what is the correct name for it? Lava is a product of a volcanic eruption. In addition to it, there are other products that we will now consider. Products of a volcanic eruption: I will tell you, and you must fill out the diagram Lava– has a temperature of 1000 degrees, can move at a speed of 50 km/h (like an electric train). Lava can be liquid, viscous, very viscous. The appearance of a volcano cone depends on the type of lava. If the lava is liquid, then the slopes of the volcano will be gentle, such a volcano is called a shield volcano. If the lava is viscous, or very viscous, then the slopes will be steep; this type of volcano is called central. |
– lava Fill out the diagram Looking at the slides
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Volcanic bombs– pieces of lava ranging in size from 5 cm to several meters. They acquire their shape in flight. They are formed from viscous lava |
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Volcanic ash– small particles of lava fragments up to 2 mm in size. It has nothing to do with the ash that comes from burning paper or wood. YOU KNOW THAT FOUNTAIN. |
 Geyser |
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What is a geyser? If you are at a loss, then page 52, find the definition What does the word “geyser” mean in Icelandic? Most often, the operation of a geyser begins with a small splash of water, then steam begins to be released and, finally, with a loud hissing, whistling, and roar, a column of hot water rises from underground | |
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Guys, I suggest you watch the animation and answer the questions: What conditions are necessary for a geyser to form? |
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Only if all 3 conditions are met, the geyser will work. There are very few such places on Earth.
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6. Lesson summary |
To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com
Slide captions:
Volcanoes. Hot springs Purpose of the lesson: to form an idea of the origin of volcanoes and geysers.
Volcanoes of the world A volcano is a geological formation that arose above a crack in the earth's crust through which lava erupts onto the earth's surface. Lava is (from Lat. Collapse, fall) - magma poured onto the surface. Lava has a temperature of 1000 C and flows along the slopes at a speed of 50 km/h
The structure of the volcano Crater is a depression located at the top. this is the molten mass of the deep zones of the Earth. it is a vertical or inclined channel through which lava flows. this is a volcanic mountain formed by solidified lava
Diagram of the formation of volcanoes On land Lava burns through the earth's crust Thin oceanic crust At the bottom of the oceans In fault zones Continental Earth's crust volcanoes
Geographical location of the world's volcanoes
Volcanoes Active Extinct Dormant
Active volcanoes of the Earth Volcano Kilauza. Hawaiian Islands
Volcano Kilauza. Lava eruption
Island of New Zealand
Galemaumau Volcano
Volcano Osorno in Chile
Volcano Klyuchevskaya Sopka
Mount Fuji in Japan
Extinct volcanoes Volcano in the Andes
Mount Kilimanjaro
Geysers of the Earth A geyser is a source that periodically releases fountains of hot water and steam. Magma comes close to the surface, heats the underground waters, which begin to gush.
Geysers of the world
Yellowstone National Park Old Faithful Geyser
Valley of Geysers. Kamchatka. It holds the record for the number of large and small geysers. There are more than a hundred of them here! The water temperature in the geysers is from +94 to 99 C, the duration of the water eruption is from 1 to 20 minutes.
The largest geyser is the Giant, the height of its fountain reaches 50 m, the column of steam above it rises above 400 m. From endless eruptions, the entire valley is in clouds of steam. This unique valley was discovered in 1941 by geologist T.I. Ustinova.
The Earth's heat is used ubiquitously and extensively in Iceland. There are more than 200 hot water sources with a temperature of + 100 C. On the island, the energy of hot springs drives the turbines of power plants and heats houses in cities and towns. The capital of Iceland, Reykjavik, is heated only with natural hot water. This is one of the most environmentally friendly cities in the world.
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
The lesson is aimed primarily at teachers and 6th grade students who are fluent in computer technology and Internet resources. The summary contains links to sources of information...
The work examines the reasons for the formation of volcanoes and geysers. Students become familiar with the concepts and terms: volcano, vent, crater, extinct and active volcanoes and their practical meaning. Mothers...
What a geyser is, ordinary people know mainly from school geography. Volcanologists, some tourists and residents of seismically active regions get to see this natural phenomenon live.
Terminology
By definition, a geyser is one of the manifestations of late volcanism, which is expressed in the periodic release of water in a liquid or vapor state into the air. In simple terms, this is a kind of source that gushes out of the ground at varying intervals. Geysers can be mud, water or steam, depending on the temperature and the presence of impurities along the path of their eruption.
Despite the rather banal definition, in fact this natural phenomenon is considered one of the most spectacular and mysterious on the planet. This is eloquently evidenced by the popularity of the most famous geysers, the flow of tourists to them does not dry up, despite a certain danger.
Physics of the process
In order to understand on what principle such a source operates and where so much hot water comes from underground, one should turn to the study of volcanic activity. After all, geysers are mainly formed not on their own, but near a more formidable and dangerous fellow. However, the volcano does not have to be active. The most famous and spectacular geysers are located on the site of extinct or sleeping giants.
From the school curriculum, everyone knows that in the depths of our planet there is hot magma. It is also known about her constant attempts to get out, sometimes this succeeds, which is accompanied by earthquakes. This process is very destructive and sometimes ends with a change in the landscape.
A dormant volcano, like an active one, contains hot magma inside itself, but it does not come out, waiting in the wings and accumulating energy. But, as you know, the bowels of the earth are no less rich in water, which, making its way to the surface, becomes springs, streams and even rivers. In order to understand what a volcanic geyser is, you need to imagine the following. Let's say that at a certain distance from the dormant magma one of the water flows. The water in it heats up, expands and tries to find a way out. Ultimately, she gets it in the form of a fountain or cloud of steam. It all depends on the exact temperature to which the heating occurred. It turns out that the volcano itself is sleeping, its energy is not enough to erupt magma, but it is quite enough to push out or even boil water.
Mud geyser
What it is, residents of settlements located near healing sites (and not only) know very well. Making its way to the exit, water passes through layers of a variety of rocks, dissolving them. In the case when a fountain shoots directly near a place passing through layers of solidified magma, it often remains more or less transparent. Encountering softer and more pliable rocks along the way, the water mixes with them, and a gurgling mud mass comes to the surface.
Quite often it contains microelements useful for humans, which, thanks to the comfortable temperature, form a thermal spring, ideal for treatment. Europe (in particular, Bulgaria), North America, Australia and New Zealand are rich in resorts built on the site of such geysers. Eastern Siberia has great potential, where this industry is not yet very developed, but there are all the necessary prerequisites for this.
Is a geyser dangerous?
Despite all its beauty and mystery, this natural phenomenon is a vivid example of the unsurpassed power and energy hidden in the bowels of the earth. Sometimes a geyser is just a warm lake with water periodically splashing onto the surface and looking quite peaceful and safe. Sometimes it is a multi-meter fountain, bursting out with all the force and suddenness. And it happens that a cloud of steam whistles out from under the ground, creating the impression that the planet is “breathing.”
Therefore, in order to know how safe it is to be near such a source, you need to understand what a geyser is in a particular case. And, being in the valley of an extinct volcano on an excursion, be sure to listen to the guide’s recommendations. After all, the main danger of most geysers lies in their suddenness. As a rule, tourists are not allowed close to powerful and too hot fountains.
The most famous geysers on the planet
They are located mainly in zones of volcanic activity. If we consider the most remarkable in terms of entertainment and scale, then first of all we should pay attention to Yellowstone National Park in the USA. It is a huge area where about 500 geysers are concentrated, which makes up 60% of all thermal springs on the planet. The largest of them is called Steamboat and reaches 120 meters.
Slightly smaller in size, but no less spectacular, the Valley of Geysers is located in Kamchatka. There are about 200 different sources here. Looking at such greatness of nature, you can fully understand what a geyser is. The definition cannot convey this in words. The beautiful and at the same time majestic play of water, steam and minerals is sometimes breathtaking.
Geyser Park in Iceland ranks third both in size and number of sources. The maximum height of the fountains here reaches 60 meters. This is undoubtedly stunning, but the height of the geysers is half that of Yellowstone Steamboat.
You can see what a geyser is by visiting the states of Nevada and Alaska, where there are also quite a few of them. The North Island of New Zealand and Chile are famous for them.
The most mysterious geyser
The American Fly deservedly received this status. Thanks to its rich mineral composition, its surroundings received a unique color. The fly is a collection of several fountains erupting from hills formed by minerals, reaching 1.5 meters and continuing to grow.
It is noteworthy that the geyser was created by man (albeit by accident). Drillers stumbled upon an underground thermal spring at the beginning of the last century while trying to build a conventional well. Currently, Fly is closed to tourists, but due to its height, the geyser is clearly visible from the road.
To understand what a geyser is, theoretical knowledge is not enough. To imagine all the beauty and power of this natural phenomenon, you need to go on a trip to see it with your own eyes.
1. The emergence of volcanoes and their structure. A volcano is a conical mountain, from the neck of which flammable gas, steam, ash, stones and other rocks are emitted, and at the same time powerful streams of hot lava spread over the surface of the earth (Fig. 38). Magma, located deep in the earth's crust, rushes upward through the cracks formed and pours out to the surface. The pouring magma is called lava, and the neck (channel) through which the magma rises is called the vent of a volcano. The vent at the top of the mountain ends in a cup-shaped depression - a crater (in Greek crater - big bowl).
Rice. 38. Structure of the volcano (section): a - crater; b - vent; V - side crater; G- source of magma.
The mouth of the crater is a source of lava-magma. A volcanic eruption is accompanied by an underground roar, and gases and water vapor come out of the crater with a roar. Steam and ash, rising to a great height in the form of a column, form clouds at the top. Ash in the form of tiny dust particles settles around the volcano, covering the surrounding area with a huge thickness. As a rule, clouds gather over the volcano, thunder rumbles, lightning flashes and heavy rain falls.
On mountain slopes, water mixed with ash forms powerful mud flows that rush down, destroying populated areas and devastating everything in its path. Immediately after this, fiery hot lava bursts out of the crater and spills onto the surface of the earth.
The cities of Ancient Rome Pompeii and Herculaneum were destroyed and covered with ash during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Only after many years did the surface of compacted ash and hardened lava become covered with fertile soil and dense vegetation.
2. Extinct and active volcanoes. How to distinguish an extinct volcano? The cone-shaped shape of the mountain and the crater at the top indicate their active life in the past. Volcanoes whose eruptions have not been recorded in human history are called extinct volcanoes. For example, extinct volcanoes include Elbrus and Kazbek in the Caucasus.
Sometimes extinct volcanoes begin to erupt. For example, in 1960 in Chile, during an earthquake, volcanoes that were considered extinct began to erupt. Therefore, it would be more accurate to call them “asleep.”
Volcanoes that constantly erupt from their vents are called active volcanoes. For example, Klyuchevskaya Sopka in Kamchatka (Fig. 39).
Rice. 39. Volcano Klyuchevskaya Sopka.
The spread of volcanoes on Earth is associated with earthquakes and mountain building.
Active volcanoes are widespread in areas with ongoing mountain building. In such places, magma quickly finds its way to the surface of the earth. Volcanoes are usually located in a chain along cracks in the earth's crust. An individual volcano is rare. Most volcanoes are located on the coast
Pacific Ocean. This place is called the Pacific Volcanic Belt.
Volcanoes erupt not only on land, but also at the bottom of oceans and seas. Near the crater of such a volcano, a new island appears underwater. For example, the Kuril Islands in the Pacific Ocean are extinct volcanoes.
These islands have many densely populated areas, cities and industrial centers.
In 1883, a strong eruption of the Krakatoa volcano occurred on one of the small islands in Indonesia between Asia and Australia. Due to the powerful explosion, many parts of the island disappeared. The ash that rose to the upper layers covered the sky for several months. A high wave arose on the sea, which reached the Indian and Pacific oceans. Several cities and villages of the neighboring island were washed away by a giant wave and tens of thousands of people died.
3. Why are volcanoes studied? The significance of volcanic activity.
Volcanic eruptions provide scientists with information about the composition and properties of substances found in the lithosphere. Studying volcanoes helps determine the origin of minerals. Thanks to research, it is possible to predict the onset of a volcanic eruption and prevent disasters.
Scientists have found that the areas of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions often coincide. These phenomena are typical for areas with unstable earth's crust.
You know that when a volcano erupts, water vapor and gas are released. Many scientists have recently believed that the presence of water on the earth’s surface and a certain amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is associated precisely with volcanic phenomena.
Thus, volcanoes play an important role in the formation of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.
4. Hot springs and geysers. In some areas of the globe, the temperature of groundwater is high and various salts and gases are found in dissolved form. Such underground waters are called mineral waters. Mineral water has a certain taste and smell. The appearance of such waters is associated with the presence of a chamber of magma that has not yet cooled down near them. Magma, heating the water, dissolves the salts.
One of the phenomena of volcanic action are geysers (in Icelandic Geiza - gush).
Rice. 40. Geyser.
From time to time, a gushing source of hot water with steam is called a geyser (Fig. 40). Hot water with a temperature above 100°C, flowing from the bowels of the earth, rises up through cracks. Hot steam first emerges from the neck of the geyser, followed by hot water bursting out to a height of several tens of meters. All this is accompanied by a strong roar. The geyser gushes for 1-2 minutes and stops until the next accumulation of hot water and steam. Geysers are common in the Pacific volcanic belt - in Kamchatka, Japan, New Zealand, on the coast of North America and on the island of Iceland.
1. How is a volcano formed?
2. Describe the structure of a volcano.
3. Why is it necessary to study volcanoes?
4. What is the role of volcanic activity in the formation of the Earth's surface?
5. Under what conditions do hot springs and geysers appear?
6. On the contour map, mark areas of frequent earthquakes and volcanoes. By comparing the compiled map with a physical map, determine the relationship between the location of seismic and volcanic areas and the relief of the Earth.
7*. Let's say you find yourself in an area where volcanic activity previously occurred. What signs can be used to prove that there is an extinct volcano nearby?
Volcano Etna(Island of Sicily, Italy), under the slope of which one of the largest cities in Sicily, Catania, is comfortably located, not only the largest and highest volcano in Europe, but also one of the most active on the planet. Eruptions occur both at its peak and on its slopes.
Volcanic activity on Mount Etna's summit can last for years or even decades without stopping (for example, from 1955 to 1971 or from 1995 to 2001). And eruptions on a mountainside can last from a few hours to more than a year. In 1991-1993 it lasted 472 days.
Just a hundred years ago there was only one crater on the top of Etna - the Central one. But now there are four of them. These are Voragine (Italian: “abyss”) and Bocca Nuova (Italian: “new mouth”), formed respectively in 1945 and 1968 inside the Central Crater. Two more are the Northeast crater - the highest point of the mountain, 3330 m, appeared in 1911, as well as the youngest and, as is typical for young people, the most active - the Southeast crater, “born” in 1971.
Volcanologists distinguish several types of eruptions. For example, the volcanic type, named after Fr. Vulcanos are short, strong, but relatively small explosions that release viscous magma and eject material into the air that can reach speeds of up to 350 meters per second. With the Strombolian type (from the island of Stromboli), the volcano erupts continuously over several months or years, throwing out large amounts of liquid lava, bombs and pieces of hot slag. If an eruption is characterized by a large volume of very liquid lava coming out of fissures, then it is a Hawaiian type of eruption. And the most powerful eruptions are of the Plinian type: powerful and sudden explosions with the release of viscous lava and a column of gas and dust, the height of which can reach 50 km.
Etna combined several types. Eruptions of this volcano can be accompanied by explosions, lava flows, the release of gas, ash, pieces of slag and other material.
Etna is a stratovolcano. These are cone-shaped mountains that can be imagined as a layer cake: instead of dough there is a layer of frozen lava, instead of cream there are ash and debris that are formed during the next eruption. This is how the volcano grows, layer by layer. The vent at the bottom is connected to the magma chamber, and at the top is crowned with a crater.
Fumaroles- This is the release of hot volcanic gas and steam. They are different, for example in composition: sulphurous - solfatars or carbonic - mofets. And they are not only visible, but sometimes also heard. The gas escaping through the holes may hiss, whistle, or even burst out of the ground with a roar. This little fumarole in the photo above didn’t even hiss, but snored barely audibly.
Volcanic gas consists of 50-85% water vapor. Over 10% is carbon dioxide, about 5% is sulfur dioxide, 2-5% is hydrogen chloride and 0.02-0.05% is hydrogen fluoride. Hydrogen sulfide and sulfur gas are usually found in small quantities. Sometimes hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide are present, as well as small amounts of various metals.
Most often, the proximity of fumaroles can be judged by the smell - the strong smell of rotten eggs, that is, hydrogen sulfide, which is part of the gas. When deposited on the surface, sulfur gives the surrounding soil a bright yellow color.
In 122 BC. Etna erupted explosively, during which falling ash and lapilli - tiny pieces of porous lava - broke the roofs of many buildings in the city of Catania. But its population was exempt from paying taxes for 10 years!
Etna is located at the junction of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates. Moreover, the first one moves towards the Eurasian one, plunging under it. The eruptions of Etna are associated precisely with the fact that the downward plate melts and raises the Eurasian plate.
Etna consists of an ancient shield volcano, on top of which a young stratovolcano “grew”. Eruptions of the shield volcano began about 500 thousand years ago, and the stratovolcano began to form about 35 thousand years ago from viscous trachyte lava.
During volcanic eruptions, gas, ash and various materials are released - from miniature lapilli to volcanic bombs, stuck together lumps of lava. And mixing lava with sand and ash can create porous volcanic tuff. Its color can be any: black, brown, brown, red, orange, yellow, pink or even purple and bluish-white.
Ash clouds from Etna's eruption are especially dangerous for aircraft. If ash particles enter the engine, they can melt and coat moving parts in a layer of glass, which can cause engine failure. Such clouds are often visible from space and cause serious problems for airlines flying to Catania, which is only a couple of tens of kilometers from the volcano.
Volcanic soils, or Andosols, are formed due to volcanic eruptions and are quite fertile: they are rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. At the same time, the volcanic glass contained in them is easily weathered.
Greek island Milos, on which a statue of Venus was found at the beginning of the 19th century (and, in fact, therefore received the name Milo), is located on the South Aegean volcanic arc. The island was formed by the eruption of several volcanoes and has an active stratovolcano and many fumaroles. On and near Milos there are geothermal springs whose temperature reaches 300 degrees.
Thermal waters- These are underground waters whose temperature is 20 °C or more. They are often found in areas of active volcanism. The depth of thermal groundwater depends on the climatic zone: in areas of permafrost development it is 1500-2000 m, in the subtropics - up to 100 m, and in the tropics these waters often come to the surface.
« Tatopani“This is translated from Nepali as “warm water.” In poor mountain villages, such springs significantly make life easier for people: it’s easier to wash dishes, wash clothes, and wash yourself.
Crater Lake Kerid is located in the south of Iceland in the western volcanic zone. The crater is about 3 thousand years old, and by volcanic standards it is quite young, which is why it has managed to maintain an almost ideal shape.
There is no single version about the origin of Kerid. According to one of them, Kerid was once a cinder cone - a small conical volcano, but it exhausted its entire volcanic chamber and sank under its own weight into the resulting cavity.
Iceland is crossed from south to north by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. This is the boundary between the divergence of the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates in the North Atlantic and the African and South American plates in the South. This partly explains the high volcanic activity on the island. There are more than a hundred “Fire Mountains” in Iceland. These are crater rows, shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes, mud volcanoes, underwater volcanoes and more.
Geysers (ex. geysa- “break through”, “gushing out”) are hot springs found where there is volcanic activity. The inhabitants of the island are lucky: there are many geysers in Iceland, but they are quite rare in the world. This is mainly due to natural reasons, because geysers almost “live on a volcano”: earthquakes often occur in these places, mudflows and avalanches occur, as a result of which the geysers fall asleep or they lose their power source. This happens quite often in Kamchatka in the legendary Valley of Geysers. There was a landslide there in 2007, and a mudflow occurred in 2014. Both events greatly changed the operation of many geysers.
Valley Høykadalur in the south of Iceland there is a real geyser Klondike. Geyser Strokkur It erupts every five to ten minutes, but the column of water and steam does not rise above 20 meters. And a few tens of meters from it is Geysir, whose name, in fact, became a household name.
Geysir has been active for about 10 thousand years, although during this time it has had its ups and downs. In 1845, it erupted 170 meters, and just a year later - only 54. At the end of the 19th century, Geysir gained strength and released a column of water and steam 60 meters several times a day, and in 1916 it almost fell asleep. About 20 years later, a channel was dug around it through a layer of quartz, thanks to which the groundwater level dropped and the geyser became more active. As soon as the channel became clogged with quartz, the eruptions stopped. In the 1990s, the geyser was artificially stimulated to erupt using soap (I’ll tell you how this is done later). But this had a bad effect on the environment, so this method was quickly stopped being used. But after the earthquake in 2000, Geysir “came to life” again and for two days in a row spewed out a column of water and steam to a height of 122 meters. He last woke up in February 2016, and is now considered almost asleep.
A geyser erupts because water in underground voids is heated by volcanic heat, turns into steam, and steam pressure pushes the water to the top. However, it turns out that a geyser can be made to erupt even when it was not intended to. Just add (lots of) soap.
Surfactants (which include soaps and detergents) have surface-active properties, meaning they reduce surface tension. Water molecules disperse more easily, and the liquid turns into steam, which rushes upward and carries the water with it.
This method of artificially making a geyser work was discovered in New Zealand in 1901 by pure chance. At this time, on the North Island, in the town of Wai-O-Tapu, an “open prison” was set up - a kind of settlement for criminals who were considered harmless to society. But above all else, Wai O Tapu is an area of high geothermal activity. The prisoners who settled there managed the house and, of course, began to wash their clothes right in these hot springs. One day, after doing laundry, one of them poured a fairly concentrated solution of soap, it seeped through cracks in the rock and triggered a reaction in an underground reservoir, from which water burst out.
By the way, the Lady Knox geyser in Wai-O-Tapu is still launched in this way, but the soap has been replaced by detergents, which are considered less harmful to the environment.
Iceland's most famous and infamous volcano, Hekla, refers to fairly active volcanoes. It is about 6-7 thousand years old, and since the beginning of the second millennium AD, about 20 large eruptions and the same number of small ones have occurred. The first written evidence of the Hekla eruption dates back to 1104. In general, from the 13th to the 20th centuries, Hekla was very active and erupted once or twice per century. In 1300, the eruption lasted for a whole year. But since the end of the last century, the volcano has become calmer.
Several mud pots can be seen in the geothermal field Hverir in Iceland. Sulfur colors the field in various shades of yellow and orange, but you want to shut your nose - the corresponding aroma hovers over the field.
Mud Cauldron, as a rule, filled with thick, bubbling clay. Pouring over the edges of the cauldron and cooling, the clay can gradually form walls, resulting in a small mud volcano. However, it has little in common with a real mud volcano.
Hverir belongs to the Krabla volcanic system. Everything on the field is smoking and gurgling. It seems that steam is coming from every crack. Some of them are made by man: in the 50s, several holes were drilled here to study sulfur - this is how “artificial” fumaroles turned out.
A mud boiler is essentially a double boiler. Surface water is collected in a shallow reservoir, sealed by a layer of clay. Thermal waters heat it from below, and the dirt in the cauldron begins to bubble.
Mud pots are sometimes compared to a paint palette due to the variety of colors surrounding them. For example, iron oxide colors reddish, pink, and beige.
Mud volcanoes They erupt with mud mixed with gas and usually water, and sometimes oil.
They, like mud pots, can be found in Russia. A few kilometers from the village of Vulkanovka in Crimea, a pair of mud volcanoes and two mud cauldrons are active. The height of the volcano in the photo above is no more than four meters.
The largest mud volcano in Crimea is considered Jau-Tepe, whose height reaches 60 meters. It was active at the beginning of the 20th century, but has been dormant in recent decades.
Thermal springs can create such an unusual lake. Jets of water lift blue silt from the bottom, giving the reservoir an unusual color.
