Excretory function of punctuation marks examples. Functions of punctuation marks

Excretory signs differ not only in the degree of emphasis they convey, but also functionally. In the latter sense, only parentheses are unambiguous - they highlight only insertions, i.e. additional messages. As for commas and dashes, their functions are broader and more varied: they can convey various semantic, intonation and accent subtleties (especially dashes). For example: The snow was already falling here, but it just melted, and in the forest under the Christmas tree - you look - and there’s a hare sitting (Paust.); All this summer I learned anew - by touch, taste, smell - many new words that until then, although known to me, were distant and unexperienced (Paust.); Most often, lightning occurs in July, when the grain is ripening. Therefore, there is a popular belief that lightning “lights up the bread” - illuminates it at night - and this makes the bread pour faster (Paust.); The evening dawn begins when the sun has already set beyond the edge of the earth. Then it takes possession of the fading sky, spills a multitude of colors across it - from red gold to turquoise - and slowly passes into late twilight and night (Paust.).

Quotation marks are also distinguishing marks. The general functional unambiguity of quotation marks (emphasis) does not prevent them from having a variety of particular meanings.

First of all, quotation marks highlight someone else's speech in the text - individual words belonging to another author, quotes, direct speech. For example: The boy said “watch the thunder,” and I remembered the words from Dante’s “Divine Comedy” that “the sun’s ray fell silent” (Paust.); People say about blind rain falling in the sun: “The princess is crying” (Paust.).

Quotes serve as a means of highlighting various names - orders and medals, literary works, newspapers, magazines; enterprises, organizations; industrial products, car brands; plant varieties, etc. For example: Everything created by Prishvin: his first works - “In the Land of Unfrightened Birds” and “Kolobok” and the subsequent ones - “Calendar of Nature”, “Pantry of the Sun”, his numerous stories and, finally, the thinnest, as if woven from morning light, spring water and quietly speaking leaves of "Ginseng" - all this is full of the beautiful essence of life (Paust.); He published under the pseudonym "Multatuli". In Latin it means "Long-suffering" (Paust.).

The general functions of punctuation marks, as well as more specific ones, implemented in the semantic and grammatical conditions of specific texts, create the basis for the individual use of punctuation marks. Such signs are associated with the author’s understanding of what is written; they usually convey the emotional structure of speech and are included in the concept of “writer’s style.” The punctuation of outstanding masters of artistic expression is evidence of the richness of its stylistic possibilities.

The main principle of individual understanding of punctuation marks is not to forget their functional significance, but to use signs in new, unusual for them (from the point of view of normative rules) contextual conditions. For example, M. Gorky has a dash in positions where the rules provide for a comma or the absence of a sign (a dash after an address; a dash between the subject and predicate - a personal verb, when highlighting comparative phrases, etc.); A. Blok's dash (after particles, adverbial words with a generalized adverbial meaning) also expands the scope of its application; M. Tsvetaeva achieves special sophistication when using the dash: it helps her to “separate” words when there is excessive semantic condensation, the compactness of her line - both poetic and prosaic. It is also known that I. Babel is partial to the dot, A. Tolstoy is partial to the dash, etc. That is, the “author’s” signs are favorite signs, reflecting the originality of the rhythm and intonation of the text; the use of such punctuation marks is included in the author’s system of literary and artistic techniques.

The basic rules of punctuation are normative in nature; they are relatively stable in printing practice and are the same for different types of written speech. However, written speech itself is functionally heterogeneous: it is scientific, official business, journalistic, and artistic speech. Syntactically, each of these types of written speech has specificity, more or less clearly expressed. And since punctuation primarily fixes the syntactic division of speech, it is quite natural that it is different in texts of different nature. The linguistic literature has repeatedly emphasized the idea that punctuation is not the same for different texts.

Thus, the syntax of scientific literature is quite clear, distinguished by the consistent coherence of individual constructions, their completeness and completeness. Scientific speech is dominated by complex syntactic constructions, with a very detailed and ordered logical connection between components. It is dominated by polynomial complex sentences with cause-and-effect and attributive-explanatory dependence. The scientific style “gravitates towards speech means devoid of emotional load and expressive colors,” therefore, in the syntax of scientific works, which are not designed for emotional perception, there are usually no constructions that convey the expressive qualities of speech. The scientific style is not characterized by emotionally charged sentences, reticence, reticence, semantic-stylistic subtleties, etc. This syntax naturally does not require punctuation complexity. The punctuation of this type of literature is standardized and lacks individual meaning. Signs that have a logical-grammatical basis predominate: these are signs that divide the text into individual sentences and parts of a sentence, its structural elements (main and subordinate; homogeneous members; among the isolations - only obligatory ones, i.e. caused by structural indicators).

Example of a scientific text: The difficult operating conditions of offset plates during the printing process put forward diverse requirements for moisturizing solutions. The moisturizing solution should not have aggressive properties towards the varnish film lying on a zinc or aluminum surface, as well as the copper xanthate film on bimetallic molds. The composition of the moisturizing solution must guarantee maximum preservation of the colloidal film on the metal surface, provide it with an optimal degree of hydration, so as not to violate its structural and mechanical properties and stability during printing.

It is easy to notice that the text does not contain purely intonation and semantic signs, which are usually associated with the individual author’s style of presentation. There are no expressive elements of syntax at all. Cases of using signs are absolutely normative: commas separating subordinate clauses from main clauses; commas between homogeneous members; commas separating postpositive participial phrases; periods at the end of sentences.

A number of works and studies that in one way or another touch on the issues of style, and, in particular, scientific style, confirm this general conclusion (approximately the same features are cited as features of the syntax of scientific style: saturation of complex sentences with a conjunction; abundance of participial phrases; absence indicators of expressiveness and emotionality; large average sentence length; weakly expressed modal plan, etc.).

In official business documents (reports, orders, reports, programs, protocols, instructions, statements, etc.) the syntactic structure is even more standard (compared to scientific works). In such texts there is no direct speech, no comparative phrases; there are no clarifying and clarifying structures and emotionally charged syntactic structures; there are no different kinds of elliptical sentences. Generally accepted (sometimes the only possible) forms of presentation and arrangement of material lead to the comparative “ease” of using punctuation marks and their uniformity.

However, punctuation and business papers have their own characteristics. These include, for example, highlighting parts of a sentence (each part begins with a paragraph and ends with a semicolon; sometimes, in addition to the paragraph, a dash is also added); numbering or letter designations. This is, for example, the punctuation of government and legal documents, international treaties and agreements, etc.

So, the stylistic and expressive range of modern Russian punctuation is extremely wide. However, in their basic meanings and uses, punctuation marks are the same in different literary texts. This unity gives the rules of punctuation the necessary stability. The basis of this stability is the reliance on syntax.

The system of punctuation marks and the branch of linguistics that studies these punctuation marks and writing placement are called punctuation.

Functions of punctuation marks

Punctuation marks serve to highlight semantic parts in a sentence and to separate sentences in the text. The following punctuation marks are distinguished:

highlighting: comma (two commas), dash (two dashes), parentheses, quotes;
separating: period, question and exclamation marks, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, ellipsis.

Table. Punctuation marks (main cases)

(c) Quote from the manual of the publishing house "Drofa"

Highlighting punctuation marks

In a sentence these signs serve to mark boundaries isolated secondary members, addresses, introductory words, phrases and sentences, direct speech.

Comma(two commas) is placed if the sentence contains:

standalone definition: The red bow tied in her hazel iridescent hair made her look especially seductive. (I. Bunin);
isolated circumstance: And under the wall of the forest stand, crimson-gray, three large wolves. (I. Bunin);
separate application: Grigory came to Yagodnoye, the Listnitsky estate, at eight o’clock in the morning. (M. Sholokhov);
separate clarifying members: On Christmas Eve, before Christmas, it happened that they didn’t eat until the star. (I. Shmelev);
interjection: Hey, beauty, your teeth are sharp! (M. Gorky);
introductory words, phrases, sentences: Unfortunately, no one looked into these places except detectives. (K. Paustovsky) Cossack, I think he’s not bad. (M. Sholokhov);
appeal: Pull yourself together, my dear Irinka! (M. Sholokhov);
comparative phrase: A small house stands like the last lighthouse on the edge of a foggy abyss. (K. Paustovsky)

Dash(two dashes) is put if the sentence contains:

a generalizing word after homogeneous members of the sentence: Shards of broken dishes, torn papers, books, scraps of cloth covered in honey, children's toys, old furniture, scattered flour - all this was lying on the floor in a terrible disorder, screaming about destruction. (M. Sholokhov);
single or common application: And on the sides of the railway in these parts lay great desert spaces - Sary-Ozeki. (Ch. Aitmatov) Lusha - this angular, frail teenager - is sitting on the end bench, his thin legs spread out in a cheerful manner, smoking. (M. Sholokhov);
introductory sentence: He pressed his head to the keyhole - fortunately, there was no key in it - he saw the light, the edge of the women's dressing table, then something white suddenly stood up and closed everything. (I. Bunin)

Colon is placed if there is a generalizing word before homogeneous members: All dogs are described by me: Yarik, Kenta, Nerl, Dubets, Nightingale. (M. Prishvin)
Brackets are placed if there are introductory or plug-in structures: At midnight, someone long and persistently made his way to the switchman’s booth, first straight along the sleepers, then, with the appearance of an oncoming train ahead, rolling down the slope, making his way, as if in a blizzard, shielding himself with his hands from the dust and wind carried by a squall from under a high-speed freight train (then a letter train followed the green street - a special purpose train, which then went to a separate branch into the closed area of Sary-Ozek-1, where they have their own, separate track service, went to cosmodrome, in short, because the train was all covered with tarpaulins and with military guards on the platform). (Ch. Aitmatov)
Colon and dash are placed if there is a generalizing word before homogeneous members: It seemed that everything: the earth, the sky - was blazing with an unbearably hot fire. (K. Simonov)
Quotes are put if there is direct speech: Daria muttered in a sleepy voice: “Tut, you filthy child! No sleep, no peace for you." (M. Sholokhov)
Exclamation mark put if there is:

Appeal: Stop, Praskovya Osipovna! (M. Gorky);
interjection: Hey! You, girl, go! (M. Gorky).

Separating punctuation marks

Separating punctuation marks in a simple sentence they serve to distinguish homogeneous members, and in a complex sentence they separate parts of the simple sentences included in its composition.

Comma:

with homogeneous members: In the floodplain of the river, in the grassland expanses, small but formidable African buffalo have grazed for centuries. (N. Gumilev);
in a complex sentence: We knew that a lion runs away only when it is very seriously wounded or not wounded at all. (N. Gumilev);
after a direct speech before the author’s words: “Let’s go have tea with Lenten pies,” says the father. (I. Shmelev)

Semicolon in a non-union complex sentence between simple sentences: There is nothing better than Nevsky Prospekt, at least in St. Petersburg; for him he truly is everything. (M. Gorky)
Colon in a non-union complex sentence: However, there was no doubt: lion tracks mixed with gazelle ones were clearly visible on the trampled area near the uprooted tree. (N. Gumilev)
Dash:

in a non-union complex sentence: The moon rose - a cowardly porcupine appeared, sniffing at something and digging under our tree. (N. Gumilev);
between subject and predicate: Killing a lion is the secret dream of every white man. (N. Gumilev);
in an incomplete sentence: From the southwest people come here to hunt, from the Danakil desert, dotted with dunes, lions. (N. Gumilev)

Ellipsis at the end of the sentence: Natalya lay there, not thinking about anything, crushed by inexplicable melancholy... (M. Sholokhov)

Lesson summary "". Next topic:

Subject: Separators, punctuation marks, completion marks

Option 1

1.In place of what numbers should commas appear in the sentence?

Pisarev (1) who wrote his famous article about Pushkin (2) expressed (3) the view of a certain part of the Russian people.

1)1, 2,3 2)2 3)1,2 4)2,3

2.Indicate the sentence without a punctuation error

1) All natural phenomena: solar heat, wind, rain - can be called geological agents.

2) All natural phenomena - solar heat, wind, rain can be called geological agents.

3) All natural phenomena: solar heat, wind, rain can be called geological agents

4) All natural phenomena - solar heat, wind, rain - can be called geological agents.

3.Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas?

The boys grabbed their hands (1) and (2) constantly stumbling (3) and (4) getting bruises (5) rushed to run under the protection of a huge oak tree (6) standing on the shore

1) 2,3,5 2)1,2,5 3)2, 3, 4, 5 4)2,5,6

4.Indicate the sentence with a punctuation error.

Both figures were intelligent and pleasant and for some reason reminded me of Turgenev’s heroes.

All the furniture: sofas, tables, chairs was made of mahogany.

Both elk and deer are found in our forests.

Boys usually dream of becoming pilots or sailors.

5.In place of what numbers should commas appear in the sentence?

From somewhere beyond the Volga they found clouds (1) and (2) although they did not bode well (3) the travelers nevertheless moved on.

1)2, 3 2)1,3 3 ) 1 , 2,3 4)1 , 2 , 3,4

6.Which sentence does not have a dash (no punctuation marks)?

1) Cicadas were everywhere in the grass, in the dogwood and wild rose bushes, in the vineyards and on the trees.

2) It began to get light and it was possible to see individual objects.

3) Youth is like the song of a lark at dawn.

4) Evgeniy said mine loudly.

7.Which sentence does not have a dash (no punctuation marks)?

The best way to strengthen memory is reading with full attention.

He is a real scientist

Seven seven forty nine.

Order, Davydov said approvingly and entered the dim entryway.

8.Indicate the correct explanation of punctuation in the sentence:

I wander along the forest () and the day begins to slowly fade.

Complex sentence, before the conjunction And there is no need for a comma.
A simple sentence with homogeneous members, before the conjunction And no comma is needed.
Complex sentence, a comma is needed before the conjunction AND.
A simple sentence with homogeneous members, a comma is needed before the conjunction AND.

9.Indicate the sentence with a punctuation error.

To the right, a dull clinking of either travel kettles or something else was heard.

Without effort, a strong silver tenor poured out and immediately filled the ravine, the company, and the garden..

All these birds: ducks of all breeds and swans are almost not afraid of humans.

Pushkin was not only a first-class writer, but also a first-class reader.

10. What numbers should be replaced by commas in a sentence?

I read so much (1) that (2) when I heard the bell ringing on the front porch (3) I didn’t immediately understand (4) who was ringing (5) and why.

1)1,3,4 2)1,2,3,4 3)1,3,5 4)2,3

Keys

Lesson notes on the Russian language in 9th grade

Lesson topic : Separating and emphasizing punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence.

Lesson type : a lesson in learning new knowledge.

Lesson Objectives :

educational:

systematize students' knowledge of syntax;

introduce students to the concepts of “sign function”, “separation function”, “excretory function”;

contribute to a correct understanding of the topic.

developing:

development of students’ communication abilities, the ability to generalize, compare, and draw conclusions;

continue the development of creative thinking among schoolchildren;

continue to develop the skill of composing complex and simple sentences to identify the level of proficiency in syntactic knowledge.

educational:

continue to cultivate an attentive attitude to words and interest in the Russian language;

continue to foster student independence;

continue to instill in students a sense of tolerance and respect for each other.

Equipment: projector, presentation, handouts, video tutorial.

Bibliography: textbook N.A. Andromonova, L.D. Umarova “Russian language. 9th grade"

Lesson plan:

1. Organizational moment (2 min.)

2.Updating the data log. (7 min.)

3. Explanation of new material (17 min.)

4. Independent work (1 min.)

5. Summing up the lesson (7 min.)

6. Explanation of homework. Grading. (2 minutes.)

During the classes

Stage

Lesson

Teacher activities

Student activity

Note

Organizing time

– Hello! Sit down! We open the notebooks and write down the date: October eighth.

– Hello!

Students greet teacher

Write the date and topic of the lesson on the board

Updating knowledge

Before moving on to studying a new topic, you need to review previously learned rules. What does syntax study?

– A sentence is the basic unit of syntax that performs a communicative function, i.e. serves as a means of communication. Sentences can be simple or complex. Please make me a simple proposal.

Prove that this sentence is simple.

– Now, make up a complex sentence and prove that it is complex?

– What are the coordinating conjunctions? And what coordinating conjunctions do you know?

– List subordinating conjunctions?

– Well done! Today we will go through a new topic called"Dividing and special punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence. Intonation of a complex sentence."

– Syntax is a branch of the science of language that studies phrases and sentences.

We walked through the autumn park.

Because there is only one grammatical basis (We were walking).

– The tree crunched and a branch fell at our feet.

(Consists of 2 grammatical bases, and 2 parts).

– Connecting ( AND, NEITHER... NOR, ALSO, ALSO,

NOT ONLY... BUT ALSO, AS... SO AND, YES (=AND)), dividing ( OR, OR... OR,

EITHER, OR... OR,

THAT... THAT, NOT THAT... NOT THAT,

EITHER... EITHER), adversative ( BUT,

HOWEVER, YES (=BUT)).

–To, what, when, if, etc.

Explanation of new material

Watching a video clip . "Dividing and emphasizing punctuation marks."

The proposals are presented on the slide.

– Guys, please read these sentences, try to answer the following question: in which sentences do punctuation marks stand out, and in which do they separate parts of a complex sentence?

– Punctuation marks in a complex sentence are needed in order to convey in writing the features of semantic relationships between the parts of a complex sentence, the features of its structure and intonation.

In SSP, BSP they separate simple sentences, performing a separative function, and in SPP they highlight the dependent part (subordinate clause), performing an excretory function.

In order to understand what function a sign performs in a sentence, you need to practice the exercise.

Task in cards.

Determine the type of sentence, the function of the sign.

Well done! The topic turned out to be easy for you. And now some students work on the board, the rest in notebooks.

Listen to the task: I will dictate two sentences to you. You need to put punctuation marks in them, underline the main parts of the sentence and determine the type of sentence, make an outline.

The larks sing in clear silence and trill down to the ground from the sky.

We passed through the forest, and suddenly a river opened up in front of us.

Students watch a video lesson and write down basic information in a notebook.

A gusty wind blew. The trees rustled.

A gusty wind blew and the trees rustled (Separation function).

The brother handed over the letter. He didn't wait for an answer.

The brother, when he handed over the letter, did not wait for an answer (Excretory function).

Grandfather turned out to be right: in the evening a thunderstorm came. (BSP, separation function).

Dersu and I did not wait for the Cossacks to saddle their horses and went forward. (SPP, excretory function).

The sun burned like yesterday, the air was still and dull. (BSP, separation function).

The forest will be filled with rustling and ringing in the morning, but for now a dark sky with bright, needle-like stars floated over the village. (SSP, separation function).

The rays of the sun brightly bathed the tops of the pines in gold, then faded one after another; the last ray remained for a long time. (BSP, separation function).

Simple sentence.

SSP[ ] , [ ] .

After watching the video lesson, the teacher comments on it in detail.

Independent work

Assignment: highlight the grammatical basis, draw diagrams, write BSC, SPP, PP.

Sit on the shore with a fishing rod and you will feel a surge of strength. It's autumn and the leaves are falling from the trees. It was quiet in the garden, and only the sound of wheels could be heard from somewhere in the distance. She remembered that on winter evenings grandfather usually played with her. There was a snowstorm outside, the wind was howling, the shutters were shaking and knocking. When the friendly sun came out, Kolya woke up.

She heard barking from the street, and she wanted to answer it.

Under the dictation of the teacher, students write down sentences in notebooks.

Summing up the lesson.

Today we went through another topic from the complex sentence section. In the next lesson we will talk about compound sentences. Please review all the rules you have learned on the topic of syntax.

The students listen carefully to the teacher.

Homework explanation. Grading.

Know about separating and emphasizing punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence.

Students write down their homework.

Card No. 1. Emphasize the grammatical basis of the sentences. Determine the type of sentence, the function of the sign .

1. Grandfather turned out to be right: a thunderstorm came in the evening.

2. Dersu and I did not wait for the Cossacks to saddle their horses, and went forward.

3. The sun burned like yesterday, the air was still and dull.

4. The forest will be filled with rustling and ringing in the morning, but for now a dark sky with bright, needle-like stars floated over the village.

5. The rays of the sun brightly poured gold over the tops of the pine trees, then went out one after another; the last ray remained for a long time.