The degree of air pollution in the city... Wikipedia
- (ecology) From Greek roots meaning home and science. German scientist Ernst Haeckel viewed ecology as the science of the relationship between organisms and the environment. This is a generally accepted definition still in use today. Haeckel first used... Political science. Dictionary.
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ECOLOGY- (from the Greek oikos house and logos science), according to the definition of E. Haeckel, who proposed this term (E. Haeckel, 1869), a science that studies “the relationship of an animal to its surrounding organic and inorganic environment, especially its friendly and ... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia
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AND; and. [from Greek oikos house, dwelling and logos doctrine] 1. The science of the relationships of plant and animal organisms and the communities they form between themselves and the environment. E. plants. E. animals. E. human. 2. Ecological system. E. forests. 3.… … Encyclopedic Dictionary
Biography
Yu. Odum, one of the most famous American ecologist ov, author of the classic work “Ecology,” was born on September 17, 1913 in New Port (New Hampshire, USA). His father, Howard W. Odum, was a sociologist; Howard T. Odum, like Eugene, was an ecologist.
Note 1
Belonging to a family of scientists has had great influence on the development of Yu. Odum’s worldview, in particular, he was already initially prepared to perceive a holistic, systematic approach to any objects of research. Due to the specifics scientific approaches, he hesitated for a long time in choosing a university on the basis of which he planned to do research. So, he rejected the University of Michigan and Cornell, and opted for the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Here Yu. Odum studied to become a zoologist under the famous American ecologist of the previous generation, W. Shelford, under whose guidance he subsequently defended his doctoral dissertation.
Since 1940 he worked at the University of Georgia. Here he achieved the inclusion of ecology in the curriculum as an independent subject.
Y. Odum died on August 10, 2002 in Athens, Georgia (USA). In 2007, Odum's Institute of Ecology at the University of Georgia became the Odum School of Ecology.
Major works
The work best known to Russian readers, the two-volume book “Ecology” (1986), covers a huge amount of material and is very clearly organized. The previous 2nd edition of the book by Yu. Odum (1975) served in America as a textbook for a whole generation of ecologists. Subsequently, this book was reprinted several times.
Scientific achievements
Note 2
Thanks to scientific work Yu. Odum, there has been a qualitative shift in the understanding of environmental issues by many scientists. Therefore, their interests have largely shifted from the field of autecology to the field of synecology. Thus, ecology, which previously mainly carried out the study of adaptations of living things mainly to abiotic factors external environment and on organismal level organization, was mainly aimed at research environmental patterns functioning more high level organization of living things - landscape-cenotic (a common synonym - biogeocenotic), or ecosystem.
The ecosystem approach became widespread in ecology much later than the term “ecosystem” itself, introduced in 1935 by A. Tansley. It was clearly defined in the first edition (1953) of Yu. Odum’s book “Fundamentals of Ecology”, where the author proposed a new structural organization this science, and central place in it he devoted it to the ecosystem. New concept structure of ecology Yu. Odum laid the foundation for the present scientific revolution in ecology. Having substantiated the unity of the components of the ecosystem, he contributed to the departure of ecology from the reductionist approach inevitable for autecology, where as central object research perceives a separate organism. The development of ecology at a qualitatively new level of synecology inevitably stimulated work on the study of energy processes in ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole, which increased the theoretical, ideological and applied significance of ecology, and allowed it to take a more prominent place in the structure of scientific knowledge.
The ecosystem-centric concept of Yu. Odum assumes the primacy of the ecosystem over a separate species, which implies equivalence and equal rights existence for all species - plants, animals and humans. This served as an important prerequisite for changing public consciousness and its greening. The discovery of the phenomenon of emergence in ecology serves as the scientific basis for solving many global and local problems. environmental problems that humanity has encountered.
Ecological niche concept
Yu. Odum in his main work cited interesting and visual comparison ecological niche species with its profession in the ecosystem, and habitat - with its address. Thus, he clearly distinguished these concepts, which were previously considered by most ecologists to be very close, if not identical, and laid the foundation for the creation of the functional concept of an ecological niche.
Ecology. In 2 volumes. Eugene Odum
M.: Mir, 1986. T.1-328 p.; T.2 - 376 p.
The book by the famous American scientist is a theoretical guide to ecology. Published in Russian in two volumes. It is a revised and abridged edition by the author of the previously published “Fundamentals of Ecology” (Moscow, Mir, 1975).
The first volume covers chapters in which, in light of the latest achievements the concepts and classifications of ecosystems, their emergence and evolution, energy characteristics, as well as the connection of environmental development trends with the development of human society are considered.
The second volume contains chapters that address issues of population dynamics; relationships between populations, communities and ecosystems; ecosystem dynamics and evolutionary ecology; as well as issues related to the prospects for the future of all humanity. At the end of the book a brief summary of the main types of biosphere ecosystems is given.
For everyone interested in the problems of using natural resources and environmental protection, biologists of various specialties, students and teachers of biological universities.
Volume 1.
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Volume 2.
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VOLUME 1.
Translation Editor's Preface 5
Preface 8
Chapter 1. Introduction: the subject of ecology 11
1. The relationship of ecology to other sciences and its significance for civilization 11
2. Hierarchy of organizational levels 13
3. Principle of emergence 15
4. About 19 models
Chapter 2. Ecosystem 24
1. Ecosystem concept 24
Definitions 24
Explanations 24
2. Ecosystem structure 28
Definitions 28
Explanations 29
3. Study of ecosystems 34
Definitions 34
Explanations and examples 34
4. Biological regulation of the geochemical environment: the Gaia hypothesis 35
Definitions 35
Explanations 36
Examples 38
5. Global production and decay 41
Definitions 41
Explanations 42
6. Kinetic nature and stability of ecosystems.... 60
Definitions 60
Explanations and examples 60
7. Examples of ecosystems 68
Pond and meadow 68
Catchment basin 77
Microecosystems 79
Spacecraft like an ecosystem 86
The city as a heterotrophic ecosystem 89
Agroecosystems 97
8. Classification of ecosystems 102
Definitions 102
Explanations 102
Examples 103
Chapter 3. Energy in ecological systems 104
1. Review of Fundamental Energy Concepts: Law of Entropy 104
Definitions 104
Explanations. 105
2. Energy characteristics environment 112
Definitions 112
Explanations 112
3. The concept of productivity 117
Definitions 117
Explanations............... 119
4. Food chains, food webs and trophic levels. . 142
Definitions 142
Explanations 142
Examples 152
Sizes of organisms in food chains 157
Detrital food chain 158
Environmental efficiency 160
The role of consumers in the dynamics of the food web.... 162
Concentration of toxic compounds as they move through food chains 165
Usage radioactive isotopes when studying food chains 167
5. Energy quality 166
Definitions 168
Explanations 169
6. Metabolism and size of individuals 171
Definitions 171
Explanations and examples 171
7. Trophic structure and ecological pyramids. . . 174
Definitions 174
Explanations and examples 174
8. Complexity theory. The energetics of dimensions, the law of diminishing returns and the concept of supporting capacity of the medium. 179
Definitions 179
Explanations 180
Examples 183
9. Energy classification of ecosystems... 188
Definitions 188
Explanations. 189
10. Energy, money and civilization. 194
Definitions "
Explanations. . . 195
Chapter 4. Biogeochemical cycles. Principles and Concepts 200
1. Structure and main types biogeochemical cycles. . 200
Definitions 200
Explanations 200
Examples 203
2. Quantitative study of biogeochemical cycles. . . 214
Definitions 214
Examples 215
3. Biogeochemistry of the watershed 220
Definitions 220
Examples 220
4. Global gyres carbon and water 225
Definitions. 225
Explanations 225
5. Sedimentary cycle 233
Definitions 233
Explanations 233
6. Cycle of minor elements 235
Definitions 235
Explanations 236
Examples 236
7. Nutrient cycle in the tropics 238
Definitions 2?8
Explanations 238
8. Ways of returning substances into the cycle: return coefficient 242
Definitions 242
Explanations 242
Chapter 5. Limiting factors and physical environmental factors. . 248
1. The concept of limiting factors: Liebig’s “law of the minimum” 248
Definitions 248
Explanations 248
Examples 252
2. Factor compensation and ecotypes 261
Definitions 261
Explanations 261
Examples 262
3. Conditions of existence as regulating factors. . . 264
Definitions 264
Explanations and examples 265
4. Brief overview important limiting physical factors 267
Temperature 268
Emission: 270 light
Ionizing radiation 272
Water 281
Groundwater 287
Joint action temperature and humidity. . . 290
Atmospheric gases 293
Nutrients: macroelements and microelements 295
Flow and pressure 297
Soil 299
Soil erosion 305
Fires as an environmental factor 310
5. Anthropogenic stress and toxic waste as a limiting factor of industrial civilization 316
Definitions 316
Explanations 316
Examples 322
VOLUME 2.
Name: Ecology - Volume 1.
Author: Eugene Odum.
The book by the famous American scientist is a theoretical guide to ecology. Published in Russian in two volumes. It is a revised and abridged edition by the author of the previously published “Fundamentals of Ecology” (Moscow, Mir, 1975).
The first volume covers chapters in which, in the light of recent advances, the concepts and classifications of ecosystems, their emergence and evolution, energy characteristics, as well as the connection of environmental development trends with the development of human society are examined.
The proposed book by Yu. Odum differs markedly from the “Fundamentals of Ecology” known to the Soviet reader, published by the Mir publishing house in 1975. The first book contained a detailed presentation of the fundamental concepts of ecology, supplemented by a broad description of the main types of ecosystems. The small but clearly accepted part of the text was essentially a response to the explosion of public interest in the words “ecology” and “ environment" This book had to be evaluated primarily from the point of view of its biological content.
Translation Editor's Preface 5
Preface 8
Chapter 1. Introduction: subject of ecology 11
1. The relationship of ecology to other sciences and its significance for civilization 11
2. Hierarchy of organizational levels 13
3. Principle of emergence 15
4. About 19 models
Chapter 2. Ecosystem 24
1. Ecosystem concept 24
Definitions 24
Explanations 24
2. Ecosystem structure 28
Definitions 28
Explanations 29
3. Study of ecosystems 34
Definitions 34
Explanations and examples 34
4. Biological regulation of the geochemical environment: the Gaia hypothesis 35
Definitions 35
Explanations 36
Examples 38
5. Global production and decay 41
Definitions 41
Explanations 42
6. Kinetic nature and stability of ecosystems 60
Definitions 60
Explanations and examples 60
7. Examples of ecosystems 68
Pond and meadow 68
Catchment basin 77
Microecosystems 79
Spaceship as an ecosystem 86
The city as a heterotrophic ecosystem 89
Agroecosystems 97
8. Classification of ecosystems 102
Definitions 102
Explanations 102
Examples 103
Chapter 3. Energy in ecological systems 104
1. Review of Fundamental Energy Concepts: Law of Entropy 104
Definitions 104
Explanations. 105
2. Energy characteristics of the environment 112
Definitions 112
Explanations 112
3. The concept of productivity 117
Definitions 117
Explanations 119
4. Food chains, food webs and trophic levels. . 142
Definitions 142
Explanations 142
Examples 152
Sizes of organisms in food chains 157
Detrital food chain 158
Environmental efficiency 160
The role of consumers in the dynamics of the food web.... 162
Concentration of toxic compounds as they move through food chains 165
The use of radioactive isotopes in the study of food chains 167
5. Energy quality 166
Definitions 168
Explanations 169
6. Metabolism and size of individuals 171
Definitions 171
Explanations and examples 171
7. Trophic structure and ecological pyramids. . . 174
Definitions 174
Explanations and examples 174
8. Complexity theory. The energetics of dimensions, the law of diminishing returns and the concept of supporting capacity of the medium. 179
Definitions 179
Explanations 180
Examples 183
9. Energy classification of ecosystems... 188
Definitions 188
Explanations. 189
10. Energy, money and civilization. 194
Definitions
Explanations 95
Chapter 4. Biogeochemical cycles. Principles and Concepts 200
1. Structure and main types of biogeochemical cycles 200
Definitions 200
Explanations 200
Examples 203
2. Quantitative study of biogeochemical cycles 214
Definitions 214
Examples 215
3. Biogeochemistry of the watershed 220
Definitions 220
Examples 220
4. Global carbon and water cycles 225
Definitions. 225
Explanations 225
5. Sedimentary cycle 233
Definitions 233
Explanations 233
6. Cycle of minor elements 235
Definitions 235
Explanations 236
Examples 236
7. Nutrient cycle in the tropics 238
Definitions 2?8
Explanations 238
8. Ways of returning substances into the cycle: return coefficient 242
Definitions 242
Explanations 242
Chapter 5. Limiting factors and physical environmental factors 248
1. The concept of limiting factors: Liebig’s “law of the minimum” 248
Definitions 248
Explanations 248
Examples 252
2. Factor compensation and ecotypes 261
Definitions 261
Explanations 261
Examples 262
3. Conditions of existence as regulating factors 264
Definitions 264
Explanations and examples 265
4. Brief overview of important limiting physical factors 267
Temperature 268
Emission: 270 light
Ionizing radiation 272
Water 281
Groundwater 287
Combined effect of temperature and humidity 290
Atmospheric gases 293
Biogenic elements: macroelements and microelements 295
Flow and pressure 297
Soil 299
Soil erosion 305
Fires as an environmental factor 310
5. Anthropogenic stress and toxic waste as a limiting factor of industrial civilization 316
Definitions 316
Explanations 316
Examples 322
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BASICS OF ECOLOGY
Translation from the 3rd English edition
Edited and with a preface
Doctor of Biology Science N. P. NAUMOVA
PUBLISHING HOUSE "MIR"
MOSCOW 1975
ABOUT THE CHAPTER
Preface to the Russian edition
BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS 9
CHAPTER 1. SUBJECT OF ECOLOGY 9
1. Ecology - its relationship to other sciences and significance
For human civilization 9
2. Ecology departments 13
3. About 14 models
CHAPTER 2. ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM. PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS 16
1. Ecosystem concept 16
2. Biological control of the chemical environment 34
3. Production and decomposition in nature 36
4. Ecosystem homeostasis 48
CHAPTER 3. ENERGY IN ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. PRINCIPLES AND
CONCEPTS 52
1. Review of Fundamental Energy Concepts 52
2. Energy characteristics of the environment 56
3. The concept of productivity 59
4. Food chains, food webs and trophic levels 85
5. Metabolism and size of individuals 102
6. Trophic structure and ecological pyramids 105
7. Ecosystem energetics (summary) 111
CHAPTER 4. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES. PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS 114
1. Structure and main types of biogeochemical
gyres 114
2. Quantitative study biogeochemical cycles 122
3. Sedimentary cycle 130
4. Cycle of minor elements 132
5. Organic cycle nutrients 133
6. Nutrient cycling in the tropics 134
7. Ways to return substances to the cycle 136
CHAPTER 5. LIMITING FACTORS 139
1. “Law” of Liebig minimum 139
2. Shelford’s “Law” of Tolerance 140
3. Generalized concept of limiting factors 145
4. Conditions of existence as regulating factors 151
5. Brief overview of limiting physical factors 153
6. Environmental indicators 179
CHAPTER 6. ORGANIZATION AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL. PRINCIPLES
AND CONCEPTS 181
1. The concept of biotic community 181
2. Classification of community elements and concept
ecological dominance 185
3. Community analysis 187
4. Species diversity in communities 191
5. Structural type communities 199
6. Ecotones and the concept of edge (border) effect 203
7. Palaeecology: community structure in past centuries 205
CHAPTER 7. ORGANIZATION AT THE POPULATION LEVEL. GENERAL
REPRESENTATIONS AND CONCEPTS 209
1. Properties of a population group 209
2. Population density and relative indicators
number 210
3. Population dynamics. General considerations 215
4. Fertility 217
5. Mortality 221
6. Age structure of the population 227
7. Potential rate of natural growth of populations 231
8. Types of population growth and the idea of capacity
habitats 236
9. Fluctuations in population numbers and the so-called
"cyclic" oscillations 243
10. Regulation of population numbers and ideas about
density-dependent and density-independent regulation 252
11. Dispersal pattern of individuals 258
12. Energy flow in a population, or bioenergy 262
13. Population structure; nature of distribution
(dispersion) of organisms in space 265
14. Population structure aggregation and Ollie’s principle 268
15. Population structure. Isolation and territoriality 271
16. Types of interaction between two species 273
17. Negative interactions, interspecific competition 276
antibiosis 285
19. Positive interactions: commensalism,
cooperation, mutualism 296
CHAPTER 8. SPECIES AND INDIVIDUAL IN AN ECOSYSTEM 303
1. The concept of habitat and ecological niche 303
2. Environmental equivalents 309
3. Shift of characters: sympatry and allopatry 310
4. Natural selection: allopatric and sympatric
speciation 311
5. Artificial selection. Domestication 314
6. Biological clock 317
7. Basic types of behavior 319
8. Regulatory and compensatory behavior 322
9. group behavior 323
CHAPTER 9. DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION OF THE ECOSYSTEM 324
1. Ecosystem development strategy 324
2. Concept of menopause 340
3. Applicability of the theory of ecosystem development to ecology
person 345
4. Ecosystem evolution 350
5. Conjugate evolution 354
6. Group selection 355
CHAPTER 10. SYSTEM ECOLOGY. SYSTEM APPROACH AND
MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN ECOLOGY 358
1. Nature mathematical models 358
2. Goals of building 360 models
3. Anatomy of mathematical models 361
4. Basic mathematical tools building model 363
5. Analysis of the properties of model 367
6. Model building methods 370
PRIVATE ECOLOGY [LANDSCAPE APPROACH] 380
CHAPTER 11. FRESHWATER ECOLOGY 382
1. Freshwater environment: types and limiting factors 382
2. Ecological classification of freshwater organisms 388
3. Freshwater biota (flora and fauna) 390
4. Communities of standing water bodies 391
5. Lakes 400
6. Ponds 407
7. Lotic communities (communities of flowing water bodies) 409
8. Longitudinal zonation in rivers 415
9. Sources 416
CHAPTER 12. MARINE ECOLOGY 416
1. Marine environment 417
2. Marine biota
