Mikhail Bulgakov did not know how to dissemble or adapt either in life or in literature; he was an extremely integral person, which, naturally, manifested itself in his work. Both orally and in writing, Mikhail Bulgakov throughout his life consistently defended the principles of Russian classical literature, following the precepts of his great teachers: Pushkin, Gogol, Nekrasov, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Dostoevsky, L. Tolstoy - his favorite and revered writers. He rightly believed that modern Russian literature cannot develop successfully without assimilating all the best that has been accumulated over many years by great Russian literature. Bulgakov wrote only about what he had studied well, deeply and comprehensively, what worried him. He had his own point of view on the processes taking place in the country, which often did not coincide with the official one. The writer and citizen was convinced that the intelligentsia should play a leading role in the development of the country, and was a zealous supporter, in his words, of “the beloved and great Evolution,” a classic representative of that part of cultural figures who, without leaving the country in difficult years, sought to preserve their “generic characteristics” in new conditions. But he understood perfectly well that creative and life principles realized in works of art would meet with severe rebuff. And this predicted existence in an almost hostile environment.
Among our writers of the post-revolutionary era, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov is more closely associated with the theme of insight and his path in life and literature than others. This path was difficult and full of battles, victories and defeats, and the course of events and literary enemies more than once tried to push him onto a road that led away.
Bulgakov's fate has its own dramatic picture. In it, as it always seems, from a distance and after years have passed, there is little that is accidental and a sense of path clearly emerges. It was as if it had been predicted in advance that a boy born on May 3 (15), 1981 in Kyiv, would go through the difficult trials of the era of wars and revolutions, would starve or go into poverty, would become a playwright of the best theater in the country, would know the taste of fame and persecution, storms of applause and a time of deaf muteness. and will die before reaching fifty years of age, so that, after another quarter of a century, he will return to us with his books.
He did not belong to the class of Russian nobility, his ancestors were not listed in the merchant guilds and industrialists, and there were no workers or peasants among them either. One cannot call Bulgakov a hereditary intellectual. His native nest, home and family have always been of paramount and enduring importance for Bulgakov; they determined a lot in his character and destiny. The professor's family was friendly and cheerful. The Bulgakovs loved music and theater; Mikhail himself in his youth wanted to become an artist, played in home performances and impromptu wrote short humorous stories. There was warmth, there was unforgettable happiness and joy.
While still a student, Bulgakov began writing prose - apparently mainly related to medical topics, and then to zemstvo medical practice. According to his sister's recollections, in 1912 he showed her a story about delirium tremens. After the October Revolution of 1917, Bulgakov and his wife T. Lappa returned from Vyazma to Kyiv. The bloody events that he witnessed, when the city passed to the Reds, then to the Whites, then to the Petliurists, formed the basis of some of his works (the story “I Killed”, 1926, etc., the novel “The White Guard”). When the White Volunteer Army entered Kyiv in 1919, Bulgakov had no time for literature. Together with all the people of Kiev, he survived more than ten coups. As a doctor, he was mobilized by the Petliurists. He escaped and returned home. Then the White Guards came. Again mobilization in the fall of 1919, and finally, the civil war brought the doctor Mikhail Bulgakov to Vladikavkaz. There he served in hospitals, and there he began publishing his first journalistic articles in newspapers - and all his life subsequently he was forced to hide the fact that he was published in newspapers under whites.
In his autobiography (1924), he said: “One night, in 1919, in the dead of autumn, I wrote my first short story. In the city to which the train dragged me, I took the story to the newspaper editor. It was published there. Then they published several feuilletons.” Bulgakov’s first feuilleton “Future Prospects”, published with the initials M.B. in the newspaper “Grozny” in 1919, gave a harsh and clear picture of both the contemporary socio-political and economic state of Russia (“it’s such that you want to close your eyes... you want to close your eyes”) and the future of the country. Bulgakov foresaw the inevitable retribution with war and poverty “for the madness of the October days, for the independence of traitors, for the corruption of the workers, for Brest, for the insane use of money printing machines... for everything!” Neither in those days, nor at any time subsequently, did the writer have any illusions about the “cleansing power” of the revolution, seeing in it only the embodiment of social evil. Having fallen ill with typhus, Bulgakov was unable to leave Vladikavkaz with the Volunteer Army. An attempt to get out of Soviet Russia by sea, through Batum, was also unsuccessful. For some time he remained in Vladikavkaz, earning a living from theater reviews and plays written for the local theater (which he later destroyed).
In 1921 Bulgakov arrived in Moscow. He began collaborating with several newspapers and magazines as a feuilletonist. In the newspaper "Gudok" Bulgakov collaborated with a whole galaxy of writers - I. Babel, I. Ilf and E. Petrov, V. Kataev, Yu. Olesha. The impressions of this period were used by Bulgakov in the stories “Fatal Eggs” (1925) and “Heart of a Dog” (1925, published in 1968 in Great Britain).
In 1925, Mikhail Bulgakov published the novel “The White Guard” (incomplete version) in the magazine “Russia”, work on which he began in Vladikavkaz. The tragedy of the civil war, playing out in the writer’s native Kyiv (in the novel - the City), is shown as a tragedy not only of the people as a whole, but also of the “individual” family of intellectuals the Turbins and their close friends. Bulgakov spoke with piercing love about the atmosphere of a cozy house, in which “painted tiles glow with heat” and people who love each other live. The heroes of the novel, Russian officers, have a full sense of honor and dignity.
Bulgakov was a courageous, strong-willed and purposeful man and found the strength in himself to overcome the obstacles encountered on the writer’s path. He always remained a Russian writer of the classical school, an honest intellectual, who, in the fire of the revolution of the civil war, realized the inextricability of his connection with the people, the Motherland. His choice was clear.
In the late 1920s, Bulgakov was subjected to sharp attacks from official criticism. His prose works were not published, his plays were removed from the repertoire. In the early 1930s, only his dramatization of Gogol's Dead Souls was performed on the Moscow Art Theater stage; the play about Molière, The Cabal of the Saints (1930-1936) was performed for some time in a version “corrected” by censorship, and then was also banned. In March 1930, Bulgakov addressed Stalin and the Soviet government with a letter, starting with a sincere manifesto: “After all my works were banned, among many citizens to whom I am known as a writer, voices began to be heard giving me the same advice: compose a “communist” play, and, in addition, turn to the Government of the USSR with a letter of repentance, containing a renunciation of my previous views expressed in literary works, and the assurance that from now on I will work as devoted to the idea of communism, the writer is a fellow traveler... I did not listen to this advice. I did not even attempt to compose a communist play, knowing in advance that such a play would not work out for me.” A month later, Stalin called Bulgakov and allowed him to work, after which the writer received the position of assistant director at the Moscow Art Theater. The famous words of Bulgakov spoken in this conversation speak volumes: “I have been thinking a lot lately about whether a Russian writer can live outside his homeland, and it seems to me that he cannot.” The permission to work given to Bulgakov turned out to be Stalin’s favorite insidious move: the writer’s works were still prohibited from publication. In 1936 Bulgakov received the position of assistant director at the Moscow Art Theater. Then he wrote several scripts for films - none of them were made into films, although there were directors who dreamed of producing them. He wrote four librettos for such prominent composers as Asafiev, Glier, Dunaevsky, but not a single opera production of his libretto was carried out. He agreed to any literary or theatrical work, if only - at any cost! - realize your talent. He rushed about like a hunted animal, but wherever he rushed, the cordon flag was already red.
But many talented artists could not withstand such pressure from all sorts of benevolent “citizens” and became opportunists. In the eyes of Bulgakov, their fate was pitiful, and he depicted more than one of these false fellow travelers of the revolution in his novels and plays. Spiritual honesty and creative independence have always been above all else for Bulgakov, the writer. In the mid-1960s, readers knew almost nothing about his life. This has happened in the history of world literature. But in our domestic situation, Woland’s remark “... what do you have that you don’t have enough of, there’s nothing!” sounded mockingly and temptingly. They grabbed, in fact, the author, read his books and began to search the air around. The writer was nowhere to be found, he had left Moscow long ago - in other words, he remained in it forever.
Among our writers of the post-revolutionary era, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov (1891-1940) is more closely associated with the theme of insight and his path in life and literature than others. This path was difficult and full of battles, victories and defeats, and the course of events and literary enemies more than once tried to push the author of “The Master and Margarita” onto a road leading to the side.
Bulgakov was a courageous, strong-willed and purposeful man and found the strength in himself to overcome the obstacles encountered on the writer’s path. He always remained a Russian writer of the classical school, an honest intellectual, who, in the fire of revolution and civil war, realized the inextricability of his connection with the people, the Motherland.
The literary biography of Mikhail Bulgakov was unusually active. He caught his fate, found his place in the history of Russian literature, but it cost him very dearly.
His native nest, home and family have always been of paramount and enduring importance for Bulgakov; they determined a lot in his character and destiny. The professor's family was friendly and cheerful, the Bulgakovs loved music and theater, Mikhail himself in his youth wanted to become an artist, played in home performances and impromptu wrote short humorous stories. There was warmth, there was unforgettable happiness and joy. Images of home, brothers, sisters, and mother run through all of Bulgakov’s prose as a symbol of forever lost happiness.
Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov was born on May 15, 1891 into the family of an associate professor (at the end of his life, a professor at the Kyiv Theological Academy). His mother, Varvara Mikhailovna, also taught at a pre-gymnasium. With the birth of her first child, Mikhail, she did not return to teaching; after Misha, Vera, Nadezhda, Varvara, Nikolai, Ivan, Elena were born, and the mother’s main concern was raising children .
While his father was alive, Afanasy Ivanovich, rather strict morals reigned in the Bulgakov house: there was a clear routine, religious rituals were observed. Obedience to parents was the first commandment for children, caring for each other was a sacred duty.
As a result of such upbringing, Mikhail became neither quiet nor holy. This is much more convincingly confirmed by the scene in the gymnasium, which in the novel is remembered by the adult Alexei Turbin.
He did not participate in any circles, did not join any political parties, did not attend rallies, and avoided participating in student riots.
The point, however, is not only in the influence of his father, but perhaps even more in the very early, ongoing nature of his
internal independence. As a rule, he did not succumb to the charm of new authorities - in art or in politics.
Afanasy Ivanovich died in 1907.
This was a hard blow for the family. On
There are seven left in Varvara Mikhailovna’s hands
children. And the eldest was 16 years old, and the youngest Elena was 5 years old. True, the material side of life soon improved: the Theological Academy achieved a pension for the Bulgakovs, which exceeded
father's earnings. The mental balance of the whole family was gradually restored. The Bulgakovs were unusually friendly, they cared touchingly for each other. “Everyone in the family read a lot,” recalled Mikhail Afanasyevich’s sister, Nadezhda Afanasyevna Zemskaya. – Everyone, starting with my mother, knew Russian literature very well. They also knew the Western one.”
With the outbreak of war in 1914 and for another whole year, little changed in the lifestyle of the young Bulgakovs. By this time, Mikhail Afanasyevich was already married. By the way, his marriage and the events that preceded it quite alarmed the whole family and especially his mother, Varvara Mikhailovna. He met his future wife in... 1910
Presumably, they read Western books in the originals, since knowledge of languages was considered mandatory in the family. In the same way, everyone loved music passionately - they played various musical instruments, organized their own home choir, in which some of their friends also participated. And they were just as passionate about the theater, especially opera. At home, amateur performances were often staged, of which Mikhail was the director and one of the performers. And noisy gymnasium and student youth very willingly visited this house.
Varvara Mikhailovna suffered to such an extent that she eventually became seriously ill. It ended quite happily: in April 1913, the young couple, having finally received the consent of their parents, got married.
Tatyana Nikolaevna Lapa has not yet graduated from high school. Moreover, she lived with her parents in Saratov - for love dates, it’s not such a near world for Kyiv. Misha's trips to Saratov became more and more frequent. He abandoned his studies at the university so much that he did not transfer to the third year, and this was fraught with expulsion. And his head was full of one thing - the thirst for more and more meetings with Tasya, as the future daughter-in-law was called in the family.
In the spring of 1916, Bulgakov graduated from the medical faculty of the university and became a hospital surgeon. Following this, he was called up for military service. But by the autumn of the same year, he was unexpectedly recalled from the army and sent as a zemstvo doctor to the Smolensk province, the village of Nikolskoye. How his rural medical practice developed is best told by Bulgakov himself in the series of stories “Notes of a Young Doctor.” “Notes of a Young Doctor” was published in 1925-1927 in the magazine “Medical Worker,” that is, in a specialized publication.
However, let us remember that the 30s were the heyday of Mikhail Bulgakov’s literary talent. Brilliant, his best works have been written: the biographical novel “The Life of Monsieur de Moliere”, the dramas “The Cabal of the Saint” and “the Last Days” (“Pushkin”), “Theatrical Novel”, the witty comedy “Ivan Vasilyevich” and, of course, “The Master” and Margarita,” a novel that brought the author posthumous world fame.
Remembering Mikhail Bulgakov preserved for us the appearance of a truly intelligent, courageous man, full of consciousness of his dignity. For all his spiritual vulnerability, Mikhail Bulgakov invariably retained restraint, calm irony, his appearance was graceful and chivalrous. He was always true to himself, to his destiny, and remained a Russian writer of the classical school. Bulgakov’s most interesting thought has been preserved: “We must evaluate a person in the entirety of his being, a person as a person, even if he is sinful, unsympathetic, embittered or arrogant. We need to look for the core, the deepest center of humanity in this person.” After all, this is, in essence, the great testament of Dostoevsky, of all Russian classical literature from Pushkin to Chekhov - “with complete realism, find the person in a person.” Mikhail Bulgakov always remained faithful to this covenant. This is precisely the historical purpose and meaning of Bulgakov’s demanding humanism. These are the results and lessons of this extraordinary and instructive literary destiny.
And (1) however (2) it was not a dream, but a real (3) undoubted reality. We quickened our pace and after half an hour (4) it seems (5) we approached the waterfall.
After listening and tapping the patient (1), the doctor sat down on the corner of the desk (2) crossing his legs (3) and (4) clasping his sharp knees with his hands.
In creating a poetic image, (1) literally (2) all artistic means taken together are involved. But sound writing in such cases (3) certainly (4) doubles and triples the artistic expressiveness of the word.
While living with the Raevskys in Crimea (1), Pushkin became interested in the works of Byron (2), whose influence on Pushkin subsequently (3) gradually fades away (4) and is finally overcome in “Eugene Onegin.”
5.Glazunov (1) literally (2) was transformed (3) while conducting the orchestra. He (4) they say (5) merged with the music, led it and followed it.
6. Specify a sentence that requires one comma.
(There are no punctuation marks.)
1) I wanted a lot but didn’t catch anything.
2) The ideal nobleman had to resemble the hero of chivalric novels and a character from ancient history and a Christian preacher.
3) The art teacher paid attention to the boy’s abilities and inclinations and convinced the parents to send the child to a painting school.
4) Summer residents lazily walk under umbrellas or sit in the shade of trees.
7. Indicate a sentence that requires one comma. (There are no punctuation marks.)
1) In folk medicine, water infusions are prepared using cold or hot methods.
2) Among the writers of the post-revolutionary era, M.A. Bulgakov more often than others turns to the themes of insight and his path in life and literature.
3) The guests and the hosts gathered for tea.
4) The forest distances seem either smoky-lilac or slightly bluish.
8. Specify a sentence that requires one comma. (There are no punctuation marks.)
1) Nekrasov’s poetry contains hatred and sarcasm, hope and faith, love and tenderness.
2) The amount of a substance is determined by the number of atoms or molecules of this substance.
3) The clouds surprisingly quickly changed their shape and seemed either like a flock of flying birds or like sharp pieces of ice.
4) The icon was painted in the workshop of Dionysius and is dedicated to the outstanding religious and statesman of Russia.
9. Among sentences 1-3, find a sentence with a common isolated circumstance. Write the number of this offer.
(1) Pankratov liked it, and he smiled happily, closing his eyes. (2) Lyuba reminded him of his youth and the first years of family life with Natalya, filled to the brim with happiness. (3) The sister was indifferent to the staff captain. (G. Semenikhin)
10. A comma in place of gaps is placed in sentences:1) His behavior _ seems _ strange to everyone. 2) The steamer will depart _ of course _ not before dawn. 3) The night was moonlit _ soft. 4) Oh, you Volga _ dear Volga _ who doesn’t love your shores! 5) You _ can be _ was waiting for me.
11. Read the text in which all commas are indicated by numbers.
The cloud shuddered with blue flame. Thunder rumbled slowly, (1) spreading dull peals around. It either intensified, (2) then almost died down, (3) rushing off into the distance. And the rain, (4) obeying the thunder, (5) at times began to fall harder and rustle widely through the leaves, (6) then stopped. Soon the sun broke through the clouds, (7) refreshed and bright. The old Pushkin park in Mikhailovskoye, (8) the steep banks of Soroti, (9) the local river, (10) were ablaze with red clay and wet grass. A slender rainbow lit up over the cloudy distance. It sparkled, (11) sparkled and smoked, (12) surrounded by wisps of ashen clouds. The rainbow (13) seemed (14) to be like an arch (15) erected on the border of the reserved land.
(According to K. Paustovsky)
Write down the numbers representing commas
with homogeneous members;
in a separate circumstance;
with a separate definition;
with introductory words;
with a qualifying member.
12. Which answer option correctly indicates the constructions that complicate this
offer?
Here, in Merezhkovsky’s cozy apartment on Liteinaya, how many times did I have to be present at the most significant, sophisticated debates that left an imprint on my entire life. (A. Bely)
a) clarification, homogeneous members, separate addition
b) application, homogeneous members, isolated circumstance
c) clarification, homogeneous members, separate definition
13. Indicate the answer option that correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Music feeds on deeper roots (1) and (2) based on the past (3) it sees the future better than we (4) living in the moment and moment. (S. Gorodetsky) a) 1, 2, 4 b) 2, 3 c) 1, 2, 3, 4
11.a)2,6,8,11; b) 1345; c) 7,12,15; d)13,14;e)9,10
Option 1
Part 1
Read the text and complete tasks 1-3
(1) Having safely crossed the Atlantic and landed with his crew on the shores of America, Columbus was convinced that he had reached India, and (......) he called the local residents “Indians.” (2) Despite the obvious mistake, this name stuck with the indigenous people inhabiting the American continent. (3) But in fact, the American Indians were not even a single people: they were strikingly different from each other in height and appearance, they spoke many different languages and created a wide variety of customs and beliefs.
1. Indicate two sentences that correctly convey HOME information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) Despite the obvious mistake, the name “Indians” stuck to the indigenous people inhabiting the American continent, so they created a variety of customs.
2) Until the end of his days, Columbus never admitted his mistake and was convinced that, having safely crossed the Atlantic and landed on the shores of America, he had reached India, which is why he called the local inhabitants of the American continent “Indians.”
3) The general name “Indians” was assigned to the indigenous inhabitants of America thanks to Columbus, because the inhabitants of the American continent have many common features: dark skin, high cheekbones, black hair and eyes, blood chemistry.
4) The native inhabitants of America, who were not a single people, were given the erroneous name “Indians,” since Columbus, who discovered America, believed that he had reached India.
2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place
omissions in the second sentence? Write this word down.
In fact
Due to this
3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word TEAM. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the first sentence. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
Team, -s, w.
1.A brief oral order in the established form. There was a sound of “Fire!”
2. An automatically transmitted signal that causes the action of some system or mechanism. Command system.
3. Command over any military unit. Squad under the command of an officer.
4. A group of people connected by something. President's team.
4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.
accepted by customs for a long time
overflowed' to embitter
5. In one of the sentences below WRONG the highlighted word is used. Correct a lexical error by choosing to the highlighted word paronym. Write down the chosen word.
Every GREAT poet is an exponent of the spirit of the people, their history.
WATER stadium is the pride of the area and a favorite place for citizens, where they come with their families on weekends.
The ETERNAL flame is the people's memory of the heroes who gave their lives defending their homeland.
Tall, slender, graceful and GREAT, Elena always held herself unusually straight, and this gave her a regal appearance.
The collector meticulously examines Levitan's painting and admires the COLORFUL autumn landscape.
6. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
coastal boats will recover soon
THREE brothers with new SHOES
without CHERRIES
7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and the sentences in which they were made: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
| GRAMMATICAL ERRORS A) violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases B) an error in constructing a complex sentence B) violation in the construction of sentences with Inconsistent application D) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate D) violation of aspect-temporal correlation of verb forms | OFFERS 1) Wherever I went, I saw architectural monuments in need of restoration. 2) Upon arrival in Sochi, we, as always, stayed at the Zhemchuzhina Hotel. 3) A lot of time passed when choosing a profession, but he still hesitated. 6) He thought that we misunderstood him. 7) The magazine “Interlocutor” published a review of a recently published novel by a famous writer. 8) Lermontov in the novel showed the appearance of his contemporary and reveals his inner world. 9) A friend said that I do not agree with the class decision. |
8. Identify the word in which the unstressed vowel of the root being tested is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter
Corporation..burn..burn
place distance from..situation
9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write down these words by inserting the missing letters.
r..settle, agree
too..extremely, un..painful,
pr..form, pr..follow
o..push, on..pull
nameless, over..inventive
10. Write down the word in which a letter is written in place of the gap AND.
Saucer..chko Zarech..
undergo finicky plutonium...
11. Write down the word in which a letter is written in place of the gap E.
catch up..sh, wake up..sh
worried..whispering..whispering
cleared
12. Identify a sentence in which NOT is it spelled together with the word? Open the brackets and write down this word.
People who have (not) been to the tropics cannot imagine winter rain.
The birds are driven south (not) by the coming cold, but by the lack of food.
As a child, Chekhov was (not) full of inventions.
Andrey entered the still (not) plastered room.
The bridge is (not) built.
13. Identify the sentence in which both highlighted words are written
FULL. Open the brackets and write down these two words.
And no matter how much you are in a hurry to get to the water, you will still stop several times on the way down the hill to look at the distance on the other side of the river.
(B) FOR two hours, the climbers climbed the mountainside, then moving (B) IN FRONT, then sliding down again.
And if (FROM) what I’m starting to do, I’m not the only one who expects benefit, then, I admit, I’m more willing to take on (THAT).
(B) AS A CONSEQUENCE of the rainfall, the river overflowed its banks, and the entire space (IN) CIRCLE was covered with water.
(B) AS A CONSEQUENCE of the fact that the work of electrical potential forces does not depend on the shape of the path of a single charge, the SAME voltage appears on each of the parallel-connected conductors.
14. Indicate all the numbers in whose place it is written NN.
The portrait of a strange (1) man, painted (2) by an artist who had remarkable (3) talent, was part of the dow (4) of the (5) mistress of the house.
15. Indicate the sentences in which you need to put one comma. (There are no punctuation marks.)
1) In folk medicine, water infusions are prepared using cold or hot methods.
2) Among the writers of the post-revolutionary era, M.A. Bulgakov more often than others turns to the themes of insight and his path in life and literature.
3) The guests and the hosts gathered for tea.
4) The forest distances seem either smoky-lilac or slightly bluish
5) He wintered three times in Mirny () and each time returning home seemed to him the limit of human happiness.
16. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
The forest (1), which had recently turned blue ahead (2), suddenly turned pale (3) dissolving (4) in the slanting streams of rain.
17. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences.
In the past, many were (1) of course (2) well aware of the Aksakov house, where everything breathed creativity, family happiness and contentment. Family friends and numerous guests (3) probably (4) more than once had the opportunity to rest in this house from everyday squabbles and worries.
18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence
In Greece of the classical era (1) for the social system (2) of which (3) the form of the city-state (4) is typical, especially favorable conditions arose for the flourishing of oratory.
19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
A few hours later (1) Ivan became exhausted (2) and (3) when he realized (4) that he could not cope with the papers (5) he cried quietly and bitterly.
Read the text and complete tasks 20-25
(1) Everyone knows that the hour hand on the dial moves, but it is impossible to see how it moves. (2) The same thing happens with language. (3) It changes. (4) But we don’t feel how this happens. (5) Now a moment has come in our history when we see how the Russian language is changing. (6) And this cannot but frighten. (7) We so want at all costs to move away from the previous era of our life, to build new social relations, a new economy, that we would even like to have a new language. (8) Once they said “dissociate themselves”, now they say “distance themselves”, we are tired of the expression “to go crazy” - we say “the roof has gone crazy”. (9) Or they stopped liking the word “meeting”, they began to say “tusovka”. (10) The Russian language, according to A.S. Pushkin, “immature and sociable”, he easily accepts foreign words if they are needed. (11) And there is nothing wrong with this when everything is done in moderation. (12) And the measure is lost. (13) “Sandwiches”, “lunches”, “displays” appear in our speech. (14) Usually 20-30 words change a year, but now we have maybe 20 words a week. (15) In addition, it is important from what sources new words of the language appear. (16) Now, for example, there is a stream of words from rather dubious sources, in particular criminal jargon: “showdown”, “freebie”. (17) Many press outlets use “unprintable” words, which, by the way, are called that way because they do not need to be printed. (18) The “Russian language law” was discussed in the Duma for several years. (19) The law, of course, is needed. (20) But if we seriously talk about the law, then there must be a mechanism for punishment for its violation. (21) However, the proposal to create a philological police and establish fines for mistakes in the Russian language seems frivolous. (22) Whatever you say, it is the people who make the language, and it is difficult to force them to obey administrative norms regarding language. (23) There have already been such futile attempts. (24) At one time, in the 19th and even in the 20th century, fiction provided an exemplary language. (25) If a person did not know how to speak correctly, then he opened Turgenev and found the answer there. (26) Now, of course, it is not fiction that shapes our linguistic taste. (27) The tone is now primarily set by television and radio. (28) This applies to the pronunciation of sounds, stress, and intonation. (29) And modern announcers like American intonation. (30) And young people begin to imitate them. (31) It happens that the leading God knows what he says and how he says it, but people like it. (32) This, of course, does not apply to all programs, channels, and announcers, but many of them are subject to fashion. (33) We are now dissatisfied with the language, but it is very important to figure out whether the language is to blame for this or something else. (34) After all, language is subject to the people who use it. (35) He adapts to the needs of society. (36) If in our society today there is a need to think about the future, about a strong family, about the happiness of children, then the language will go in this direction and will give us the means for this. (37) If the main thing for us is how to earn a million without working, sex, violence, drugs, then the language will turn here. (38) Why scold him? (39) It reflects the state of society. (40) So it’s not the language that needs to be corrected now.
(According to V. Kostomarov)
20. Which statement corresponds to the author’s point of view expressed in the text?
1) It is necessary to dissociate ourselves from the previous era and create a completely new language.
2) It is necessary to protect the language from any changes and preserve it as it was in the previous era.
3) Negative changes in society lead to negative changes in language.
4) Negative changes in language lead to negative changes in society.
21. What type(s) of speech are presented in sentences 33 – 40?
1) narration
2) description
3) reasoning and storytelling
4) Reasoning
22. Indicate the meaning of the word VAIN in sentence 23.
1) aimless
2) unsuccessful
3) diligent
4) harmful
23. Among sentences 33 – 37, find one that is connected to the previous one using a personal pronoun. Write the number of this offer.
24.“…Article by the famous linguist V.G. Kostomarov is devoted not to linguistic issues themselves, but rather to social problems. The author's task is to provide an explanation of certain phenomena and their assessment. At the same time, V.G. Kostomarov often resorts to introductory words expressing his attitude to the problem. An important role is played by such a device as A_____ (for example, in sentences 36 - 37), and the trope - B _____ (in sentences 1 - 4). Such lexical means as V_____ (“sandwiches”, “lunches”, “displays” in sentence 13), G _____ (“whatever you say”, “God knows what”), rhetorical question and others help to express the author’s assessment of phenomena.”
List of terms:
1) metonymy 2) comparison
3) comparative phrase 4) irony
5) colloquial words and phraseological units
6) borrowed words
8) rhetorical question
9) syntactic parallelism
Part 2
Write an essay based on the text you read.
Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid excessive quoting).
Formulate the position of the author (storyteller). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the text you read. Explain why. Justify your answer, relying primarily on reading experience, as well as knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).
The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.
Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or a complete rewrite of the original text without any comments, then such work is scored zero points.
Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.
Answers to the option
| 1 option |
|
| Majestic |
|
| With new shoes |
|
| place |
|
| Convert chase |
|
| Fastidious |
|
| Whispering |
|
| Inexhaustible |
|
| Due to |
|
This is how the task is formulated in the 2015 demo:
Place punctuation marks. Please provide numbers1) Someone was cleaning the mansion and waiting for the owners.
2) In the syntactic structure of two poetic texts we
we can find both similarities and differences.
3) M.V. Lomonosov outlined the distinction
significant and auxiliary words and in the future this
the distinction was supported by the largest
representatives of Russian science.
4) Many literary critics and historians again and again
arguing over Goethe's correspondence with the great Russian
poet A.S. Pushkin.
5) A.S. Green could describe in detail how the river curved so
and the location of the houses is both ancient forests and cozy
seaside cities. Remember: for completing the task 15 can be
scored from 0 to 2 points.
For each correct number,
corresponding to the answer number, the examinee
gets 1 point. If 2 are given correctly
numbers, the examinee receives 2 points. Order
writing down the numbers in the answer does not matter.
The task combines two tasks from CIMs
last year: on commas in compounds
sentences and in sentences with homogeneous
members. The answers may contain 2 examples of BSC,
or 2 examples with homogeneous members, or 1 –
SSP and 1 – with homogeneous members. As follows from the formulation of KIM
15, you need to remember how
punctuation marks are placed in
simple complicated
sentence (with homogeneous
members)
and in compound
proposal. The main concept that allows us
differentiate between simple and complex
sentences, GRAMMAR
THE BASIS.
The grammatical basis is
the main members of the sentence, i.e.
subject and predicate in
two-part sentence or one of
main members in a one-component
proposal.
A simple sentence contains one
grammatical basis. It may be
complicated, in this task we
interested in PUNCTION SIGNS in simple
a complicated sentence
HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS.
PUNCTION MARKS in a simple sentence complicated by HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS.
PUNCTION MARKS in a simple sentence complicated by HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS.
Remember!Firstly, homogeneous members of the sentence
NOT ALWAYS the same part
speech. The most important thing is that they answer
the same question and depended on the same
words!
Secondly, ANY
MEMBERS of the sentence: both subject and
predicate, and definition, and object, and
circumstance.
Let us denote the homogeneous term by Ο.
Rule. Homogeneous sentence members can be used
no unionswith single unions
with repeated conjunctions
Ο,Ο,Ο
In the garden
blossomed
roses,
lilies,
daisies
connecting unions
and, yes(=and), or
ΟiΟ
Ο or Ο
Suddenly a storm came with
large and frequent hail.
Ο, Ο and Ο
Autumn freshness,
foliage and fruits
the garden smells fragrant.
adversative conjunctions
a, but, yes (=but), but, however
Ο, and Ο
Ο, but Ο
Not with an iron key
the heart opens, A
kindness.
or or
or either
and...and
then... then
not that... not that
no no
1) and Ο, and Ο, and Ο
or Ο, or Ο, or Ο
It seems to me that there are noisy feasts,
military camp, THEN combat battles.
2) Ο, and Ο, and Ο
You can't hear me, OR don't
you know, OR just
you ignore.
3) Ο and Ο, Ο and Ο
Blizzards and blizzards, cold and darkness
did not interfere with the polar explorers
land on ice floes.
with double
unions
not only but
both...and
if not...then
not so much
How many
although...but
A comma is placed
before the second
part of the union!
not only Ο, but also
Ο
both Ο and Ο
These standards are under
the power to remember
HOW to masters
sports, AND
for beginners.
10. PUNCTION MARKS in a simple sentence complicated by HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS.
Trap #1!A sentence may have several rows of homogeneous members, so differentiate
constructions with homogeneous sentence members connected by repeating
unions, and constructions with several rows of homogeneous members, which inside
rows are connected by a single union.
(This is a sentence with three rows of homogeneous members: two homogeneous
subjects, two homogeneous predicates and two homogeneous
circumstances):
There are no commas anywhere!
11. PUNCTION MARKS in a simple sentence complicated by HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS.
There is no comma inside them!12. Placing a comma in a simple sentence with homogeneous members
1) Wewere
Not
only
surprised
But
And
,
delighted.
2) Gavrila wanted to object to something, but squeezed
lips.
,
13. Placing a comma in a simple sentence with homogeneous members
1) Other owners have already grown cherries or lilacs,or jasmine.
Comma
,
,
is not used in phraseological
turns with repeating conjunctions:
and this and that,
neither this nor that,
neither light nor dawn,
neither fish nor fowl,
neither day nor night,
neither give nor take,
neither back nor forward.
14. Placing a comma in a simple sentence with homogeneous members
1) A snowstorm and strong wind stopped the travelers.,
2) A lot
years
lived
And
worked hard
V
Siberia
descendants of Ermak Timofeevich.
3) Snow and wind, sun and rain replaced each other
friend during our trip.
,
15. Placing a comma in a simple sentence with homogeneous members
1) She tookfork
And
knife
And
started
There is.
16. Placing a comma in a simple sentence with homogeneous members
,,
phraseological unit
,
,
,
,
17. PUNCIPATION MARKS in a simple sentence complicated by HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS.
Here you can practice making signspunctuation in sentences with homogeneous members:
1. http://files.school-collection.edu.ru/dlrstore/e2b6018976de-4240-b667201e136ff70f/%5BRUS8_187%5D_%5BIA_016%5D.swf
2. http://files.school-collection.edu.ru/dlrstore/22dd8d1717c3-4b48-b85d624b839e937f/%5BRUS8_187%5D_%5BIA_017%5D.swf
3. http://files.school-collection.edu.ru/dlrstore/73b2660f-0b7f4480-88b1a50671c17416/%5BRUS8_187%5D_%5BIA_018%5D.swf
4. http://files.school-collection.edu.ru/dlrstore/e46aeac5aa68-4ab2-95e33e3a253b55e2/%5BRUS8_187%5D_%5BIA_015%5D.swf
18. PUNCTION MARKS in a complex sentence
A compound sentence is a complex sentence in whichsimple sentences are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, as a rule,
are equal grammatically and in meaning.
Coordinating conjunctions connecting simple sentences are found
between simple sentences and are not included in any of them.
In complex sentences the parts are separated from each other
commas.
AND, YES, NEITHER...NOR;
ALSO, ALSO;
A, BUT, YES (meaning BUT),
THEN, HOWEVER, THE SAME;
OR (OR), OR,
THAT... THAT...,
NOT THAT... NOT THAT...,
EITHER... EITHER
19. PUNCTION MARKS in a compound sentence
There are no punctuation marks1. If there is a common member of the sentence, for example:
In autumn, nature falls asleep and people prepare for winter.
(In autumn - general term: nature falls asleep (when?) in autumn,
people prepare for winter (when?) in the fall. No comma needed.)
2. If there is an introductory word common to the parts, for example:
To our surprise, the weather suddenly changed and
real heat.
(surprisingly, this is an introductory word; it applies to both parts
offers)
3. If parts of a complex sentence have something in common
subordinate clause or general non-union part, for example:
When mom entered the room, 1 / fragments of the vase were lying on
semi2/ and the children tried to collect them3.
(each part of a compound sentence (2) and (3)
refers to a general subordinate clause (1)
20. PUNCTION MARKS in a complex sentence
Note:In the cases listed in paragraphs. 1–3, commas are added if there are any
repeating conjunctions. For example:
In autumn, nature goes to sleep, and people prepare for winter.
(there is a common member: in the fall, but there is also a repeating conjunction: and... and...,
that's why a comma is needed)
Unfortunately, either the teacher got sick, or the guys decided
skip class.
(there is a general introductory word, but there is also a repeating conjunction either... then
or..., that's why a comma is needed)
4. If the parts of a complex sentence are:
interrogative sentences, for example: When will you come again?
time and can we meet?
incentive sentences, for example: Try to do everything
ok and may everything work out for you!
exclamatory sentences, for example: How good are you and how
I like everything!
denominative sentences, for example: Heat and stuffiness. Cold and rain.
impersonal sentences, for example: It’s hot and stuffy. It's cold and
it is rainy.
21. Let's analyze the task
15. Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of proposals in which you needput ONE comma.
1) The gloomy forest is sullenly silent or howls dully.
2) Spring thunder either growled menacingly or grumbled good-naturedly.
3) Siberia has many peculiarities both in nature and in human customs.
4) These giant stone structures indicate the birth of monumental
,
forms in Korean architecture.
(There are no homogeneous members, the sentence is simple).
(5) Neither the bad English weather nor the icy cold of the bedroom nor the cold tea could
change the guest's mood.
1. Find the grammatical basics. All sentences are simple.
2. We establish how homogeneous members are connected and draw diagrams.
3. Choose TWO answer options: 23
22.
23.
15-1. Place punctuation marks. Please provide numberssentences that require ONE comma.
1) The museum has paintings and toys and household items from the 15th century.
2) In Moscow and other cities with snow and ice on the roads
fight chemically.
3) You need to be polite both among strangers and in
home circle.
4) Some noise was heard either to the right, to the left, or to the side.
5) The sun quickly warmed up the small lake and immediately
life began to boil.
35
24.
15-2. Place punctuation marks. Please provide numberssentences that require ONE comma.
1) In folk medicine, water infusions are prepared
cold or hot methods.
2) Among the writers of the post-revolutionary era, M.A. Bulgakov
more often than others, he turns to the topics of insight and his path in
life and literature.
3) Neither viburnum grows between them nor the grass turns green.
4) The forest distances seem sometimes smoky-lilac, sometimes a little
bluish.
5) Tiny hummingbirds have huge hearts relative to their weight.
and beats incredibly fast.
34
25.
15-3. Place punctuation marks. Please provide numberssentences that require ONE comma.
1) Both our and the enemy’s army languished in anticipation
real fight.
2) Our inner world is sensitively and subtly tuned and responds to
the most imperceptible sounds of life.
3) The house was decorated with rose hips and white chamomile for the holiday.
4) The guests and the hosts gathered for tea.
5) And the wind rushed fast through the weeds and rushed in sheaves
sparks in the fog...
15
26.
15-4. Place punctuation marks. Please provide numberssentences that require ONE comma.
1) The medieval warrior was protected by a simple quilted
tunic or armor parts.
2) Only the orioles scream and the cuckoos vying with each other to count down someone’s unlived years.
3) 2) In the 12th century, painters painted pictures with paints or ink
on silk or paper scrolls.
4) Leonardo da Vinci in “The Dispute between the Painter and the Poet” argued
the advantage of painting over poetry and many
contemporaries shared his point of view.
5) The hearts of tiny hummingbirds relative to their weight
huge and it beats incredibly fast.
45
27.
15-5. Place punctuation marks. Please provide numberssentences in which you need to put ONE
comma.
1) Machine bodies are made from sheet metal and
cutlery and dishes.
2) Tinsmiths must know the structure of various
machines and devices for processing sheet metal
metal and be able to work on them.
3) Wood glue is produced in the form of grains or
hard tiles with a shiny surface.
4) We stayed up for a long time and admired the sky
then by sea.
5) There is a lot of fussy and funny behavior in the starling
businesslike and cunning.
28.
15-6. Place punctuation marks. Please provide numberssentences that require ONE comma.
1) The light of the moon had already faded and there was a hint of dampness in the air.
2) The writer’s individuality is manifested even in
preference for one color epithet or another.
3) Almost every French sculptor worked
simultaneously in historical-mythological and portrait
and in landscape genres.
4) Green could describe in detail both the bend of the river and
the location of the houses is both ancient forests and cozy
seaside cities.
5) The forest rustled, sometimes soothingly and melodiously, sometimes impetuously and
alarming
15
29.
15-7. Place punctuation marks. Please provide numberssentences that require ONE comma.
1) The goals of astrologers and alchemists were fantastic, but they
observations and experiments contributed to the accumulation of knowledge as
in astronomy and chemistry.
2) In the 12th century, painters painted pictures with paints or ink on
3) It’s snowing or raining outside all December...
4) There will be a holiday not only today but also tomorrow..
5) The caravel had three masts with straight and oblique sails and
could move in the right direction even with oncoming traffic
wind
34
30.
15-8. Place punctuation marks. Please provide numberssentences that require ONE comma.
1) I wanted to catch the bear eating or fishing
on the river bank.
2) Birch groves and alleys evoke a feeling of joy and
peace.
3) Rowan is beautiful in both spring and autumn.
4) Neither on the water nor on the ground nor in the air is a real tourist
feels confused.
5) In his collection there were many knives and daggers, pistols and
guns.
35
31.
15-9. Place punctuation marks. Please provide numberssentences that require ONE comma.
1) Polina loved to be in her husband’s office or in
library.
2) Meanwhile, Kizevich’s scouts still did not return and this
lay like a heavy stone on the battalion commander’s soul.
3) A person must comply with both legal and
moral laws.
4) The ocean and sky mixed up and rushed overhead
streams of water.
5) In the 12th century, painters painted pictures with paints or ink on
silk or paper scrolls.
23
32.
15-10. Place punctuation marks. Please provide numberssentences that require ONE comma.
1) Gushchin plucks up courage and asks a question to the quiet and timid
voice.
2) Recently the first snow fell and everything in nature was under
by the power of this young snow.
3) Wild berries are best picked in the morning or evening.
4) The French Revolution was not the result of an accident
coincidence of circumstances or the actions of aggressive individuals.
5) Quiet and blue hung between the still green trees.
