The meaning of the word nobleman in Dahl's dictionary. Legislative acts of the Russian Empire

Quiet life of the serving nobility

Well, how did the aforementioned Andrei Bolotov himself live, a military officer who was friends with the later famous Orlov brothers, who knew very well the brilliant officers of the capital, but who preferred the provincial hinterland for himself? His son-in-law Neklyudov owned a comfortable estate. A solid house with perfectly plastered walls was painted with oil paints and attracted the attention of even people who had been to Italy and seen something similar there. The Neklyudovsky house was divided, as was customary then, into two halves - the living room, in which the owners were located, and the front room, designed exclusively for receiving guests.

Bolotov himself lived in the Tula province in very cramped circumstances. If other landowners had estates that included a village with several villages, here it was the other way around. One modest village of 16 households on the Skniga river belonged to three Bolotovs. There were also three estates here, almost side by side.

The house of yesterday's officer stood near the pond. Adjacent to it was an orchard with hemp. Even the owner himself would be ashamed to call it a manor house in the full sense.

A dilapidated building of an extremely inconspicuous appearance, one-story, without a foundation, half-grown into the ground. To close the shutters on the tiny windows, you had to bend down almost to the ground. It consisted of only three rooms, and “... of these three, one large hall was uninhabited, because it was cold and not heated. It was sparsely furnished. Benches stretched along the plank walls, very blackened by time, and in the front corner, decorated with many of the same blackened icons, there was a table covered with a carpet. The other two small rooms were living rooms. In the bright coal stove, a huge stove lined with multi-colored tiles spread heat.

There were the same many icons on the walls, and in the front corner hung an icon case with relics, in front of which an unquenchable lamp glowed. In this room there were several chairs, a chest of drawers and a bed. Here, almost without leaving her, lived Bolotov’s mother, who was widowed. The third, connected to the entryway, a very small room, served at the same time as a children's room, a maid's room and a footman's room. Everything in this noble house smelled of antiquity from the 17th century, and only the notebook of geometric drawings that appeared with the young owner was news among this ancient setting.”

The estate house of Andrei Timofeevich Bolotov, although it existed in the eighteenth century, its decoration, of course, belonged to the seventeenth century. Another manor house of his relative, his great-uncle M. O. Danilov, also belonged to the same century. Judging by the notes of Major Danilov, he was kept in excellent condition.

“The estate where he lived (meaning M. O. Danilov. - S.O.), in the village of Kharin - there was a lot of it: two gardens, a pond and groves all around the estate. The church in the village is wooden. His mansions were high on omshaniks and from below to the upper vestibule there was a long staircase from the courtyard; This staircase was covered with its branches by a large, wide and thick elm tree standing near the porch. All of its tall and spacious-looking mansions consisted of two residential upper rooms, standing through the vestibule; in one upper room he lived in the winter, and in the other in the summer.”

The provincial service nobility lived, or rather huddled, in similar, albeit more modest, conditions in the first half of the 18th century. Moreover, even these rather poor “noble nests” in those years, as a rule, were empty. The reason is simple. The inhabitants were mostly in military service. Andrei Bolotov recalls his childhood years: “Our neighborhood was so empty then that none of the good and rich neighbors were close to us.”

And all these estates came to life only for a short time between military campaigns, when the service people went home. With the emergence of a regular army, which was almost constantly at the theater of military operations, such wholesale dissolutions of service people ceased altogether. They are being replaced by the layoffs of individuals, and only on short-term vacations.

A serving nobleman has to part with his dear surroundings for a long time - fields, groves, forests. And when, having become decrepit and aged in the service, he received his resignation, he retained only a vague memory of his native place.

It is interesting, for example, the report to the Senate of a certain foreman Kropotov. In it, he mentions that he had not been to his estate for 27 years, being constantly in military service.

And only in the early 30s of the 18th century the official burden of the nobleman weakened a little. The reason is that the rank and file of the standing regular army is replenished through conscription from the tax-paying classes. So the serving noble is used only for holding officer positions. However, instead of some hardships, others appear. The landowner becomes responsible to the government for collecting the poll tax from his peasants. And this is precisely what requires the presence of a nobleman in the village. So now the military obligation outweighs the financial one.

Already after Peter I, a whole series of measures appeared aimed at facilitating and shortening the period of noble service. Under Catherine I, a significant number of officers and soldiers from the nobility received long leaves from the army to monitor household economy.

Anna Ioannovna takes another step towards easing the lot of the serving nobility. According to the law of 1736, one son from a noble family receives freedom from military service to engage in agriculture.

It is during these years that military service is limited to 25 years. And given the ingrained custom among nobles of enrolling children for military service in infancy, retirement for many comes very early. This is how the outflow of representatives of the Russian army to the provinces gradually begins.

However, real revival in the province was noticeable after the appearance of the law on noble liberty in 1762. And subsequent laws of 1775 and 1785 united, united the “free nobles” into noble societies and organized local administration from among them.

Estates It is customary to call social groups that have certain rights and responsibilities that are enshrined in custom or law and are inherited. With the class organization of society, the position of each person is strictly dependent on his class affiliation, which determines his occupation, social circle, dictates a certain code of behavior and even prescribes what kind of clothes he can and should wear. With a class organization, vertical mobility is minimized; a person is born and dies in the same rank as his ancestors and leaves it as an inheritance to his children. As a rule, the transition from one social level to another is possible only within one class. There were exceptions, but mainly in the clergy, membership in which, for example, under a vow of celibacy in the Catholic Church, could not be hereditary. (In the Orthodox Church this referred to the black clergy).

In Russia, the formation of national estates began in the 16th century. and went parallel to the gathering of Russian lands around Moscow. In this regard, the class structure was affected by remnants of appanage times. Thus, the presence of numerous divisions in the political elite of the then society was a direct legacy of feudal fragmentation. Subsequently, a tendency towards simplification of the class structure and the merging of individual class groups clearly emerged, but at the time described, the class picture was extremely varied and fragmented. The class structure of Russian society in the 17th century. can be represented as the following diagram:

CLASS STRUCTURE OF THE MOSCOW STATE in the 17th century.

Term service people united everyone who performed “sovereign service,” which meant “military” (military) and “mandatory” (administrative) service. The concept of “service man” included both a former appanage prince who traced his family back to Rurik, and a small landed nobleman.

Circle service people in the fatherland with some degree of convention can be considered coinciding with the feudal class. The very term “in the fatherland” indicates the hereditary nature of the service, passed from father to son. Service people in their own country owned land and serfs. It should be borne in mind that until the beginning of the 18th century. land ownership was divided into hereditary (patrimonial) and conditional (local). fiefdoms were the possessions of large feudal lords, who could dispose of them at their own discretion: sell, exchange, transfer by will, etc. As a rule, estates were the remnants of domains, once sovereign appanage princes" and the possessions of appanage nobility, which in the process of unification passed into the service of the Grand Duke of Moscow. At the end of the 15th century, a huge land fund - the domain of the former Grand Duke - ended up in the hands of the Moscow Grand Duke Tverskoy and the ancestral estates of eight thousand Novgorod boyars and merchants, who, after the annexation of Novgorod, were accused of conspiracy and “removed” from their former possessions, the servicemen of the Grand Duke of Moscow were “placed” in their place. Probably, the “placed” began to be called “landowners”. , and their possessions - estates. Subsequently, such landowners, who became a faithful support of the grand ducal power, appeared in almost all districts. The source of land allocation also changed. So, at the beginning of the 16th century. There were massive local distributions of land from black-plowed peasants. Estates, unlike estates, it was considered conditional land ownership. The legal owner of the estate was the great sovereign, who “granted” them to servicemen for military exploits, participation in campaigns, “full patience,” etc. Initially, the estate was given for temporary use with the condition of performing service, mainly military.

The main fighting force of the Moscow state was the noble militia. The procedure for serving was determined by the “Code of Service” adopted in 1556. Service began at the age of 15; Before this age, a nobleman was considered a “minor,” and those who began their service were called “newcomers.” Periodically, reviews were convened in each district, at which the “disassemblers” carried out the “analysis and selection” of service people. Depending on suitability for military affairs, birth, courage, serviceability of weapons and other characteristics, a “local salary” was assigned. The small-scale nobleman came to work alone “on horseback, in crowds and armed,” while the owners of rich estates brought “military serfs” with them. On average, from about 150 hectares of “good land”, one person was exhibited on horseback and in full armor (“in armor, a helmet, in a saadakeh (with a bow and arrows), in a saber with a spear”). For good service, the local salary increased; if it was impossible to continue the service, the estate was taken away and transferred to another.

Throughout the 17th century. local land ownership is gradually losing its conditional character. Already in 1618 it was established that estates belonging to nobles killed in the war remained in the possession of their wives and children. Subsequently, the estates became actually hereditary (but the concepts of patrimony and estate were finally merged only in the Peter the Great era by the decree on single inheritance in 1718.

In the class of service people in the country there are many gradations. The upper layer consisted Duma officials, included in Boyar Duma. According to their degree of birth, they were divided into boyars, okolnichy, Duma nobles.

Below this layer of noble boyars on the hierarchical ladder there was a layer Moscow officials, divided into sleeping bags, stewards, attorneys, tenants. In the old days they were called “close people”; the very names of these ranks indicate the court duties of their owners. Sleeping bags “are taken from the Tsar’s robe and undressed”; stewards served at feasts and receptions: “before the Tsar and before the authorities, and ambassadors and boyars, they carry food and drink.” During royal exits, the solicitors held the royal scepter and Monomakh's hat, and the tenants were used for various parcels.

Moscow nobles traced their origins to those thousand “best servants” who, in 1550, by decree of Ivan the Terrible, were recruited from the districts and received estates in Moscow and the districts closest to it in order to always be ready to carry out the royal orders. Among them there were a small number of representatives of the ancient titled nobility, but the bulk came from unborn service people. Sleepers, stewards, solicitors, tenants and Moscow nobles made up the elite "sovereign regiment", sent along with embassies and appointed to various administrative positions. According to the 1681 list of stolniks and other Moscow service ranks, there were 6,385 people.

Service police ranks formed a layer of provincial nobility. They were divided into elected nobles, children of boyar servants and policemen. Elected nobles by special choice or selection they were assigned to difficult and dangerous military service, for example, to participate in long campaigns. Elected nobles were sent in turn to carry out various assignments in the capital. Origin of the term boyar children was unclear already in the 17th century. Perhaps this class group traces its origins to members of appanage boyar families, who, after the creation of a centralized state, were not moved to the capital, but remained in the districts, turning into the lower stratum of the provincial nobility. Boyar children yard, That there are those who carried out palace service, stood higher policemen, that is, provincial ones who performed “city or siege” service. Subsequently, the difference between the various groups of nobility practically disappeared, but in the 17th century. social barriers within the service class were difficult to overcome. V. O. Klyuchevsky in his “History of Estates in Russia” noted: “A provincial nobleman, who began serving as a city boyar’s son, could rise to the rank of elected nobility, in exceptional cases he even ended up on the Moscow list, but rarely went above the Moscow nobility.”

The class was less closed service people according to the instrument. Any free person could be accepted (“cleaned up”) into this category. Instrumentation people were considered Sagittarius, served in the Streltsy regiments - the first permanent (but not yet regular) army in Russia, created under Ivan the Terrible. By the end of the 17th century. There were about 25 thousand archers. A special unit consisted of gunners And zatinchiki (Fortress weapons were called “zatina squeaks”). The instrument people also included blacksmiths who carried out weapons orders, and some other categories of the population. Service people were provided with land holdings, but not individually, but collectively. Streltsy, gunners and other categories of instrumental people settled in settlements, to which arable lands, meadows and other lands were assigned. In addition, instrumental people received cash salaries and were engaged in trade and crafts. From the second half of the 16th century. began to be used for service in the border guards city ​​Cossacks, who also received land plots. In the 17th century a new category of service people according to the instrument has appeared: reiters, dragoons, soldiers who served in foreign regiments, that is, in the first regular military units created under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

Clergy together with the families of clergy in the 17th century. numbered about 1 million people, that is, they accounted for about 8% of the total population of the country (12 - 12 million, according to P. N. Milyukov). The clergy had special class rights. In the XVI - first half of the XVII century. it, according to the Helmsman’s Book and the decrees of the Stoglavy Council of 1551, was within the jurisdiction of the church not only in spiritual matters, but also in all civil matters, except for serious criminal offenses. The state gradually attacked feudal privileges, and in 1649, in accordance with the Council Code, the clergy (with the exception of the patriarchal diocese) in all civil matters was subordinated to the Monastic Order, in which secular persons were in charge of the court in all claims brought against the clergy. However, in 1667 the Monastic Order was liquidated. The special administration and jurisdiction of the clergy was abolished only at the beginning of the 18th century. During the reforms of Peter the Great, the clergy was divided into black, or a monastic who has taken a vow of celibacy, and white who had families. According to church canons, only representatives of the black clergy could be the highest hierarchs. The head of the Russian Orthodox Church was patriarch. Almost until the end of the 16th century. The Russian Orthodox Church was governed by a metropolitan, subordinate to the Patriarch of Constantinople. In 1589, the patriarchate was established in Russia. The Russian Orthodox Church became autocephalous, that is, independent, and the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' became equal in rank to other Orthodox patriarchs - Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, Serbia. The Ecumenical Patriarch was the Patriarch of Constantinople, but his power over the autocephalous Orthodox churches was nominal.

Job was chosen as the first Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'. The patriarch had his own court, his own orders, his own boyars and nobles. Patriarchs Filaret and Nikon bore the titles of “great sovereigns” and occupied a position equal to that of the king. However, the secular authorities confidently kept the administration of the church under their control. Patriarch Nikon's struggle for a leading position in the state ended in his complete defeat. (more about this in the section Church schism ) Patriarchs were elected by church councils from several candidates, but in reality the choice was predetermined by the opinion of the king, who did not formally participate in the councils.

In the 17th century The Russian Orthodox Church had 12 bishops - metropolitans, archbishops, and bishops. Before the appointment of a bishop, several candidates were identified, from which one was selected. This was either done by the patriarch himself, or the appointment was handed over to the will of God - with the help of a lot, which, according to custom, was drawn by a young child. The consecration (ordination) of a bishop was accompanied by special rites, after which the newly consecrated bishop was mounted on a horse, and he, accompanied by the “Chaldeans”, boyars and archers, rode around the Kremlin on the first day, on the second - the White City, on the third - all of Moscow, sprinkling the walls with holy water and overshadowing the city with a cross. In their dioceses, of which there were eleven (Metropolitan Krutitsky enjoyed an honorary title, but did not have a diocese), the ruling bishops were full-fledged feudal lords. They had their own courts, a retinue of clergy and secular persons, their own bishop's archers and servants. The diocesan clergy were charged feudal rent, the amount of which varied depending on the income of the church parish. The richest diocese after the patriarchal diocese was considered the diocese of the Archbishop of Novgorod.

In 1661, according to the calculations of the church historian Archbishop Macarius (Bulgakov), there were 476 monasteries in Rus' that had land estates with peasants. If we take into account the hermitages and hermitages assigned to large monasteries, as well as the newly founded Siberian monasteries, the total number of monasteries in Rus', according to some estimates, was close to 3 thousand. Many monasteries were famous for their ascetics and miraculous icons; the greatest fame was enjoyed by the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, Solovetsky Monastery, Chudov Monastery, Novodevichy Monastery, Pskov Pechersky Monastery, and after reunification with Ukraine, the Kiev Pechersk Lavra. Through the Order of the Great Palace, the tsar extended his power over the life of Russian monasteries, he himself appointed and removed abbots - archimandrites And abbots , making exceptions only for the most famous monasteries. At the same time, monasteries often played an important political role, turning into centers of resistance to foreign invaders, like the Trinity-Sergius Monastery in 1610-1612, or becoming centers of resistance to tsarist power, like the Solovetsky Monastery in 1668-1675. The black clergy concentrated enormous wealth in their hands. According to the most conservative estimates, the patriarch, metropolitans and bishops owned at the end of the 17th century. about 37 thousand, which included about 440 thousand souls of the tax population of both sexes. This number did not include the vast land holdings of the monasteries, many of which turned into large economic centers.

The growth of monastic land ownership was facilitated by the custom of bequeathing estates to monasteries for “eternal remembrance of the soul.” There was a stubborn struggle over the right of monasteries to accept such deposits from the end of the 16th to the middle of the 17th century, when the Council Code of 1649 prohibited the transfer of estates to monasteries and the clergy.

TO white clergy belonged deacons, priests and priests. Deacons were lower-ranking clergy who served in the church along with priests. Archpriests (now called archpriests) were mainly rectors of large city and cathedral churches. The parish clergy was previously formed from representatives of all classes, including literate peasants. However, in the 17th century. there is a transformation of the clergy into a closed class. Mostly the sons of clergy become clergy. A ban was introduced on free movement from one parish to another, and the election of priests by parishioners was abolished. Priests were now “installed” as bishops, even if the bishop’s residence was located thousands of miles from the parish. At the ordination, the priest was given a missal. During the laying on of sacred vestments, the bishop explained the meaning and significance of the prayers. Those ordained were not sent to the parish until they had served fifteen times in the cathedral.

All priests and deacons received support from the lands assigned to the temple. But the financial situation of the clergy was not the same. The Moscow clergy was in a special position, receiving support from the tsar. The clergy of the Kremlin cathedrals were in an even more advantageous position, receiving income from estates with peasants assigned to these cathedrals. Archdeacon Pavel Allepsky wrote about the dapper Moscow archpriests: “They wear robes made of Angora wool, purple and green, very wide, with gilded buttons from top to bottom, on their heads - velvet caps of blue-violet color and green boots. many young people and keep thoroughbred horses, which they always ride. Other priests, passing by them, take off their caps in front of them.”

The rural clergy found themselves in a completely different position, not much different from that of the peasants. Rural priests, when they could not pay taxes in favor of the bishop, had to stand on the right and sit in prison. Spiritual rank did not give them protection from the arbitrariness of local secular authorities, wealthy patrimonial owners and their servants. In one of the petitions, the rural clergy complained that the nobles and boyars had a word of praise: “Beat the priest like a dog, if only he was alive, throw in 5 rubles.”

Household people and civil ranks

in the Moscow state of the XV-XVII centuries.

( Liventsev D.V. Concise Dictionary of Russian Civil Service. Voronezh: FGOU VPO VF RAGS, 2006 – 102 p.)

Boyar room- a court official who entered the king’s room and was present at the secret council. Often a room boyar was sent to serve as the main military leader.

City voivode- the head of the local administration in the city, usually appointed by order in charge of a particular area of ​​the Moscow state.

Butler- a court official who supervised the economic services and servants of the Moscow kings.

Household Voivode- senior person in the army of the Moscow sovereigns. Other commanders depended on him; During the campaign, he was in charge of the sovereign's court, and in the absence of the king, he led the court officials with the army. Sometimes a courtyard governor was sent to the troops as if in the rank of generalissimo and then had power over all parts of the military force, but such a rank was given very rarely, and then only to the oldest or closest boyar to the tsar.

Dayman - a minor official who served in the order to carry out minor assignments.

Duma nobleman- the fourth rank in the boyar duma, who could perform court and public service.

Deacon- third Duma rank in the Boyar Duma. Initially the prince's personal servant, and very often not free from servitude, keeping the prince's treasury and conducting the prince's written affairs. In this role, clerks existed in the XIII and XIV bb. (the word “secretary” itself became common only in the 14th century; before that time it was used as a synonym for the concept of “scribe”). The formation of orders, which required permanent and experienced administrators, led to the rise of clerks. Already the Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich III in the Code of Law (1497) prescribed that clerks should be present and participate in the court of the boyars and okolnichy. With the establishment of orders, clerks become their members as comrades of the boyars or direct superiors of the order. In the XVI V. They also play a prominent role in local government, being comrades of the governors in all matters except leading the army (in some cases, however, clerks also participated in military affairs), and concentrating financial management exclusively in their hands.

Treasurer- a court rank in charge of the funds of the royal court.

Keyholder- a court rank in charge of the courtyard storerooms. There were key holders sedate And travel, the first performed official duties while the king was present in the palace, and the second during the time when the ruler was hunting or at war.

Horse hound- the royal hunt.

Groom- a court servant who worked in the stables.

Stable clerk- a court official in charge of the royal stables.

Kravchiy- a court rank in charge of the wine reserves of the royal court.

Hunter of the path hunter- a court servant who was engaged in royal hunting.

Hunter- court rank, head of all royal hunting.

Okolnichy- an ancient palace rank. The most ancient evidence about him is found in the monuments of the 14th century. V. (contractual letter of Grand Duke Semeon the Proud with his brothers and grant letter of Grand Duke Oleg Ivanovich of Ryazan to the Olgov Monastery). Judging by the Moscow monuments XVI and XVII bb., the okolnichy were entrusted with the same management affairs as the boyars, with the only difference being that everywhere they occupied second place after the boyars. Subsequently, the okolnichy sat in the orders, were appointed governors and governors, and served as ambassadors and second ranks of the boyar duma.

Connector- a court servant who was in charge of the storerooms of the royal court, an assistant to the housekeeper.

Clerk- assistant clerk, engaged in ancient order writing. Clerks were divided into senior (old), average And junior. The former participated, together with the clerks, in reviews of service people, carried the sovereign's treasury and often corrected the duties of the clerks; The last of them were appointed. They who performed the position of clerk were called clerks "with an acknowledgment". Middle and junior clerks were usually used only for minor administrative work.

Bedmaker- the court official closest to the sovereign, who served the autocrat directly in his bedroom.

Sokolnik- a court servant who was engaged in royal hunting.

Sokolnichya Lapwing paths- a court servant who was engaged in royal hunting.

Stolnik-an ancient palace rank. Its original purpose was to serve at the sovereign’s table, to serve him dishes and pour drinks into bowls, which is where their other name came from - cup makers. V It is found in chronicles starting from the first years of the 13th century. Even then, stewards were present at the reception of ambassadors, were intermediaries in negotiations between the prince and the boyars, etc. Chashniki of the Ryazan prince in the 14th century . were part of his Duma together with the boyars. They served at the table of the Moscow sovereigns only on ceremonial occasions, on holidays and when receiving ambassadors. The responsibilities assigned to them were very varied. However, the court service of the stolniki was far from being of paramount importance for them. The eldest of them were usually sent to the voivodeships, and the younger ones carried out military service in the sovereign's regiment and in the cities under the voivodes. In addition, they were appointed to orders and sent to all sorts of parcels - on court cases, to examine service people, etc. When listing service people, they were usually mentioned after the Duma clerks and ahead of the solicitors. The most distinguished families served as stewards: princes Kurakins, Odoevskys, Golitsyns, Trubetskoys, Repnins, Rostovskys, Urusovs, Morozovs, Sheremetevs. Unknown people were also appointed to the stewardship, for example, Andrei Posnikov, the son of the Blagoveshchensk archpriest, the favorite of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The servants who served the sovereign in his rooms were called neighbors , or.

indoor Stremyannaya

- a court servant, often close to the king, helping him during hunting and special events. Solicitor V., when they were in the courtyards of the stables, fodder, bread, food, etc. There were also palace attorneys who were in charge of palace administrative affairs in the villages and protected the palace peasants from insults; attorneys from the living, granted from the city nobles; solicitors with a dress, etc. Especially for the personal services of the sovereign there were solicitors who followed him “with cooking,” i.e. with his hat, towel, etc. When the sovereign entered the church, they carried a chair and a small stool for him; kept a hat in church; on campaigns they carried armor and a sword; during the sovereign’s winter trips around Moscow, they were assigned to “bumpers” to maintain the cart on potholes; during dinners they placed dishes in front of the boyars, okolnichy and close people, etc. Since the number of solicitors was very large (about 800–900), special shifts were used for sovereign services; free attorneys were sometimes sent as minor ranks to embassies, with regimental commanders as military men, etc. The eldest of them - the “solicitor with the key” - was an assistant to the bed guard, in charge of the workshop and the bed treasury, to which he carried the key. Despite the low position of solicitors, they were sometimes appointed from well-born nobles. So, the princes Golitsyn, Pronsky, Repnin, Rostov-Buinosov were attorneys. Usually, Moscow nobles and residents were hired as solicitors. The more well-born solicitors were attached to the person of the sovereign, did not have any specific one and were predominantly court ranks.

Surnach - a musician at the royal court who played a wind instrument.

Sytnik - a court rank in charge of the food supplies of the royal court.

Tolmach- an official translator who served in the Ambassadorial Prikaz.

Trubnik- a minor official at the royal court who carried out various orders similar to the functions of a modern courier.

Hawkeye- a court servant who was engaged in royal hunting.

The Moscow queens had their own special court staff, female and male. The first place in the female staff was occupied by courtyard, or riding, boyars, who were usually appointed widows; for the most part they consisted of relatives of the queen, but among them there were also women of lower rank. Among the courtyard boyars, the first place was occupied by the boyar mothers of young princes and princesses; the second class of female tsarina ranks consisted of treasurers, lareshnitsa, craftswomen (teachers of young princesses), nurses of princes and princesses, psalmists; the third class - hawthorn maidens and hay hawthorns, the fourth - bed girls and room women, and then followed gold seamstresses, seamstresses, portomoys (washerwomen) and persons of non-official rank (bogomolts, Kalmyks, arapkas, etc.). The entire court staff of the tsarina was controlled by the bed (room, office) order of the empress tsarina, otherwise - the order of the tsarina’s workshop.

Russian princes, both great and appanage, had their own court staff, whose members were called courtyard people.

The courtyard people included the following ranks: boyars, okolnichy, butlers, Duma nobles, stewards, warriors, etc.

Due to the inseparability of the concepts of what is the prince’s personal business and what is the state’s, they had to perform not only court duties, but also various administrative, judicial and military duties.

At the same time, the boyars, okolnichy, duma nobles constituted the first class of courtyard people, and the stewards, solicitors, Moscow nobles and tenants constituted the second class.

After the introduction of the “Table of Ranks” by Peter I in 1722, the ancient Russian ranks and titles were no longer used.

BOYARIN

1) Senior warrior, adviser to the prince in the ancient Russian state of the 9th-13th centuries; 2) feudal landowner 3) the highest official rank in the Russian state of the 14th-17th centuries, as well as the person granted this rank.

In everyday life, all feudal landowners in the 17th century. for the population dependent on them they were boyars; later this word was modified into the concepts “bare”, “master”.

The title of boyar gave the right to participate in meetings of the Boyar Duma; a close or room boyar was a special confidant of the king and had the right of access to the royal chambers; a relative of the queen received the title of proper boyar.

The boyars headed special branches of government. As feudal landowners, they were vassals of the prince, obliged to serve in his army, but they enjoyed the right of departure to the new overlord and were complete masters in their estates (the right of immunity), and had their own vassals.

In the XIV-XV centuries. as a single centralized state and, accordingly, state property was formed, the political rights of the boyars were limited; Changes also occurred in the social composition of the boyars.

Grand Ducal, and from the middle of the 16th century. The tsarist government persistently suppressed the actions of those boyars who resisted its centralization policy. The oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible dealt a particularly strong blow to the boyar aristocracy, and the abolition of localism in 1682 finally undermined the influence of the boyars.

The title of boyar was abolished by Peter I at the beginning of the 18th century.

VOIVODA

Military leader, ruler of the Slavs. Known in Rus' since the 10th century. (mentioned in the chronicles as the head of the princely squad or the leader of the people's militia). From the end of the 15th century. until the creation of a regular army in Russia (early 18th century) - military leader of a regiment or detachment.

In the middle of the 16th century. governors headed the city administration, displacing city clerks. In the 17th century. their power, military and civil, increased significantly. At this time, they obeyed Moscow orders, acting on their “mandates” (instructions). Since 1708, voivodes were at the head of the provinces. During the provincial reform of 1775, the post of governor was abolished.

VOLOSTEL

An official in the Russian state of the 11th–16th centuries, who governed the volost on behalf of the grand or appanage princes and was in charge of administrative and judicial affairs. Without receiving a salary from the government, the volostels “fed” at the expense of the population who paid taxes.

HEAD

Names of military and administrative officials in Russia in the 16th–17th centuries. The position of head existed until the beginning of the 18th century. In 1795, a charter granted to cities in Russia introduced the position of mayor.

CITYMAN

Representative of the local administration in the Moscow State, later in the Russian Empire. The position of mayor dates back to the first half of the 16th century. from the city clerk.

In 1775-1782. headed the administrative and police executive power in county towns. In the 19th century mayors were appointed mainly from retired officers. The position was abolished in 1862.

CITY CLAIMS

Elected from among district service people, rulers of cities and districts in Russia in the 16th century; obeyed the governor. They were in charge of the affairs of service people, construction, repair of city fortifications, ammunition, collection of taxes, etc.

In wartime, they served as the city military commandant. After the introduction of the positions of city governors, they became their assistants and were appointed directly by governors from among the local nobles.

GRIDIN

Junior squad, collective grid - junior squad. Gridnitsa is part of the palace where Gridnitsa lived. From the end of the 12th century. the term “grid” disappears and instead “dvor” appears, in the sense of a junior squad.

BUTLER

Household man of Russian princes and Moscow tsars. With the development of the order system, the butler in the 17th century. becomes the head of the order of the Grand Palace, which was in charge of the economic yards.

From 1473 to 1646 there was always only one butler in Moscow; since 1646, 12 boyars had this title at the same time; then almost every year he was granted to either one or several boyars at once. As a result, the position of boyar-butler turned into an honorary title, since only one continued to lead the order of the Grand Palace.

DVORSKY

The predecessor of the butler in the role of manager of the princely household until the beginning of the 16th century; he was also in charge of collecting taxes and overseeing the execution of court sentences.

MIND WITH THE WAY

The honorary title of boyar-butler, complained of in the second half of the 17th century. and accompanied by monetary income from a certain area. This title was awarded to boyar V.V. Buturlin on May 8, 1654.

BOYAR CHILDREN

The category of small feudal lords who appeared in Rus' in the 15th century. They performed compulsory service, receiving estates from the princes, boyars or the church, but did not have the right to leave. Boyar children are descendants of the younger members of the princely squads - youths.

With the formation of the Russian unified state, a large number of boyar children went into the service of the Moscow Grand Duke. In the feudal-service hierarchy of the 15th - first half of the 16th centuries. “children of the boyars” stood above the nobles, since the latter often descended from unfree princely servants of the allotted time. The term “boyar children” disappeared during the reforms of the early 18th century. in connection with the merger of service people into one class - the nobility.

CHILDREN'S

Younger members of the squad in Ancient Rus'. They carried out various assignments for the prince and accompanied him as retinue and bodyguards. They did not take part in the prince's council, with the exception of military councils. Only a free person could become “childish”.

DUMMY NOBLEMAN

In the Russian state of the XVI-XVIII centuries. the third “in honor” Duma rank after the boyars and okolnichy. Duma nobles participated in the meeting of the Boyar Duma, being in the overwhelming majority from noble families; their number was small. Along with the Duma clerks, they served as a support for the tsarist power in the fight against the boyar aristocracy in the Duma.

DUMA OFFICERS

In the Russian state in the XVI-XVII centuries. officials - boyars, okolnichy, Duma nobles and Duma clerks, who had the right to participate in meetings of the Boyar Duma and in the work of Duma commissions.

They filled the highest palace positions, took part in diplomatic negotiations, and resolved local disputes. All Duma titles were abolished in 1711 after the creation of the Senate.

Deacon-servant. In the Old Russian state, clerks were the personal servants of the prince, and often not free. They kept the prince's treasury and carried out office work, for which reason they were originally called clerks.

Education in the Moscow State in the XIV-XV centuries. orders required a large number of competent and energetic unborn service people who became assistants to the boyars - the heads of the orders. In the 16th century clerks already played a prominent role in local government, being assistants to governors in all matters except military matters; were in charge of public finances.

A new major step in the rise of the clerks was their penetration into the Boyar Duma (presumably at the turn of the 15th-16th centuries), where they enjoyed equal voting rights with other members of the Duma in deciding matters, although they stood and did not sit. For their service, clerks were rewarded with money and estates.

RESIDENTS

One of the categories of service rank in the Moscow state in the 16th - early 18th centuries, located between Moscow nobles and city nobles. A city nobleman who became a tenant had a chance, if not for himself, then for posterity, to make a career, that is, to become a Moscow nobleman and receive further promotion. The term “tenants” disappeared during the reforms of Peter I.

KEYMAN

The same as tiun, that is, the servant of the Grand Duke, but at the same time the first person in his household, who also performed the duties of a manager and judge. He even had his own slaves and clerks. The housekeeper's wife was usually entrusted with the management of the female servants.

PRINCE HUSBAND

A member of the prince’s senior squad, as well as a boyar who, of his own free will, joined the squad; was an adviser to the prince and held the highest military and civil positions - mayor, thousand, governor. Sometimes he had his own squad.

STABLE

Court rank of the Russian state of the 15th - early 17th centuries. - Head of the Equestrian Department. He led the Boyar Duma and actively participated in diplomatic and military activities; sometimes he headed the government (I.F. Ovchina-Telepnev, B. Godunov).

KRAVCHY

Court rank of the Moscow State. It was first mentioned at the very beginning of the 16th century. Served the sovereign at the table during ceremonial dinners. He was in charge of the stewards who served food.

In addition to supervising drinking and eating, the kravchiy was entrusted with the duties of distributing food and drinks from the royal table to the homes of the boyars and other ranks on the days of ceremonial dinners. Representatives of the most noble families were appointed to the position of clerk.

The service life of the kravchiy did not exceed five years. In the lists they were written after the okolnichy. Craftsmanship, which was the highest degree for a steward, was not combined with the highest official positions - butler, okolnichy and boyar.

TRAPPER

The rank of the princely court. The hunters were not only hunters, hunting companions of the prince, but also executors of his various assignments, including diplomatic ones.

Unknown people were appointed as hunters, but some of them subsequently rose to the rank of Duma nobles, okolnichy and even boyars. For example, Nagiye and Pushkin, who reached the boyars.

SWORDMAN

A rank of the princely court, whose main duty was judicial. In addition, swordsmen were also entrusted with conducting diplomatic negotiations. So, in 1147, Andrei Bogolyubsky sent his swordsman as ambassador to the Rostislavichs.

GOVERNOR

1) In the Old Russian state, an official appointed by the prince and headed local government in cities together with volosts. The position was first introduced in the 12th century. and was finally established in the 14th century. They were rewarded for service by feeding (that is, at the expense of the local population).

The governor had at his disposal administrative personnel and military detachments for local defense and suppression of internal unrest. From the beginning of the 16th century. the power of the governors was limited, and in 1555-1556. in accordance with the Land and Guba reforms of Ivan the Terrible, it was replaced by elected zemstvo institutions;

2) in the Russian Empire - the head of local government. The position was introduced under Catherine II in 1775 to strengthen the centralization of power. The viceroy (governor general) headed the administration of two or three provinces, was endowed with emergency powers, as well as the right of public supervision over the entire local administration and court apparatus, and was responsible only to the empress.

He was also in charge of the troops located on the territory of the governorship. In 1796, Paul I abolished the position, but it was soon restored by Alexander I. In the 19th-20th centuries. there were governorships in the Kingdom of Poland (1815-1874) and in the Caucasus (1844-1883, 1900-1917).

OKOLNICHIY

Court rank and position in the Russian state of the 13th - early 18th centuries. Initially, the duties of the okolnichy apparently included arranging and ensuring the prince’s travel and participating in the reception and negotiations with foreign ambassadors.

The rank was first mentioned in 1284. In the XIV-XVIII centuries. Okolnichy were part of the Boyar Duma, belonging to the second most important (after the boyar) Duma rank. The rank was abolished in 1711.

GUNSMAN

Russian court rank from about the 16th century. His duties included managing the “state armory,” that is, the royal armory treasury. In the court hierarchy, this position was considered very high and okolnichy or boyars were appointed to it. Of the eight gunsmiths known from the lists, four are princes.

With the establishment in the 17th century. Under the weapons order, the duties of the gunsmith have expanded. Being the head of the order, he not only stored weapons, but also took care of their manufacture and purchase. False Dmitry I established the rank of great armorer in 1605.

YOUTHS

The younger members of the squad in Ancient Rus' were mainly the courtyard servants of the prince, as opposed to the children - the fighting members of the squad. Among the youths there were also unfree people - slaves. The duties of the youths included serving at the prince’s table, cleaning things and carrying out his various assignments. The youths did not take part in the prince’s council, with the exception of military councils.

PRINTER

The rank of the princely court, known from the first half of the 13th century. As follows from the chronicles, the printers came from eminent people, but were equally skilled with both the pen and the sword. Since the 17th century the positions of printers were occupied exclusively by clerks, and from the half of the 17th century. - Duma clerks who led the Ambassadorial and Printing orders.

CLEANMAN

Assistant clerk. Clerks were divided into senior, middle and junior. Since 1641, only service people could become clerks, as a result of which their service became hereditary.

POSADNIK

An official in Ancient Rus' who had the significance of a princely governor. They played a special role in the Novgorod and Pskov national governments.

Destroying the independence of Novgorod (1478), the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III Vasilyevich demanded that there be no mayor or veche in it.

BEDMAN

The rank of the Russian princely, and then the royal court, in charge of the “state bed”. According to the Sheremetev Boyar Book, it was mentioned for the first time since 1495, but in fact it existed much earlier than that time under the name Pokladnik.

The bedspreader was the prince's closest servant: he slept in the same room with him, went to the bathhouse, and accompanied him on special occasions. He had attorneys and sleeping bags at his disposal. His position was exclusively private, domestic in nature.

BELL

The ancient honorary title of the royal squire and bodyguard (it was not a rank and did not bring a salary). It was given to young people (the tallest and most handsome) from the best families, holding the rank of steward or solicitor.

SLEEPING BAG

The court rank in the Russian state in the 15th-17th centuries was subordinate to the bed guard. The sleeping bags were on duty in the sovereign's room, undressed and dressed him, and accompanied him during his trips. Typically, sleeping men were young people of noble origin.

FALCONER

The rank of the princely court, known since 1550; was in charge of falconry, and sometimes all the institutions of military-princely hunting. Usually people of no eminence were appointed to falconers, but it happened that they subsequently received the title of okolnichiy or even boyar.

The last falconer of the Moscow tsars was Gavrila Pushkin. Since 1606, appointments to this position have not occurred.

STOLNIK

Palace rank, known since the 13th century.Service in the stolniks was honorable, among them there were mainly representatives of the highest aristocracy: princes Kurakins, Odoevskys, Golitsyns, Repnins, etc.

ATTORNEY

1) Ancient Russian palace rank. The name is borrowed from the word “cook”, i.e. to do, to work;

2) in the XVIII-early XX centuries. - charge d'affaires (lawyer), as well as an official of the prosecutor's department who monitored the correct progress of the case.

The nobility, as the highest privileged class in Russia, arose on the basis of public service. The term “nobleman” itself first appeared in Russia in the 2nd half of the 12th century and designated people living at the princely court. According to the prominent genealogist L.M. Savelov, “the roots of the Russian nobility go to the very depths of our history, which, if it did not know a strictly organized class, then knew a class of service people who fully corresponded to the concept of nobility, although it was not as closed as it was among the peoples of the West. Our nobility has never severed its ties with the people; it has always been an integral part of it.”

With the development of feudal relations in Rus', nobles turned into small landowners, receiving small plots of land in the form of remuneration for military or administrative service. From princely servants they turned into “sovereign servants.” For the received land (estate), the nobles were obliged to faithfully serve the Grand Duke (Tsar) and subsequently began to be called landowners.

Under Peter I, the lifelong service of the nobles was enshrined in the Decree of 1701: “... all service people from the lands serve, but no one owns the lands for nothing.” The first relief was made by Empress Anna Ivanovna, who established that nobles should serve from 20 to 45 years of age, after which they could leave service; one nobleman from each family was allowed not to appear for service at all, but to take care of the household.

Emperor Peter III in 1762 exempted the nobles from compulsory service, and Empress Catherine II in 1785 confirmed this right with a charter granting the rights, liberties and advantages of the nobility. In particular, the nobles were granted significant personal, property and class privileges.

The main privileges of the Russian nobility were;

1) right of ownership of village estates (until 1861);

2) freedom from compulsory service (from 1762 until the introduction of all-class military service in 1874);

3) freedom from corporal punishment, freedom from zemstvo duties (before tax reforms of the 2nd half of the 19th century);

4) the right to enter the civil service and to receive education in privileged educational institutions;

5) the right of corporate organization - district and provincial noble assemblies;

6) the right to directly address the supreme authority with one’s needs.

Persons of noble origin also had a number of advantages in serving.

The Russian nobility was not a closed caste; it was constantly replenished by the most capable and diligent representatives of other classes. As N.V. wrote Gogol, “our nobility is the flower of our population. For the most part, merits to the Tsar, the people and the entire Russian land elevated people from all classes to a noble family.”

A brave officer received Russian noble dignity upon reaching a certain rank. An official awarded a high order became a nobleman. Often, sovereigns granted nobility for personal services to the Fatherland. Thus, the Russian nobility was a constantly expanding class of loyal servants of the Russian state.

The Russian nobility was divided into hereditary and personal. In the period from 1722 (the introduction of the Table of Ranks by Emperor Peter 1) until 1845, hereditary nobility was given for the length of service of the first chief officer rank - ensign, cornet (14th class according to the Table of Ranks) in military service and the rank of collegiate assessor (8 th class) - in civilian.

Lower ranks in the civil service provided personal nobility.

Hereditary nobility was given for awarding any of the orders of the Russian Empire (with a number of restrictions for merchants from 1826 and 1832).

In the period from 1845 to 1856, hereditary nobility was given for service in military service with the rank of major (8th class), in civilian service - the rank of state councilor (5th class), as well as awards with all degrees of the orders of St. George, St. Vladimir and first degrees of other orders of the empire.

Personal nobility was given for all chief officer ranks below major in the military service, for the ranks of 6 - 9 classes in the civil service and the awarding of the lower degrees of the Orders of St. Stanislav and St. Anne.

All chief officers below the colonel and civilian ranks of the 5th to 9th grades in the civil service became personal nobles. The procedure for granting nobility in connection with the awarding of orders remained the same.

In the period from 1856 to 1900, hereditary nobility was given for service in military service with the rank of colonel or captain of the 1st rank (6th class), and in civilian service - the rank of actual state councilor (4th class).

In the period from 1900 to 1917, the procedure for granting hereditary and personal nobility remained the same as in the previous period, with the exception of increasing the qualifications for the order: only those awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree could become a hereditary nobleman. Personal nobles were allowed to request hereditary nobility if their fathers and grandfathers served for 20 years in the ranks of chief officers.

The procedure for obtaining noble dignity objectively contributed to the overall improvement in the quality of public service. The high social prestige of the nobility led to the fact that the qualification for obtaining nobility was a powerful incentive for the proper performance of official duties by officers and officials. Many aspired to become nobles and made considerable efforts to achieve this. Therefore, the number of the noble class throughout the 19th century. grew steadily, although after 1861, belonging to the nobility no longer provided any serious advantages and privileges. In 1858 in Russia there were about 610 thousand hereditary nobles, and in 1897 - 1 million 222 thousand.

Hereditary nobles were divided into 6 categories, each of which was entered in a separate part of the provincial genealogy book:

in the 1st part - nobles elevated to the nobility by personal grant from the emperor;

in the 2nd part - those who received nobility through military service;

in the 3rd part - those who received nobility through the civil service (this also included persons who received the nobility by order, but in practice they were often included in the 1st part);

in the 4th part - foreign noble families who became Russian citizens;

in the 5th part - titled nobility (barons, counts, princes, etc.);

in the 6th part - old noble families who could prove their nobility before 1685.

There were no differences in rights and responsibilities between these categories, but a number of privileged educational institutions (Corps of Pages, Imperial Alexander Lyceum, Imperial School of Law) accepted children of nobles from the 5th and 6th parts of the genealogy book (as well as children of persons who had ranks not lower than 4th class).

The top layer of the hereditary Russian nobility was the titled nobility, that is, noble families who had baronial, count and princely family titles. However, holding a family title did not provide any special advantages, nor was it associated with a certain property status, and in many cases the barons, counts and princes were not rich.

Personal nobility gave all the rights of the hereditary nobility, except for the right to own inhabited estates, belong to the noble society (provincial and district) and participate in the elections of officials elected by the nobility.

Personal nobility was not inherited. Children of personal nobles had the right to enter the civil service, but during its passage they enjoyed fewer rights than hereditary nobles. Since 1832, children of personal nobles received hereditary honorary citizenship.

Despite the fact that the nobles at the end of the 18th century. The right to resign or not to serve at all was granted; not everyone enjoyed this right. The overwhelming majority of the nobility remained a state-serving class, seeking in military and civilian service not so much salary as honor and benefit to the Fatherland. As noted by L.M. historian Savelov, “the freedom he received did not in any way affect the quality of his service to the state, as in the 16th and 17th centuries. Art. it died for its homeland near Kazan and Smolensk, just as it died in the 18th and 19th centuries. near Izmail, Kars, Borodino, Leipzig."

The contribution of the Russian nobility to the establishment of Russian statehood and the strengthening of the independence, strength and power of Russia is enormous. Outstanding military leaders Count P.A. covered their names with glory. Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky, Count A.V. Suvorov-Rymniksky, Prince of Italy, Prince N.V. Repnin, His Serene Highness Prince M.I. GolenishchevKutuzov-Smolensky, Prince P.I. Bagration, Prince M.B. Barclay de Tolly and many others.

N.M. Karamzin wrote: “The nobility is the soul and noble image of the entire people. I like to imagine Russian nobles not only with a sword in their hand, not only with the scales of Themis, but with the laurels of Apollo, with the staff of the God of Arts, with the symbols of the Goddess of Agriculture.” This is exactly what the Russian nobility was - not only a working class, but also a guardian and disseminator of education, knowledge, and culture. For centuries, the nobility represented the most educated and socially active part of Russian society. And it is no coincidence that among those who glorified Russia in the field of science, literature, and art, the majority are nobles.

Many representatives of the Russian nobility made a significant contribution to the development of Russian and world science: mathematician P.L. Chebyshev, physicist and chemist N.N. Beketov, geologist V.I. Vernadsky, physiologist K.A. Timiryazev, biologist I.I. Mechnikov, chemist N.D. Zelinsky, surgeon N.V. Sklifosovsky, travelers P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky and N.M. Przhevalsky, historians V.N. Tatishchev, Prince M.M. Shcherbatov, N.M. Karamzin, T.N. Granovsky, K.D. Kavelin, A.A. Kornilov, A.A. Kiesewetter, historian and philologist J.K. Grot, philosopher N.A. Berdyaev et al.

The role of the Russian nobility in the creation of Russian culture is well known. Without the participation of the nobles, it is impossible to imagine either the history of Russian painting, or the history of Russian theater, or the history of Russian architecture. By order of the nobles, palaces and mansions were built in the capitals, architectural ensembles on estates, and artists and sculptors worked. The nobles maintained theaters, orchestras, collected libraries, and works of art.

The everyday culture of the Russian nobility, especially the capital, influenced the culture of other layers of society. And such greatest phenomena of world culture as Russian literature and Russian music were glorified mainly by representatives of the first estate: G.R. Derzhavin, A.S. Pushkin, E.A. Baratynsky, A.S. Griboyedov, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, F.I. Tyutchev, N.A. Nekrasov, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, Count L.N. Tolstoy, A.A. Fet (Shenshin), F.M. Dostoevsky, A, A, Blok, M.I. Glinka, A.S. Dargomyzhsky, M.A. Balakirev, M.P. Mussorgsky, P.I. Tchaikovsky, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, S.I. Taneyev, S.V. Rachmaninov. The author of the Russian national anthem was a representative of an old noble family, a prominent musical figure A.F. Lviv.

Representatives of famous Russian noble families (Sheremetevs, Golitsyns, Rumyantsevs, Demidovs, Stroganovs, Bezborodkos, Naryshkins, Chertkovs and many others) were widely involved in philanthropic and charitable activities.

Russian nobles played a leading role (especially in the 18th - 1st half of the 19th century) in the development of social thought and social movement. They occupied positions of an extremely wide range: protective, educational, revolutionary.

Russian nobles were members of Masonic organizations, showed extreme opposition to the Decembrists, prevailed among Westerners and Slavophiles, and largely shaped the trend of liberalism.

The most brilliant reformers of the 19th and early 20th centuries also belonged to the Russian nobility by birth or seniority. (Count M.M. Speransky, Count M.T. Loris-Melikov, Count S.Yu. Witte, P.A. Stolypin and others).

At the beginning of the 20th century, people from the Russian nobility became part of all the political parties that emerged in Russia; in 1906-1917. actively participated in the work of the first representative legislative institution - the State Duma. After the February Revolution of 1917, representatives of the nobility were part of the Provisional Government (in March-July 1917 it was headed by one of Rurik’s descendants, Prince G.E. Lvov).

After the October Revolution of 1917, the Russian nobility, having officially lost all their titles and privileges, was persecuted. The decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of November 11, 1917 abolished estates, estate ranks and civil ranks. The official policy of the new government was the consistent eradication of the Russian nobility through physical destruction, exile, and prohibitory acts; many representatives of the class took part in the armed struggle against Soviet power and died in the fire of the Civil War, many were forced to leave their homeland. Most of those who remained had to “forget” their origins in order to survive. It was dangerous to remember your own parents or grandfathers and relatives in general if they were nobles. Family documents and letters were burned, portraits and photographs were destroyed, other family heirlooms were hidden, and sometimes even surnames were changed. And only after many decades it became obvious that the eradication of the nobility was one of the reasons for the degradation of Russian society.

Back in the 1st half of the 19th century, the English historian and political figure T. Macaulay wrote: “Woe to that state that ever decides to entrust the highest power to the majority of citizens, counting them without exception, for this is tantamount to the abolition of everything that is smart, beautiful, educated and richly... And if power falls for even one hour into the hands of the most ignorant and poorest, and therefore the most embittered part of the population, then science, culture, industry, trade, and with them freedom will inevitably also drown in the sea blood and in the abyss of the crudest, merciless violence...”

Now, in the new Russia, the Russian Assembly of Nobility, noble unions and associations, genealogical societies have been re-established, scientific conferences on genealogy are held, and publications on the history of noble families are published.

RANKS, RANKS AND POSITIONS IN THE MOSCOW STATE AND THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE:

Admiral - fleet commander. Naval rank of 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks. He corresponded to the ranks of chief general (infantry general, cavalry general, artillery general, engineer general) and actual privy councilor.

Adjutant - an officer who is attached to a senior commander and transmits his orders, as well as a staff position in a battalion, regiment, etc.

Assessor - assessor, mid-ranking official in various institutions.

Auditor - official, secretary and clerk in military courts. In 1797, auditors were united into an audit department headed by an auditor general; were divided into brigade and regimental; in 1867 replaced by military judicial officials.

Boyarin - the highest official rank in the Russian state of the XIV - XVII centuries. The title of boyar gave the right to participate in meetings of the Boyar Duma. Abolished by Tsar Peter I at the beginning of the 18th century.

Brigadier - military rank of the 5th class according to the Table of Ranks in 1722 - 1799, occupying an intermediate position between major general and colonel and corresponding to the ranks of captain-commander of the fleet and state councilor.

Brigade Major - an officer with the rank of major, who served with the brigadier as his closest assistant in managing the brigade, conducting correspondence and the police unit in the camp and on the campaign. The title was established by Emperor Peter I and abolished by Paul I in 1799, along with the rank of brigadier.

Bunchuk's comrade - rank in Little Russia, was under the hetman, to whom he was directly subordinate; corresponded to the rank of prime major.

Burgomaster - an elected official (for 3 years) of the city society, who presided over the magistrate and the town hall. The position was introduced by Tsar Peter I in 1699 instead of zemstvo heads.

Vice Admiral - naval rank of 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, corresponding to the rank of lieutenant general and privy councilor.

Lieutenant Governor - government official in the provinces, the only deputy governor who directly managed the activities of provincial institutions. As a rule, he had a rank of no lower than 5-6th class according to the Table of Ranks.

Vice Chancellor - the name of the civil rank of the 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks for persons who headed the foreign policy department.

Voivode - head of the city administration with the district (the territory adjacent to the city, administratively subordinate); regimental governors led each of the regiments or detachments of the Russian army.

Military foreman - military rank in the Cossack troops, in 1798-1884. - 8th grade, corresponded to the rank of major, and since 1884. - 7th class, corresponding to the rank of lieutenant colonel.

Military comrade - rank in Little Russia in the 18th century corresponded to the rank of cornet.

Midshipman - a rank in the navy established in 1716 for students of senior companies of the Naval Academy sent to the fleet for practice.

Wardrobe master - court servant, caretaker of the imperial wardrobe.

Admiral General - naval rank of 1st class according to the Table of Ranks, corresponding to the ranks of Field Marshal General and Actual Privy Councilor 1st class.

Adjutant General - one of the highest military ranks of persons serving under the emperor. Since 1808, the adjutant general was a member of the emperor's retinue. This honorary title was granted by the emperor to military ranks, usually 2nd - 3rd classes. They had the right to convey oral orders from the emperor.

Chief General - general rank of 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks in the 18th century; a full general, ranking below field marshal general, corresponded to the ranks of admiral and actual privy councilor. Under Emperor Paul I in 1796 - 97. the rank of general-in-chief was replaced by ranks by branch of the military: general from infantry (infantry), general from cavalry, general from artillery, engineer general.

Auditor General - head of the military chancellery. His main responsibility was to direct the investigation and trial of war crimes; was in the rank of 7th class according to the Table of Ranks.

Governor General - senior official of the local administration in 1703-1917. He ruled several provinces (in the 19th century, mainly outlying ones). As a rule, he had a rank of no lower than 2 - 3-ro class according to the Table of Ranks.

Inspector General - one of the highest positions in the army. The position of inspector general existed in the cavalry, infantry, artillery, and engineering troops.

Quartermaster General - position in the field headquarters of the Russian army. He was responsible for food supplies, financial, medical, veterinary and clothing support for the army.

Generalissimo - the highest military rank in the armed forces of a number of countries. It was assigned to commanders who commanded several allied armies during the war, as well as sometimes to persons from the reigning dynasties. In Russia, the title was not included in the Table of Ranks. During the existence of the Russian Empire, the title was awarded to only three persons: His Serene Highness Prince A.D. Menshikov (1727), Prince Anton Ulrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg, father of the infant Emperor Ivan VI Antonovich (1740), gr. A.V. Suvorov-Rymniksky, Prince of Italy (1799).

Quartermaster General - one of the highest staff positions in the army. He was in charge of studying the terrain, organizing the disposition and movement of troops, preparing military maps, and building fortifications. Under the Quartermaster General, a quartermaster unit was created, which served as the basis for the formation of the General Staff.

General-Kriegskommissar - position in the central military administration of the Russian army in 1713 - 1864. He was in charge of supplying the army with clothing and monetary allowances, expenses for maintaining troops, etc.

Lieutenant General - military rank of 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, introduced into the army in 1798 instead of the rank of lieutenant general. He corresponded to the ranks of vice admiral and privy councilor.

Major General - military rank of 4th class according to the Table of Ranks. He corresponded to the ranks of rear admiral and actual state councilor.

General of Infantry(from cavalry, from artillery, engineer general) - the rank of general of the 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks, replacing in 1796 - 97. rank of general-in-chief; corresponded to the ranks of admiral and actual privy councilor.

Chief of Police - official in the Russian army in 1812 - 1868. (in 1716 - 1812 called General Gewaldiger), who performed military and police functions during the campaign; later his duties were assigned to the commandant's department.

Lieutenant General - military rank of the 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, which existed in the Russian army until 1798. Corresponded to the ranks of vice admiral and privy councilor

General Provision Master - rank and position in the central military administration of the Russian army in 1716 - 1864. He was in the 5th class of ranks according to the Table of Ranks, and was in charge of the provisions unit of the army.

Prosecutor General - the highest official of the civil administration who oversaw the legality of the activities of the state apparatus. The position of Prosecutor General was established in 1722 by Emperor Peter I to oversee the activities of the Senate. When the ministries were formed (1802), the Prosecutor General became at the same time the Minister of Justice.

Racket Master General - official in charge of receiving complaints and petitions addressed to the emperor. Field Marshal General - the highest military rank in the ground forces. First introduced into the Russian army in 1699. He corresponded to the ranks of Admiral General, State Chancellor and Actual Privy Councilor 1st Class.

General Feldzeichmeister - rank and position of chief artillery chief in the Russian army. General Clerk - one of the highest officials in Little Russia, custodian of the press and archives, head of external relations and general office work.

General Judge - one of the highest officials in Little Russia, head of legal proceedings. Master of Arms - the position of head of the central state institution (Heraldry), created in 1722. His duties included compiling lists of nobility, ensuring that nobles did not evade service, entering military ranks from non-nobles who had reached the rank of chief officer into the noble lists, introducing at the request of the Senate, candidates for vacancies, as well as the compilation of coats of arms, noble genealogical books.

Streltsy's head - officer rank in the Streltsy army, under whose command there were five hundred Streltsy regiments.

Mayor - representative of the local administration, headed the administrative and police power in county towns; the position was abolished in 1862.

City nobleman - a title denoting the category of the best (by merit, equipment, relationship) of the provincial nobles.

State Chancellor - civil rank of 1st class according to the Table of Ranks. He corresponded to the ranks of Field Marshal General, Admiral General and Actual Privy Councilor 1st Class. Secretary of State - an official, usually 2nd - 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, who headed the State Chancellery, which was in charge of the clerical work of the State Council. The position was created in 1810.

Marshal - court rank of the 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1726. He was in charge of the affairs of the court, arranging receptions and travel, and was in charge of the court servants. One of the main duties of the marshal's unit was maintaining the table of the imperial family.

Chamberlain - court rank of the 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1727. He managed the palace economy and the staff of the courtiers.

Chamberlain - court rank. Position for ladies. She was in charge of the court ladies' staff and the offices of empresses and grand duchesses.

Gough Junker - court rank 12th grade according to the Table of Ranks.

Mayor - the head (with the rights of a governor) of an administrative-territorial unit, which included a city with adjacent territory, separated from the provinces, Appointed personally by the emperor (in capitals) or upon nomination by the Minister of Internal Affairs; headed the city police, supervised trade and shipping, postal services, the condition of serfs, port and public buildings, public places, etc.

Governor - the highest government official in the provinces, appointed by the emperor and carrying out administrative, police and military functions. As a rule, he had a rank of no lower than 4th class according to the Table of Ranks.

Butler - court position, manager of the royal household, which constituted the order of the Great Palace with food, fodder, grain and living yards.

Actual State Councilor - civil rank of 4th class according to the Table of Ranks. He corresponded to the ranks of major general and rear admiral.

Actual Privy Councilor - civil rank 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks. Corresponded to the ranks of general-in-chief (or general of infantry, cavalry, artillery, engineer general) and admiral.

Actual Privy Councilor 1st Class - Civil rank of 1st class according to the Table of Ranks. He corresponded to the ranks of field marshal general and admiral general.

Boyar children - nobles, the bulk of the service class, which formed the core of the army - the local cavalry; they received estates for their service.

Duma nobleman - third rank of the Boyar Duma; persons who mostly did not belong to the titled or boyar aristocracy, non-nobles, favorites of the tsar, relatives of the queens.

Duma clerk - an official who was part of the Boyar Duma (the lowest Duma rank after the boyar, okolnichy and Duma nobleman). He compiled and edited the projects of the Boyar Duma and the most important royal decrees, and was in charge of the Duma's paperwork.

Deacon - an official who was in charge of state or local administration and diplomatic negotiations and served for a salary.

Jägermeister - court rank of the 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1743. He was involved in organizing the imperial hunt.

Esaul - a person who took part in campaigns under the king for various assignments; in the Cossack army of the 17th century - assistant ataman, senior officer.

Residents - the lowest rank of the capital's nobility, recruited from the district nobles, who were appointed in turn to Moscow to guard the royal palace and occupy administrative positions.

Icon comrade - rank in Little Russia in the 18th century corresponded to the rank of non-commissioned officer.

Cabinet Minister - member of the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty, the highest state institution in 1731 - 1741, created as a Council under the Empress “for the better and more decent administration of all state affairs.” According to the decree of 1735, the signatures of the three cabinet ministers were equal to the signature of the empress.

Treasurer - keeper of the royal treasury and jewelry.

Chamberlain - a court rank first introduced in Russia in 1711. Since 1737, he was in the 6th class of ranks according to the Table of Ranks, in 1809 he was transferred to the 4th class, and later the title acquired the character of an honorary award. Since 1836, only nobles in Russia who were in the civil service and had the rank of 3 - 5 class, i.e. not lower than a state councilor, were eligible for the rank of chamberlain, and since 1850 - 3 - 1 class (as a distinctive sign, had a key sewn above the left pocket of his uniform).

Chamber-page - a special court rank for young men studying in the senior classes of the Corps of Pages. Their duties included duty with the emperor, empress and grand duchesses, as well as participation in court ceremonies and celebrations (accompanying members of the Imperial Family, carrying trains, etc.).

Maid of honor - senior court rank for maidens, first introduced in 1742.

Chamber cadet - initially a court rank of the 9th class according to the Table of Ranks, from 1737 - 6th class, from 1742 - 5th class, after 1809 - a junior court rank, from 1836 for persons with the rank of 4 - 9- 1st grade, and since 1850 - 5th - 8th grade. The duties of the chamberlains and chamberlains included daily (in order of rotation) duty with the empresses and other members of the imperial family, as well as special duty with them during court ceremonies, balls and when visiting theaters.

Captain - chief officer rank of 9th class, and since 1884 - 8th class according to the Table of Ranks in the infantry, artillery, engineering troops and 7th class - in the guard. The rank of captain corresponded to: in the cavalry - the rank of captain, in the Cossack troops - captain, in the navy - captain-lieutenant (then senior lieutenant), in civilian ranks - collegiate assessor.

Captain 1st rank - naval rank of the 4th class according to the Table of Ranks in 1713 - 1732. and 1751 - 1917 He corresponded to the ranks of colonel and collegiate adviser.

Captain 2nd rank - naval rank of the 7th class according to the Table of Ranks in 1713 - 1732. and 1751 - 1917 He corresponded to the ranks of lieutenant colonel and court councilor.

Captain-Commander - naval rank of 5th class according to the Table of Ranks, in 1707 - 1732, 1751 - 1764, 1798 - 1827, and then was finally abolished. He corresponded to the ranks of brigadier and state councilor.

Lieutenant Captain - naval rank 8th class according to the Table of Ranks in 1798 - 1884. and 1907 - 1911 In 1911 it was abolished and replaced with the rank of senior lieutenant.

Quartermaster - an officer responsible for housing troops and supplying them with food and fodder.

Collegiate Assessor - rank of 8th class according to the Table of Ranks, corresponding to the military rank of major.

Collegiate Secretary - civil rank of the 10th class according to the Table of Ranks. He corresponded to the ranks of lieutenant, centurion and midshipman.

Collegiate Advisor - civil rank of 6th class according to the Table of Ranks. Corresponded to the ranks of colonel and captain of the 1st rank.

Rear Admiral - naval rank 4th class according to the Table of Ranks. Introduced into Russia in 1699. Originally called Schoutbenacht. He corresponded to the ranks of major general and actual state councilor.

Equestrian - the court rank, initially in charge of the grand duke's horses, then acquired the meaning of an honorary title, denoting primacy among the boyars.

Kravchiy - a court rank responsible for the organization of royal feasts, at which he served the sovereign, and the distribution on special days of treats granted by the tsar to ambassadors, boyars and persons of other ranks.

Landrat - in the Baltic provinces - a member of the Landrat Collegium (a body of noble self-government), an adviser from the nobles of the district to the governor.

Life Guards - a privileged part of the Russian army. Until 1884, ranks in the guard were considered 2 classes higher than in the army, and since 1884 they began to be considered 1 class higher than those in the army (for example, the rank of lieutenant in the guard was equal to the rank of captain in the army). All positions in the guard were filled by higher ranks than in the army (for example, guard regiments were commanded by major generals, battalions by colonels, etc.).

Lieutenant - military rank of the 12th class according to the Table of Ranks in the army and engineering units, 10th class in the artillery and 9th class in the guard; in 1730 it was replaced by the rank of lieutenant. Naval rank 9th class in 1798 - 1917.

Hunter - court position in charge of the royal animal hunt.

Major - military rank in the Russian army until 1798 in the guard of the 6th class according to the Table of Ranks, in the artillery and engineering troops of the 7th class, in the infantry of the 8th class. Since 1798 - in the infantry, artillery and engineering troops of the 8th class, and abolished in the guard. In 1731 - 1797 The rank of major was divided into two levels - prime major and second major. In 1884, the rank of major in all branches of the military was abolished.

Minister - the highest official is the head of the ministry, appointed by the emperor. The position was first introduced in Russia in 1802 with the creation of ministries. As a rule, he was in the 2nd - 3rd grade according to the Table of Ranks.

Midshipman - naval rank in the Russian Navy, was in the 13th class according to the Table of Ranks, from 1764 - in the 12th, from 1884 - in the 10th class. He corresponded to the ranks of lieutenant and collegiate secretary.

Moscow nobleman - a rank considered higher than a city nobleman, but lower than court ranks. In the seventeenth century. the title of Moscow nobleman was also given as a reward to those nobles who did not have estates near Moscow.

Murza - noble title among the Tatars.

Court Advisor - civil rank of 7th class according to the Table of Ranks. He corresponded to the ranks of lieutenant colonel, military foreman and captain of the 2nd rank.

Punishment chieftain - a title awarded to all chiefs of military and civil administration in the Cossack troops.

Viceroy - an official appointed by the Grand Duke, the Tsar to the cities and headed the local government. In the Russian Empire - the position of head of local government, introduced in 1775. The viceroy (governor general) headed the administration of 2 - 3 provinces. In 1796, the position of governor was abolished, but at the beginning of the 19th century. restored (governorships existed in the Kingdom of Poland, in the Caucasus, and at the beginning of the 20th century in the Far East).

Chief Marshal - court rank of the 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1726.

Chief Chamberlain - court rank of 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1722. Managed the staff and finances of the courtyard,

Chief Chamberlain - the highest court rank and position for ladies. She was in charge of the court ladies' staff and the office of the empresses. The first Chief Chamberlain was appointed at the Russian court in 1727.

Chief Jägermeister - court rank of the 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1736. He was in charge of the imperial hunt.

Chief Chamberlain - court rank 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1727. He led the court cavaliers (chamberlains and chamberlains) and introduced the members of the Imperial Family to those who received the right of audience.

Chief Quartermaster - an officer responsible for housing troops and supplying them with food and fodder.

Chief Commandant - chief of the fortress; in cities, a specially appointed official or military commander who monitored order and discipline in the local troops and the appointment of guards.

Chief Commissioner - military official in charge of financial support.

Ober Kriegs Commissioner - military official in charge of supplying the army.

Chief officer ranks - military and civilian ranks of grades 9 - 14 according to the Table of Ranks.

Chief Prosecutor - the official who led the organizational work of the Senate department; was, as a rule, in the 4th grade according to the Table of Ranks; civil official who led the activities of the Holy Synod.

Ober-sarvaer - chief shipbuilder.

Ober-fiscal - fiscal positions were established in 1711 by Tsar Peter 1 to supervise higher and local government; they were headed by the chief fiscal under the Senate, at the collegiums - special fiscals, in the provinces - provincial and city fiscals. After the establishment of the positions of prosecutors at the collegiums in 1775, the positions of fiscals were abolished.

Oberforschneider - court rank of the 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1856 (“Forschneider” translated from German means cutter of food).

Chief Master of Ceremonies - court rank 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1727. He was in charge of the procedural side of court ceremonies.

Ober-schenk - a court rank of the 2nd class on the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1723, at whose disposal were the palace reserves.

Chief of the Rackmaster - court rank of the 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1726, heading the court stable part (imperial stables and related farms).

Okolnichy - court rank and position in the Russian state until the beginning of the 18th century, the second rank of the Boyar Duma after the boyar.

Gunsmith - a court position responsible for the storage and production of royal ceremonial military and hunting weapons.

Pyazh - a special court rank for young men who studied in the Corps of Pages.

Printer - in the Russian state, the keeper of the large and medium state seals.

Parade Major - assistant commandant.

Taxation at bells - bell assistant.

Subcomorium - in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, a zemstvo official whose duties included land surveying, resolving land disputes and maintaining documentation on this issue in any area.

Lieutenant Colonel - military rank of 8th class according to the Table of Ranks in the infantry, 6th class in the artillery and engineering troops, 5th class in the guard until 1798. Since 1798 - 7th class in all branches of the military, except for the guard, where this rank was eliminated. He corresponded to the ranks of captain 2nd rank, military foreman and court adviser.

Second Lieutenant - military rank of the 13th class according to the Table of Ranks in the infantry, 12th class in the artillery and engineering troops, and 10th class in the guard until 1884. In 1884 - 10th class in the guard and 12th class in other branches of the military. He corresponded to the ranks of cornet in the cavalry, cornet in the Cossack troops and provincial secretary in the civil service.

Podskarbiy - Treasurer in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Clerk - an official who was subordinate to the clerk and was involved in office work.

Chief of Police - chief of the city police of the provincial city. The position was first created in 1718 in St. Petersburg (police chief general), in 1722 - in Moscow (chief police chief). Everywhere in provincial cities, they were introduced in 1782 by the Charter of deanery. The police chief headed the deanery, and from the 2nd half of the 19th century, the city police department.

Colonel - military rank of 6th class according to the Table of Ranks in the infantry, 5th class in the artillery and engineering troops and 4th class in the guard until 1798, and then 6th class in all branches of the military. He corresponded to the ranks of captain 1st rank and collegiate adviser.

School District Trustee - an official of the Ministry of Public Education, who was in the 3rd - 4th grade according to the Table of Ranks, who managed educational institutions in his jurisdiction, which included several provinces. In 1803, all educational institutions of the Ministry of Public Education were administratively divided into 6 educational districts; by the beginning of the twentieth century. the number of educational districts increased to 12.

Lieutenant - military rank of the 12th class according to the Table of Ranks in the infantry, 10th class - in the artillery and engineering troops and 9th class - in the guard until 1798, then 10th class in all branches of the military, except the guard, where he stayed in 9th grade. He corresponded to the ranks of centurion, midshipman and collegiate secretary.

Posadnik - elected official in Novgorod and Pskov. The mayor, representing the most noble boyar families, convened a veche, led troops, fortified the city and suburbs, and negotiated on issues of war and peace.

Bed - a court position whose duties included monitoring the cleanliness, decoration and safety of the royal bed. Boyars close to the tsar were usually appointed bed attendants.

Honorable guardian is an honorary title equivalent to the 3rd class of civil service ranks according to the Table of Ranks. Established in 1798 to reward members of boards of trustees (bodies in charge of charitable institutions) and was given to nobles who made large donations for charitable purposes.

Ensign - military rank of the 14th class according to the Table of Ranks in the infantry, 13th class in the artillery and engineering troops, and 12th class in the guard until 1884. Since 1884, he was transferred to the 13th grade and was assigned to reserve officers in wartime.

Marshal of the nobility(provincial, district) - a representative of the nobility of the province or district, elected by the corresponding Assembly of the Nobility for 3 years (could be re-elected), who was in charge of the class affairs of the nobility and occupied an influential place in the local administration and self-government bodies. During the performance of his duties, the provincial leader of the nobility enjoyed the rights of the 4th class according to the Table of Ranks, and the district leader enjoyed the rights of the 5th class. Anyone who served three terms in this position by election received the right to this rank.

Prime Major - in 1731 - 1797 the upper level of the military rank of the 8th class according to the Table of Ranks (major).

Captain - The military rank in the cavalry, until 1884 - 9th class, and since 1884 - 8th class according to the Table of Ranks, corresponded to the rank of captain.

Rynda - royal squire, bodyguard appointed from among the stewards and solicitors, honor guard when receiving ambassadors.

Retinue of His Imperial Majesty - from the beginning of the 19th century. consisted of generals, admirals and officers of the ground and naval forces, especially close to the emperor and having a special retinue rank (general, attached to the E.I.V. Person, adjutant general, E.I.V. Retinue, major general or rear admiral, aide-de-camp), granted to them in addition to the general military ranks they had. Award to the Suite of H.I.V. was carried out at the direct discretion of the emperor, and the number of persons in the retinue was not limited. The duties of the members of the Retinue included carrying out special assignments of the emperor, as well as being on duty with the emperor in his residences or at ceremonies outside them. An important privilege of the adjutant generals on duty was to announce the emperor's oral orders.

Suites E.I.V. major general - a retinue rank assigned to persons who had the corresponding military rank of 4th class according to the Table of Ranks.

Suites E.I.V. rear admiral - a retinue rank assigned to persons who had the corresponding naval rank of 4th class according to the Table of Ranks.

Suite E.I.V. for the quartermaster unit - service quartermaster unit of the Russian army, later transformed into the service of the General Staff.

Second Major - in 173 1 - 1797 the lowest level of the military rank of the 8th class according to the Table of Ranks (major).

Senator - member of the governing Senate, created in 1711 as the highest state institution, and in the 19th - early 20th centuries. acting as the highest court and highest administrative supervisory authority. He was appointed by the emperor and held a rank of at least 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks.

Centurion - commander of a unit (hundreds) in the Russian army until the beginning of the 18th century; military rank in the Cossack troops, in 1798 - 1884. - 12th grade, since 1884 - 10th grade according to the Table of Ranks. He corresponded to the ranks of lieutenant, midshipman and collegiate secretary.

Sleeping bag - court rank in the Russian state until the beginning of the 18th century. He was subordinate to the bed guard, was on duty in the sovereign’s room, undressed and dressed him, and accompanied him during trips. Police officer - The district police official, who was in charge of the police camp, a certain part of the district, was subordinate to the police officer.

State lady - a court honorary title for ladies. The title was awarded mainly to the spouses of major civil and military ranks, most of them belonged to noble noble families, many were ladies of the cavalry (who had the ladies' order of St. Catherine). They did not have any specific duties at court, they could not even take part in court ceremonies and appeared at court only on special occasions. Of the ladies of state, chamberlain and oberghmeisterin were appointed.

State Councillor - civil rank of 5th class according to the Table of Ranks. He corresponded to the ranks of brigadier of the army and captain-commander of the fleet.

State Secretary E.I.V.- in the 18th century this title was borne by persons who served as the emperor's personal secretaries. Since the middle of the 19th century, it has been an honorary title granted personally by the emperor to major dignitaries of the civil department, as a rule, no lower than 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks. They had the right to convey oral orders from the emperor.

Stolnik - a minor court rank whose duties included serving at the table during feasts and carrying out various assignments for the king. Almost all representatives of aristocratic families began serving as stolniks, who subsequently advanced to the ranks of boyars, and also common nobles served, for whom the rank of stolnik was the pinnacle of their career. The stewards who were part of the king's inner circle were called room attendants.

Solicitor - a minor court rank whose duties included monitoring the king’s dress and presenting it when he was vested. Like the steward, the solicitors also carried out various assignments of the tsar and served as city and regimental commanders. The lawyer with the key is the palace housekeeper.

Privy Councilor - civil rank of 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks. He corresponded to the ranks of lieutenant general and vice admiral.

Titular Advisor - civil rank of 9th grade according to the Table of Ranks. Corresponded to the ranks of staff captain, staff captain, and lieutenant.

Comrade Minister - the position of deputy minister, introduced in 1802 with the creation of ministries in Russia. As a rule, he was in the 3rd - 4th grade according to the Table of Ranks. Each minister had one or more comrades (deputies).

Tysyatsky - military leader who led the ancient Russian city militia (“thousand”). Later in Novgorod - an elected position, assistant mayor; led the Novgorod army. Flag captain - an officer position in the squadron corresponding to a senior adjutant.

Wing adjutant - junior retinue rank, assigned by headquarters to chief officers of the army and navy. For wing adjutants there were preferential conditions for promotion to ranks, regardless of vacancies. The rank was retained by those whose rank was not higher than the rank of colonel or captain of the 1st rank, and was removed upon promotion to the ranks of general (often a former aide-de-camp, who received the military rank of major general or rear admiral, was enlisted in E.I.’s Retinue .IN.).

Maid of honor - junior court rank for girls. When you got married, it was automatically removed. But, despite this, they retained the right to be presented to the empress and receive invitations to balls in the Great Hall of the Winter Palace along with their husbands, regardless of the latter’s rank.

Master of Ceremonies - court rank of the 5th class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1743. Participated in the procedure of court ceremonies.

Chashnik - an official of the royal administration who led a special palace institution in charge of drinking affairs, A also beekeeping; served the king at dinner parties and festive feasts, and were among the sovereign's closest advisers.

Shlyakhtich - nobleman in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; in the 18th century Russian nobles were also called that way.

Staff officer ranks - military and civilian ranks 6 - 8 classes according to the Table of Ranks.

Staff Captain - rank of officer in the infantry, artillery and engineering troops, in 1797 - 1884. - 10th class, and since 1884 - 9th class according to the Table of Ranks, 8th class - in the guard. He corresponded to the ranks of staff captain, lieutenant and titular adviser.

Staff captain - rank of cavalry officer in 1797 - 1884. - 10th class according to the Table of Ranks, since 1884 - 9th class, and in the Guard - 8th class. He corresponded to the rank of staff captain, lieutenant and titular adviser.

Ringmaster - court rank of the 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1773 and in charge of the court stable, grooms, and carriages.

Executor - an official in charge of the economic part of the institution and overseeing the external order in the work of clerical servants.

Literature: Shcherbachev O.V. // Noble calendar: Reference genealogical book of the Russian nobility. St. Petersburg, 1999; Shepelev. // L.E. The bureaucratic world of Russia in the 18th – early 20th centuries. St. Petersburg, 1999; Fedorchenko F. // Noble families that glorified the fatherland. M. Olma-Press. 2001.