Contribution to the development of aviation. Jacques Clément kills Henry III for love of Mlle de Montpensier

Ader Clement.

Clément Ader(fr. Clément Ader; April 2, 1841( 18410402 ) - 5 March 1925) - French engineer, born in Muret, Haute-Garonne, known mainly for his work in the field of aviation.

Clement Ader is the author of inventions in the field of electrical engineering and mechanics. Ader initially studied electrical engineering, and in 1878 he improved Bell's telephone design. Using an improved Bell telephone, he established the first telephone network in Paris in 1880.

In 1881, he invented the "theatrophone", a system of transmitting sound over two channels that made binaural listening accessible and allowed listeners to distinguish the position of actors on stage; This invention made it possible to use stereo sound to listen to opera works at a distance of 3 km from the theater.

In 1903 he invented the V8 engine for the Paris-Madrid rally; 3 or 4 units were built, but none were sold.

Drawings Eola Clemente Adera.

Clément Ader became fascinated by the idea of ​​mechanical flight and spent a lot of time and money bringing it to life. Using data from Louis Pierre Millet (1834-1837) on bird flight, he built his first aircraft, Aeolus. It was a device similar to bat, controlled by the lung steam engine his own design (4 cylinders, power 20 hp (15 kW). Weight was no more than 7 pounds per horsepower (4 g/W)), flight control was carried out by a propeller with four blades. The wings, which had a span of 14 yards, were equipped with a wing-warping system, and the total weight was 650 pounds (300 kg). On October 9, 1890, Ader attempted flight on Aeolus, which took off and flew about 50 m. This was the first self-propelled flight in history, 13 years before the Wright brothers.

Ader built a plane, which he called Avion II(it was also called Marshmallow or Aeolus II). Most sources come to the conclusion that work on this aircraft was never completed; instead, Ader began to build this aircraft Avion III, however, Ader himself later claimed that he flew the Avion II in August 1892 at a distance of 200 yards (about 200 m).

Avion III(photo from 1897).

Ader's successes attracted the attention of the Minister of War Charles de Freycinet. With the support of the French military authorities, Ader designed and built the Avion III. It looked like a huge bat made of canvas and wood, its wingspan was 16 yards, the craft was equipped with two pusher propellers with four blades, each of them was equipped with a 30 hp steam engine. (22 kW). After numerous ground tests, Ader attempted flight on October 14, 1897. Some spectators claimed that the Avion rolled, took off, and flew over 300 yards (300 m), while others claimed that the Avion III crashed before takeoff. In any case, the commission was not satisfied with the result and funding was stopped, however official results tests were not disclosed. After the Wright brothers' flight, the commission reported that Ader's flights were successful.

A ship carrying airplanes will definitely be created. These ships will be significantly different from those in use today. First of all, the deck will be cleared of all obstacles. It will be flat, as wide as possible so that the hull is not endangered, it will resemble a landing pad.

Original text (English)

An airplane-carrying vessel is indispensable. These vessels will be constructed on a plan very different from what is currently used. First of all the deck will be cleared of all obstacles. It will be flat, as wide as possible without jeopardizing the nautical lines of the hull, and it will look like a landing field.

Clément Ader remained an active supporter of aviation development. He published L'Aviation Militaire in 1909, which became very popular and went through 10 editions in the five years before the outbreak of the First World War; this work turned out to be especially important in connection with his vision air war and an accurate description of the concept of modern aircraft carriers with a flat flight deck and an island superstructure, lifts and hangars. His aircraft carrier concept was transferred to the US Naval Attache in Paris, and the first attempts to create an aircraft carrier in the United States date back to November 1910.

Having stopped public demonstrations, the “father of aviation” began to avoid society. His Avion on display at the Museum of the Conservatory of Arts and Industry in Paris. Aviation historians outside of France often deny Ader's priority, starting with all flights that ended in crashes, the fact of many others is disputed, and they also believe that in later years Ader's merits were exaggerated. However, Ader's flight on October 9, 1890 Eole is well documented and Ader's achievements cannot be discredited. In 1938 it was released in France postage stamp in his honour, one of the Airbus assembly sites in Toulouse is also named after him.

1. Georgano, G.N. Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886-1930. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985).
2. Clément Ader, "L"Aviation Militaire", 1909
3. Sandcastle V.I. - Carriers: Airpower at Sea - The Early Years / Part 2. www.sandcastlevi.com. Retrieved September 17, 2008. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012.

• Aviation history
• Maxim, Hiram Stevens
• Henson, William
• Peno, Alphonse
• Mozhaisky, Alexander Fedorovich
• Teleshov, Nikolai Afanasyevich

Partially used materials from the site http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Clement Ader (April 2, 1841 - March 5, 1925) - French engineer, is the author of inventions in the field of electrical engineering and mechanics. Fascinated by the idea of ​​mechanical flight, he spent a lot of time and money bringing it to life. Using data from Louis Pierre Millet (1834-1837) on bird flight, he built his first flying machine, the Aeolus, in 1886.

Ader's phone number.

Aeolus's design resembled that of a bat. Powered by Ader's own lightweight steam engine (4 cylinders, 20 hp (15 kW). Weight was no more than 7 pounds per horsepower (4 g/W)), flight control was carried out by a propeller with four blades. The plane's wings were controlled mechanical levers inside the fuselage, each wing could be pitched back and forth and varied in camber, the wing warping system was controlled by the legs, the span was 14 yards, and the total weight was 650 lb (300 kg). On October 9, 1890, Ader attempted flight on Aeolus, which took off and flew about 50 m. This was the first self-propelled flight in history, 13 years before the Wright brothers.

Drawings of the first Aeolus

Ader's successes attracted the attention of the Minister of War Charles de Freycinet. With the support of the French military authorities, Ader designed and built the Avion III. By a special resolution, Ader was given a targeted subsidy in the amount of 650 thousand francs, and his work was even more classified. The plane was like a huge bat made of canvas and wood, its wingspan was 16 yards, the aircraft was equipped with two pusher propellers with four blades, each of them was equipped with a 30 hp steam engine. (22 kW). After numerous ground tests, Ader attempted flight on October 14, 1897. Some spectators claimed that the Avion rolled, took off, and flew over 300 yards (300 m), while others claimed that the Avion III crashed before takeoff. In any case, the commission was not satisfied with the result and funding was stopped, but the official test results were not announced. After the Wright brothers' flight, the commission reported that Ader's flights were successful.

The open cockpit was located behind the propulsion system at the rear of the fuselage. Two steam engines with a total power of 20 hp, powered by one boiler, rotated in different sides, to eliminate the reactive moment, three-meter propellers located near the leading edge of the wing. Monsieur Ader wanted to control the plane on the ground using a rotating tail wheel, which was rigidly connected to a small keel mounted on the fuselage. To turn in flight, it was necessary to reduce the rotation speed of one of the machine's propellers.

After heavy rains, which prevented experiments with Clément Ader's air machine for several days, it was only on October 12, 1897 that a state commission from the War Ministry arrived at the closed military field in Satori, near Paris. A circular path 40 m wide and 1.5 km long was prepared on the field.

On this windless day, tests of Ader's second aircraft, the Avion III flying machine, began in complete secrecy. Without attempting to take off, the plane only had to run one circle so that the aviator could get used to controlling the machine.

Engine designed by Ader.

With the engines not at full power, the device ran through soil that had not dried out after the rain with average speed 18-24 km/h. In the act state commission According to tests of the aircraft, it was indicated: “... in the future it was easy to establish from the tracks of the wheels that the device was often lifted from behind and that the rear wheel, which was the steering wheel, did not always roll on the ground.” The commission decided that the flying machine has great chances for a successful flight.

Two days later, on October 14, 1897, the first attempt was made to fly an Avion III aircraft. Suddenly, during the takeoff run, a strong side gust of wind pulled the aircraft off the runway and carried it towards the fence. Two descriptions of the only test flight of Aviona-3, made by Ader, have been preserved. The first one stated:

“...Unfortunately, the wind suddenly became stronger and we had difficulty driving<Авион>along the white path. The pressure was raised to 8-9 atmospheres, and immediately the speed increased significantly: no shudder was felt from the wheels. This means that the Avion rested freely on its wings. But under the influence of the wind, the device steadily sought to leave the circle to the right, despite the rudder being shifted... The device quickly left the circle and began to gradually move away from it. Then an accident occurred: the plane tilted sharply, breaking the wing console, landing gear and propellers.”

The airplane, without any stabilizing surfaces, did not have longitudinal stability, and therefore every flight attempt ended in failure of the apparatus. Obviously, the inability to fly an airplane also had an effect. The commission still considered it possible to continue the experiments, but the Minister of War considered these experiments as not meeting the requirements for the airplane, and ordered further work stop. Ader tried for some time to find support for his business from private individuals and when he failed, in despair he burned down his workshop, and with it the surviving first airplane Aeolus. After her death, Clément Ader never returned to work on any flying cars. For some time he was successfully engaged in designing in the field of automobile manufacturing, but then he gave up this activity as well.

Aviation pioneer Ader returned to his hometown of Muret, where he died in 1925 at a ripe old age. Much later than this sad date, the unique Avion III aircraft, which was the property of the War Ministry, was transferred to the Museum of Arts and Crafts in Paris, where it remains to this day.

Ader later released his famous book Military aviation where he predicted the role of aviation in the war and outlined organizational forms such application.
Thus, Clement Ader built an airplane powered by a steam engine, capable of rising into the air. From this experience we are once again convinced that the steam engine by this time had already reached such a degree of perfection and lightness that it could be used for dynamic flight.

The engineer, born in Muret, Haute-Garonne, is known mainly for his work in the field of aviation.

Inventor

Clement Ader is the author of inventions in the field of electrical engineering and mechanics. Ader initially studied electrical engineering, and in 1878 he improved Bell's telephone design. Using an improved Bell telephone, he established the first telephone network in Paris in 1880.

Contribution to aviation development

Clément Ader became fascinated by the idea of ​​mechanical flight and spent a lot of time and money bringing it to life. Using data from Louis Pierre Millet (1834-1837) on bird flight, he built his first flying machine in 1886, Aeolus. It was a bat-shaped machine driven by a lightweight steam engine of his own design (4 cylinders, 20 hp (15 kW). Weight was no more than 7 pounds per horsepower (4 g/W)) , flight control was carried out by a propeller with four blades. The wings, which had a span of 14 yards, were equipped with a wing-warping system, and the total weight was 650 pounds (300 kg). On October 9, 1890, Ader was able to take off on this device and fly about 50 m. As a rule, it is believed that this was the first takeoff of an aircraft in history, accomplished only due to the thrust of its own power plant. However, Ader failed to achieve either controllability or flight stability. Only 13 years later were the Wright brothers able to do this.

Ader built a plane, which he called Avion II(it was also called Marshmallow or Aeolus II). Most sources come to the conclusion that work on this aircraft was never completed; instead, Ader began to build this aircraft Avion III, however, Ader himself later claimed that he flew the Avion II in August 1892 at a distance of 200 yards (about 200 m).

Ader's successes attracted the attention of the Minister of War, Charles de Freycinet. With the support of the French military authorities, Ader designed and built the Avion III. It looked like a huge bat made of canvas and wood, its wingspan was 16 yards, the device was equipped with two pulling propellers with four blades, each of them was equipped with a 30 hp steam engine. (22 kW). After numerous ground tests, Ader attempted flight on October 14, 1897. Some spectators claimed that the Avion rolled, took off, and flew over 300 yards (300 m), while others claimed that the Avion III crashed before takeoff. In any case, the commission was not satisfied with the result and funding was stopped, but the official test results were not announced. After the Wright brothers' flight, the commission reported that Ader's flights were successful.

"L'Aviation Militaire"

A ship carrying airplanes will definitely be created. These ships will be significantly different from those in use today. First of all, the deck will be cleared of all obstacles. It will be flat, as wide as possible so that the hull is not endangered, it will resemble a landing pad.

Original text (English)

An airplane-carrying vessel is indispensable. These vessels will be constructed on a plan very different from what is currently used. First of all the deck will be cleared of all obstacles. It will be flat, as wide as possible without jeopardizing the nautical lines of the hull, and it will look like a landing field.

Ader Klement

(1841-1925) - French designer, one of the pioneers of aviation. A self-taught mechanic, A. in 1882, in an atmosphere of secrecy, began to create an aircraft with a steam engine. In 1890 he built the aircraft “Aeolus”, or “Avion I”, with a mass of 296 kg, folding wing panels of great curvature, one steam engine for a propeller. During testing, this aircraft jumped approximately 50 m, but this jump is not considered a true flight, since the aircraft was uncontrollable in flight and could not make stable flight. The construction of a similar aircraft, the Avyon II, was not completed. With the support of the government, A. built the Avion III aircraft large sizes with a mass of Ader Clement 400 kg, two 15 kW steam engines and two propellers. In official tests in 1897, the plane left the circular starting track and ran Ader Klement 200 m, without actually leaving the ground. Support for A.'s work was discontinued, and he withdrew from aviation research. The word "avion" entered into French to designate an aircraft with an engine and a fixed wing.

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