UNION
Union- This service part speech that serves to communicate homogeneous members sentences, parts of complex sentences, as well as individual proposals in the text. Conjunctions do not change and are not members of the sentence.
By education unions are:
1) non-derivative (primitive), that is, those that are not related in origin to other parts of speech: a, but, or, yes and;
2) derivatives (non-derivatives), formed by:
connection non-derivative unions: as if,
connection index word from the main part and a simple conjunction: in order to
By connecting a conjunction with a word with a generalized meaning: as long as, while
Historically from other parts of speech: for now, though, to.
By structure unions are distinguished:
1) simple, consisting of one word: ah, because, to;
2) composite, consisting of several components: since, while.
By use unions are divided into:
1) single (non-repeating): but, however, on the other hand;
2) repeating, which consist of identical parts ( neither...nor, then...that, or...or, either...or).
3) double (two-component) conjunctions, the parts of which are located distantly with or without obligatory mandatory second part: not so much...as, not only...but also; if...then, once...then, barely...how.
By character syntactic relations, conjunctions expressed by them are divided into: 1) coordinating: and, but, even, but, however;
2) subordinates: although, so that, if, because.
Coordinating Conjunctions connect equal components. They connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence, sentences in the text.
Coordinating conjunctions, depending on the meanings conveyed, are grouped into categories according to meaning.
Classification of coordinating conjunctions by meaning
|
Name |
Unions |
Examples |
|
Connecting |
and, yes (=and), too, also, neither... nor etc. |
1. The grasshoppers are chattering dryly, And lulls, And this whisper-crack excites me(I. Bunin). 2. Peter stood up, I Same got up. |
|
Dividing |
or, either, then... that, not that... not that etc. |
1. They harnessed the horse, threw two of them onto the cart or three bundles, a bed and a wooden trestle bed - that’s all the household(V. Rasputin). 2. That Cold, That very hot That the sun will hide That shines too bright(I. Krylov). |
|
Nasty |
a, but, yes (=but), however, on the other hand, same etc. |
1. I will laugh with everyone A I don't want to cry with anyone(M. Lermontov). 2. They tut at us, drive us home from the cold, But we're not leaving(V. Astafiev). |
|
Gradational |
not only... but also, not so much... as, not really... but, etc. |
I.E. Repin has repeatedly asserted that Leonid Andreev not only appearance, but also his character reminds him of one of the most charming Russian writers - Garshin(K. Chukovsky). |
|
Explanatory |
that is, namely, or (=that is) etc. |
He was one of the young people who “played tetanus” at every exam, that is didn’t answer a word to the professor’s questions(I. Turgenev). |
|
Connection |
yes and, moreover, besides etc. |
When the exhausted musicians stopped playing, the excitement caused by the music disappeared and I felt like I was about to fall, yes and would have fallen if there had not been a timely rest stop(V. Garshin). |
Subordinating conjunctions combine unequal components and indicate the dependence of one of these components on the other. They mainly connect parts of a complex sentence, but can also be used in a simple sentence to connect homogeneous members: The book is interesting, although a little long. Unions How, as if, as if, than connect homogeneous and heterogeneous members of a sentence: In winter, the night is longer than the day; The pond is like a mirror.
The categories of subordinating conjunctions are varied in meaning.
Classification of subordinating conjunctions by meaning
|
Name |
Unions |
Examples |
|
|
Explanatory |
what, to, as if etc. |
1. It seemed What colorful shreds fall to the ground(Yu. Olesha). 2. My goal was to visit Old Street(I. Bunin). |
|
|
Temporary |
when, until, since, only, barely etc. |
1. The first sound of the bell rang through the frosty air, When Makar entered the hut(V. Korolenko). 2. So the hut will become lopsided, Bye will not fall completely or will not wait for a kind owner(V. Rasputin). |
|
|
Causal |
because, because, since, due to the fact that, due to the fact that etc. |
And now it was difficult for a foreign newcomer to fight a simple local pipe, because she appeared to a blind boy, accompanied by all related Ukrainian nature(V. Korolenko). |
|
|
Target |
so that, in order to, in order to etc. |
1. Then, to to reward themselves for a dreary day, the passengers huddled together with the sailors in the wardroom(I. Bunin). 2. In order to To raise real men, you need to raise real women(V. Sukhomlinsky). |
|
|
Conditional |
if, if, if... then, whether etc. |
If you will successfully choose a job and put your soul into it, That happiness will find you on its own(K. Ushinsky). |
|
|
Concessive |
despite the fact that, although etc. |
1. There was no time to admire the view Although the view deserved it(Yu. Olesha). 2. The horse was starting to get tired, and he was dripping with sweat, despite the fact that he was constantly waist-deep in snow(A. Pushkin). |
|
|
Comparative |
as, as if, as if, as if, as if, exactly etc. |
The flame appeared in one second, as if someone let sunbeams into the crowd(Yu. Olesha). Comparative conjunctions can join comparative turnover: Thunder jumped How the ball and rolled in the wind(Yu. Olesha). |
|
|
Consequences |
So |
Everything is going according to plan So act boldly. |
These examples of subordinating conjunctions can be supplemented with compound subordinating conjunctions, for example: while, as if, only, in connection with the fact that, for the purpose of etc. (see above). Some conjunctions are ambiguous and can be classified into several categories, for example to(target and explanatory), When(temporary and conditional).
Subordinating conjunctions according to their meaning they are divided into two groups: functional-syntactic and semantic.
Functional-syntactic conjunctions indicate the syntactic dependence of the subordinate part on the main one, without specifying the nature of this dependence. Valgina N.S. emphasizes that this is with undefined semantics, i.e. can be used in various types subordinate clauses, these include conjunctions What, to, How .
- He didn't hear
- How a greedy wave rose. (Adverbial explanatory clause.)
- (A.S. Pushkin)
- Why do you need your blackamoor?
- The young one loves Desdemona,
- How does the month love darkness at night? (Comparative clause.)
- (A.S. Pushkin)
- His deserted corner
- I rented it out How The deadline has passed. (Adverbial tense.)
- (A.S. Pushkin)
Semantic conjunctions serve not only for formal attachment subordinate clause to the main thing, but also to express certain semantic relationships.
Semantic subordinating conjunctions are divided into the following groups:
1. Temporary alliances: How, When, barely, Bye, only, only, as soon as, before, after, since. Express the temporal relationship between two events and situations.
- Nice, When there are people in the world who want to help.
- (P. A. Pavlenko)
- When When you're in a hurry, the road always seems longer.
- (D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak)
- As soon as I entered the edge of the forest, How I immediately came across wild boars...
- (V.K. Arsenyev)
2. Explanatory conjunctions: What, to, How, as if. Express explanatory relationships.
- I told the boys What got lost and sat down with them.
- (I. S. Turgenev)
- I want,
- so that to the bayonet
- equalized the feather.
- (V.V. Mayakovsky)
- Children feel Who loves them.
Galkina-Fedoruk E.M., Raspopov I.P. and Lomov A.M. do not classify explanatory conjunctions as semantic (they are classified as semantic by Rosenthal D.E. and Telenkova M.A.).
3. Target alliances: to, if only, if only, so that(obsolete), in order to, so that, for the purpose of. Convey target relationships. The subordinate clause explains the content of the main part of a complex sentence.
- To To love music, you must first listen to it.
- (D. D. Shostakovich)
- Everyone was silent to hear the rustling of flowers.
4. Causal conjunctions: because (That), because, for, because, due to the fact that, thanks to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because, due to the fact that. Express causal relationships. The basis or motive is indicated in the subordinate part, and the consequence in the main part.
- A because the upset mother was silent, That Chuk and Gek were silent too.
- (A.P. Gaidar)
- Because the clouds almost touched the tops of the birches, it was quiet and warm on the ground.
- (K. G. Paustovsky)
5. Conditional conjunctions: If, if, if, once, if only, When, how soon. The conditional relations indicated in the subordinate part are conveyed, and the result is shown in the main part.
- How well could all the people in the world live, If if only they wanted If If only they understood!
- (A. A. Fadeev)
- When two people quarrel - both are always to blame.
- (L.N. Tolstoy)
6. Concessive alliances - Although, let, let him, otherwise, for nothing that, meanwhile, despite the fact that , as well as pronominal-conjunctive combinations no matter how much, no matter how - express concessionary relations. The subordinate clause describes a situation or event in spite of which another event occurs.
- This morning in the steppe it was quiet, cloudy, despite the fact that the sun has risen.
- (L.N. Tolstoy)
- No, there's not enough of you for everyone,
- At least what kind of general are you?
- (A. T. Tvardovsky)
- At least he couldn't have looked more diligently,
- But also traces of the former Tatyana
- Onegin could not find it.
- (A.S. Pushkin)
7. Comparative unions: How, how, as if, as if, as if, exactly, than, as if, just like. Comparative relationships are conveyed through complex sentence, which describes the similarity of two events, situations - real and expected.
- Just like the impatient young man is waiting for the hour of the meeting, I was waiting for the hour of the morning.
- (M. A. Bulgakov)
- Cool summer has arrived
- As if new life has begun.
- (A. A. Akhmatova)
8. Investigative unions: So. The subordinate part conveys relations expressing the consequence, result, conclusions, while the main part expresses the cause, the basis.
- The house stood on a slope, So The windows to the garden were very low from the ground...
- (S. T. Aksakov)
- The rain has stopped So we can go for a walk.
Many linguists are inclined to believe that investigative relations are conveyed only by a single conjunction So (Lekant P.A.). Meanwhile, Babaytseva V.V., Maksimov L.Yu., Vinogradov V.V. also include the union in this group to the point that .
- AND before that I suddenly felt ashamed What literally tears flowed down my cheeks...
- (F. M. Dostoevsky)
Subordinating conjunctions are also divided into several groups depending on the meanings expressed (see table).
In table semantic conjunctions are represented, i.e. denoting certain meanings (more precisely, logical-semantic relationships between word forms or parts of a complex sentence). In contrast to them, asemantic conjunctions are distinguished, indicating only the subordination of the subordinate clause, usually attaching explanatory clauses. A feature of such conjunctions is the function of joining, which does not introduce additional complex shades into the statement. In its purest form, “connection” is realized by the union What (The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states, What all people are born free and equal in dignity and rights).
On the use of subordinating (as well as coordinating) conjunctions in complex sentences We will discuss this in more detail in the section "Grammar. Syntax".
Groups of subordinating conjunctions
|
Group of conjunctions by meaning |
Unions |
Examples for use |
|
Temporary |
When, after, before, as soon as, barely, barely... how |
After Budapest fell and Vienna was taken, the ward radio did not turn off even at night(E. Nosov) |
|
Causal |
because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because, thanks to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, as a result of the fact that, especially since |
Exhaust risers need to be added, because each cow evaporates ten kilograms of water per day with its breath(S. Antonov); That's why What the plank was put together hastily, its roof caved in at the ridge(V. Povolyaev) |
|
Conditional |
If, if... then, in case, in case, provided that, if (simple)) |
But how can I take the initiative, if I I don't respect my boss(G. Semenov); Foma Fomich was ordered to appear, threatening with force in case refusal(F. Dostoevsky) |
|
Concessive |
Although, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, no matter what, no matter what, despite all that |
In the evening an engineer arrived in a Gazik, And, Although There was absolutely no help from him, the hut became calmer(S. Antonov) |
|
Consequences |
So, resulting in |
Lusha came to the empty hut, sat down on a chair and cried loudly, sobbing, So could be heard on the street(S. Antonov) |
|
to, in order to, in order to, so that, then to |
He stood up, to leave, but involuntarily lingered(L. Seifullina) |
|
|
Comparative |
How, as if, as if, as if, just like, just like, sort of like that, as if |
The steppe went into the distance, wide and flat, like the sea(L. Sobolev); On Red Square, as if through the fog of centuries, the outlines of walls and towers appear unclear(A. N. Tolstoy) |
|
Comparative (if they coincide with subordinating conjunctions on a formal basis, they are not opposed coordinating conjunctions by value) |
if... then, while, meanwhile, while, as, than... the |
Let us also note here that some subordinating conjunctions can be used in the structure of a simple sentence. For example, union to attaches the circumstance of the goal, expressed by the infinitive (Here we just decided to talk one by one, so that kill time(A. Novikov-Priboy), union How attaches nominal part compound predicate (Dreams How freestyle birds ), circumstance of the course of action ( Like thunder there was a deafening explosion) and can act as a preposition as (So, I advise you like a friend be careful (M. Lermontov).
Conjunctions as parts of speech are replenished with new formations mainly from two sources:
- 1) due to adverbs and particles ( or rather, after all, but, By the way, quicker, more precisely, etc.): Our shelter is small, but calm(M. Lermontov) ; The root "snow" in the word snowdrop stands out as a morpheme, more precisely (or rather) morph, compared to the root in the word "snowman";
- 2) due to derivative denominative prepositions, to which a pronoun is either attached That with the union What (due to + that, What; in connection + with that, What), or into which a pronoun is inserted That with unions What, to, If (for that reason; for that purpose, to; just in case, If).
