Society development, technical progress, objects and processes in everyday life - all this is reflected in language, and specifically in the emergence of new words and phrases. It is they who will be called neologisms - which, translated from ancient Greek, means nothing more than “new word” (“neos” - new, “logos” - word).
Neologism is a word or phrase that appeared relatively recently in the language. Most often these are borrowed words from other languages. Over time, words lose their neologism status.
The specificity of neologisms lies in the fact that against the background common words they may not be understandable to everyone, they belong to the category of passive vocabulary, and at the same time they may look somewhat colorful and original. U dead languages There are no such new words, but developed languages are replenished with them not even annually, but monthly and daily. This is due to the very rapid development of progress, information technology, the sphere of relationships through which these words appear in people’s everyday life.
Talking about what is a neologism, it should be noted that the word will only be in this status for a certain period of time. Having lost its innovation and incomprehensibility, having become a familiar word for most people, neologism moves into the category of commonly used concepts. And new words come to replace them, and this is how the language is updated.
Examples of neologisms.
Let's give an example of a few neologism words with their meaning:
Florist– a specialist in botany who studies plants (flora). Often applied to sellers in flower shops. In most cases, this means a person who understands flowers and works in the field of selling flowers and other plants.
Manager- an employee of a company who manages something. Currently used too widely to give precise definition. Initially, a manager is a manager (from the English “manage” - to manage, direct, manage).
Security– security. Word borrowed from English language– security, translated as security. Borrowed as a fashion for “glamorous” job titles. This is just a security guard, not a security guard or a security manager.
– shoes from Christian Louboutin.
Types of neologisms.
Experts divide neologisms into several groups, highlighting:
- general language;
- copyright (words created by the authors of works of art).
There are also lexical neologisms themselves, and semantic ones - old words, but with a new meaning (menu, zebra).
Author's neologisms are unusual, but it is important that they are usually tied to a specific work of art and in other contexts may not be understood. Among the most famous authors, who composed new words and phrases such luminaries as V. Mayakovsky, V. Khlebnikov, I Severyanin, M Saltykov-Shchedrin.
Features of the appearance of neologisms
Neologisms in Russian, as in any other, appear constantly, but a particularly large influx of them is observed during special periods:
- changing the type of society, forms of government, social structure(revolutions, wars, coups);
- modernization and technical progress.
Fundamental changes in society entail various changes in all areas, and language will be no exception. After October 1917, it appeared huge amount neologisms: Komsomol, workers' faculty, shock workers, collective farms and others.
The rapid development of technology at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries, various political and economic processes also caused the appearance of new words in the language: offshore, life hack, coach, selfie, roaming, security, spread, rating, catering and many others.
The section is very easy to use. In the field provided, just enter the right word, and we will give you a list of its values. I would like to note that our website provides data from different sources– encyclopedic, explanatory, word-formation dictionaries. Here you can also see examples of the use of the word you entered.
The meaning of the word neologism
neologism in the crossword dictionary
Dictionary of medical terms
neologism (neo- + Greek logos word; synonym speech neoplasm) in psychiatry
used by the patient orally and writing a new word created by himself.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
neologism
neologism, m. (from the Greek Neos - new and logos - word) (lit. linguistic). A word that has newly appeared in the language, for example. for the Russian language of our time, the words: Stakhanovite, Komsomol member, collective farm, etc.? An old word with a completely new meaning, e.g. bow, drummer, etc.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.
neologism
A, m. In linguistics: a new word or expression, as well as a new meaning of an old word. Neologisms of modern times. Neologisms of Mayakovsky.
New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
neologism
m. A new word, expression or new meaning already existing word, reappearing in a language at a certain stage of its development (in linguistics).
Wikipedia
Neologism
Neologism- a word, the meaning of a word or a phrase that recently appeared in the language.
The freshness and unusualness of such a word, phrase or figure of speech is clearly felt by its speakers of this language. This term is used in the history of language to characterize the enrichment vocabulary into separate historical periods- so, we can talk about neologisms of Peter the Great’s time, neologisms of individual cultural figures (M.V. Lomonosov, N.M. Karamzin and his school), neologisms of the period Patriotic War etc.
Tens of thousands of neologisms appear every year in developed languages. Most of them have a short life, but some are fixed in the language for a long time, entering not only its living everyday fabric, but also becoming an integral part of literature.
Neology- a science that studies neologisms. (Also the self-name in Hungary of adherents of Orthodox modernism in Judaism.)
Examples of the use of the word neologism in literature.
Manright is very modern, has an excellent grasp of the methods of interpretation neologisms, spoken words and expressions buzzwords, cliches and jargon, sir.
This instability prompts the mythologist to resort to a special terminology, about which I would like to say a few words here, since it sometimes evokes an ironic attitude: we're talking about O neologisms.
Speaking, however, about the ambiguity of the morphemic structure of Carroll's neologisms, M.
As for neologisms the next five stanzas, it will be shown below that they also have a clear morphemic structure.
Stransky points out that due to the contamination of words, strange word formations often appear, reminiscent in their whimsicality neologisms early dementia.
I'm pretty sure that for the most part neologisms are formed in this way.
It is noteworthy that many patients who large quantities make up neologisms and bizarre, crazy ideas, that is, under the unconditional dominance of the complex, are often corrected by voices.
In the form of irritant words I chose neologisms, existing in abundance in the patient.
And I was making it up neologisms, among which there were also successful ones: swelling, roulinet.
But one day I wondered why, in fact, everything neologisms- only words?
How did the writer compile those neologisms, which in Carrollianism are usually called nonsense?
In mythology, most often it is necessary to give names to ephemeral concepts associated with specific circumstances, neologisms in this case are inevitable.
There is not a single Shakespeare play where we do not meet neologisms, and to this day giving the impression of new, unusual, poetic words.
Fighting for purity, clarity, and accessibility of the language, he ridicules the class jargon of the aristocracy, he skillfully uses dialectisms, vernacular, introduces neologisms.
Kostya, who is partial to all sorts of literary delights, made it a habit to write down these neologisms in a notebook, but soon got caught doing it.
Types of neologisms
The passive composition of vocabulary also includes neologisms - new words that have not yet become familiar and everyday names for the corresponding objects and concepts.
The vocabulary of the language is constantly updated, but over time, new words are mastered and move from the passive vocabulary to the active one. And as soon as a new word begins to be used frequently, it becomes familiar, it is assimilated and stylistically no longer stands out from the rest of the vocabulary. Therefore, new words mastered by the language cannot be included in neologisms. Thus, the term “neologism” narrows and specifies the concept of “new word”: when identifying new words, only the time of their appearance in the language is taken into account, while classifying words as neologisms emphasizes their special stylistic properties associated with the perception of these words as unusual names.
Each era enriches the language with new lexical units. They can be grouped by time of appearance: new words of the Peter the Great era; new words introduced by Karamzin (Lomonosov, Radishchev, Belinsky, other writers), new words of the beginning of the 20th century, the first years of the revolution, etc. During the periods most active socio-political and cultural life countries, the influx of new words is especially increasing.
The classifications of neologisms are based on various criteria for their identification and evaluation.
1. Depending on the method of appearance, a distinction is made between lexical neologisms, which are created according to productive models or borrowed from other languages, and semantic ones, which arise as a result of assigning new meanings to already known words.
Among lexical neologisms, based on word-formation characteristics, we can distinguish words produced using suffixes (land yang e), consoles (about west), as well as suffix-prefix formations ( at moon eni e, races dock), names created by compounding words ( lunar rover, hydroweightlessness), compound words ( riot police, special forces, CIS, State Emergency Committee) and abbreviated words ( assistant, deputy).
Abbreviation (shortening) in modern Russian has become one of the most common ways of creating neologisms. However, it should be borne in mind that not all neologisms-abbreviations are perceived adequately by speakers. For example, the word Elon- an abbreviation based on the name and surname of the inventor - Ivan Losev. Unlike ordinary abbreviations, such abbreviations are not directly related semantic relations with phrases that form the basis of their formation.
Semantic neologisms include, for example, words such as bush in the meaning - “association of enterprises”, signal- “reporting something undesirable to administrative authorities”, etc.
2. Depending on the conditions of creation, neologisms should be divided into general linguistic ones, which appeared together with a new concept or a new reality, and individual authorial ones, introduced into use by specific authors. The vast majority of neologisms belong to the first group; Thus, neologisms that appeared at the beginning of the century collective farm, Komsomol, five-year plan and many others are characterized by routineness.
The second group of neologisms includes, for example, the word created by V. Mayakovsky pro-meeting. Having crossed the boundaries of individual authorial use, becoming the property of the language, these words have now joined the active vocabulary. The language has also long mastered the terms introduced by M. V. Lomonosov constellation, full moon, attraction; first used by N.M. Karamzin's words industry, future etc.
The so-called occasionalisms (lat. occasionalis random) - lexical units, the emergence of which is determined by a certain context, also belong to the same group of neologisms. All the above neologisms belong to the language, they have become part of the Russian vocabulary, recorded in dictionaries, like any lexical item, with all the values assigned to them.
Occasional neologisms are words formed by writers and publicists according to word-formation models existing in the language and used only once in a certain work - high-noise Dubrovy(P.), V heavy snakes hair(Bl.), fiery cystic elderberry sprigs(Color). The authors of such neologisms can be not only writers; We ourselves, without noticing it, often come up with words for the occasion (such as opener, unpack, overload). Children especially create a lot of occasionalisms: I got drenched; Look how tinned rain; I'm not a baby anymore, but big and under.
To distinguish between artistic and literary occasionalisms and purely everyday ones, which are not a fact artistic speech, the first are called individual-stylistic. If everyday occasionalisms usually arise in oral speech, involuntarily, without being fixed anywhere, then individual-stylistic are the result of conscious creative process, they are captured on the pages literary works and perform a certain stylistic function in them.
In terms of their artistic significance, individual stylistic neologisms are similar to metaphors: their creation is based on the same desire to discover new semantic facets in a word, economically speech means create expressive image. Like the brightest, freshest metaphors, individual stylistic neologisms are original and unique. At the same time, the writer does not set himself the task of introducing the words he invented into use. The purpose of these words is different - to serve expressive means in the context of one specific work.
In rare cases, such neologisms may be repeated, but they are still not reproduced, but are “born anew.” For example, A. Blok in the poem “On the Islands” (1909) used the occasional definition Snowbound: Again snowy columns, Elagin bridge and two lights. In A. Akhmatova’s poem “October 9, 1913” (1915) we read: Now I realized that there is no need for words, snow covered the branches are light. However, no one will argue that such a coincidence indicates the dependence of the style of one poet on another, much less imitation, repetition of a “poetic find.”
3. Depending on the goals of creating new words and their purpose in speech, all neologisms can be divided into nominative and stylistic. The first ones perform purely in the language nominative function, the latter give figurative characteristics to objects that already have names.
Nominative neologisms include, for example, the following: futurology, feminization, pre-perestroika(period), pluralism. The appearance of nominative neologisms is dictated by the needs of the development of society, the successes of science and technology. These neologisms arise as names of new concepts. Nominative neologisms usually do not have synonyms, although the simultaneous emergence of competing names is possible ( cosmonaut - astronaut), one of which, as a rule, subsequently displaces the other. The bulk of nominative neologisms are highly specialized terms that are constantly expanding scientific vocabulary and over time can become commonly used; compare: lunar rover, dock, cosmodrome.
Stylistic neologisms are created as figurative names already famous objects, phenomena pioneer, atomic city, auto city, starship. Stylistic neologisms have synonyms that are inferior to them in intensity expressive coloring; Wed: starship - spacecraft . However, the frequent use of these neologisms in speech transforms them into active vocabulary, neutralizes them stylistic coloring. For example, the word health resort, came into the language as stylistic neologism, is now perceived as neutral synonym words sanatorium, holiday home.
Words, like people, are old and young. Words and phrases created to denote new phenomena of reality, new objects or concepts are called neologisms (from the Greek nebs - “new” and logos - “word”).
The language is constantly replenished with neologisms. Neologisms arise in two ways - with the help of word formation: extended, turtleneck, heptathlon, flip-flops, docked, docked, dimensionless, non-typesetting (print), conductorless; by borrowing: hobby, biathlon, design, designer, motorball, felt-tip pen, hang glider, electric car, weekend, etc.
Sometimes they talk about special form neologisms - semantic neologisms. In such cases, we are talking about the emergence of new meanings for old words: wall (a closet that occupies the entire wall), platforms (shoes with thick soles), wiper (cleaning device on the front window of cars), briefcase (a type of briefcase), stilettos (a type of heels).
Semantic neologisms are comparable to semantic archaisms - outdated meanings of words (shame - “spectacle”).
Neologisms are new words in the national language. They differ from individually authored words, which are usually called occasionalisms (see Occasionalisms).
There are important differences between neologisms and occasionalisms. Over time, neologisms cease to be perceived as new words and become ordinary words. This happened with the words collective farm, collective farmer, Komsomol, Komsomolets, television, television, helicopter and others in the Russian language of the Soviet era.
Unlike neologisms, occasionalisms, even those formed a long time ago, do not become obsolete, maintaining their unusualness and freshness regardless of the time of their birth.
Occasionalisms live only in the context in which they were born and retain their connection with the author who gave birth to them. They are not part of the common language. Their role is different - stylistic. Neologisms are another matter. Their role is nominative, “naming”. Neologisms are perceived and function without connection with their creator, even if they were invented by a specific person. This is what happened with the word industry. This word, common and widely used in our time, was created by N.M. Karamzin, but no one (except specialists) knows this, the word has lost its author.
Occasionalisms are created in violation of the laws of word formation:
Dragonfly rats Draw the ash of clouds, Pure clouds.
(V. Khlebnikov)
Let's compare the usual: dragonflies.
Significant events in social life, scientific and technical discoveries contribute to the generation of entire series of neologisms. Such a role in the Russian language of the second half of the 20th century. played a role in space exploration. The Russian language has been replenished with the words cosmodrome, rocket launcher, lunarnitsya (landing after the model), lunokhod (modeled after the steamship), satellite (semantic neologism), cosmophysics, cosmobiology, etc.
Exercises
1. The content of a concept is the signs with the help of which the main characteristics of a given set, such as, for example, a student, are identified and generalized. That is, features sufficient to distinguish the set of objects of interest to us from all other objects, in other words, this is a set of essential features of an object.
The main feature of the concept student can be identified .
Features can be divided into essential, without which the object cannot exist in its qualitative certainty, and non-essential, losing which the object still remains itself.
In this case, the concept of “student”, losing the attribute studying at a higher or secondary specialized educational institution, ceases to be himself, based on the definition of the concept “student”.
Non-essential features include: surname, Name, age,form training, certificate O average education, since these signs do not allow us to distinguish the concept student from many other concepts that are similar in meaning, i.e. if we exclude from the description “Alexey Petrovich, 20 years old, has a certificate of secondary education and is a student on a correspondence course at a higher educational institution” signs surname, Name, age,form training, certificate O average education, we get the following from the original description: “a student at a higher educational institution.” The resulting description, like the original one, represents the same concept – student.
Signs such as: nationality, floor, place residence, weight, color eye, availability driver's license rights, sports awards, group blood are not included in the content of the concept of student.
Thus, the content of the concept student includes the attribute studying at a higher or secondary specialized educational institution, since this feature is the only significant feature proposed in the task.
2. a) Site, or website, a word derived from the English website, where web is a web, network and site is a place, literally a place, segment, part of a network. In turn, the definition of “site” dates back to 1990, when the first site was created, where its creator, Tim Berners-Lee, published a description of the new World Wide Web technology (World Wide Web), based on the HTTP data transfer protocol, the URI addressing system and the hypertext language HTML markup.
b) Server - software that receives requests from clients or (second meaning) a computer (or special computer equipment) dedicated and/or specialized to perform certain service functions. The word is derived from the English server - serving.
c) Auditor - a person engaged in auditing (revision of accounting books, documents and reports) and consulting activities related to the adjustment of accounting. Accountant of the highest qualifications. In other countries there is also a law firm engaged in such activities. The word is derived from the Latin auditor - listener.
d) The Euro is the official currency in 16 countries of the Eurozone. The currency is also used in 9 more countries, 7 of which are European. Thus, the euro is the common currency for more than 320 million Europeans. The euro is governed and administered by the European Central Bank (ECB) and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB), hence the euro was created in Europe and since the euro replaced the European currency unit, perhaps that is why the new currency was given the name from the first four letters of the part of the world.
3. a) “Some of the BSUIR students are winners of Olympiads.”
In this particular affirmative judgment, the subject is not distributed - BSUIR students. This is indicated by the quantifier “part”. The predicate (Olympiad winners) is also not distributed. From the judgment it is clear that not all Olympiad winners are BSUIR students and not all BSUIR students are Olympiad winners.
b) “All people are mortal.”
In a general affirmative judgment, the subject is always distributed, this is indicated by the quantifier “all”. The predicate is not distributed.
c) “No insect can think intelligently.”
In a generally negative judgment, both terms are always distributed. Since it directly denies that all objects of one class belong to objects of another, it thereby denies that all objects of the second class belong to the first.
References
Malykhina, G. I. Logic / G. I. Malykhina. – Minsk, 2003, 2005.
Getmanova, A. D. Logic / A. D. Getmanova. – M., 1986.
Logic / ed. V. F. Berkova. – Minsk, 1994.
Ivanov, E. I. Logic / E. I. Ivanov. – M., 2000.
Ivin, A. A. Logic / A. A. Ivin. – M., 2000.
