BBK 81.2Rus-92.3
At 15
Valgina N.S.
Rosenthal D.E.
Fomina M.I.
Modern Russian language: Textbook / Edited by N.S. Valgina. - 6th ed., revised. and additional
Moscow: Logos, 2002. 528 p. 5000 copies
Reviewers: Doctor of Philology, Professor N.D. Burvikova,
Doctor of Philology, Professor V.A. Pronin
Contains all sections of the modern Russian language course: vocabulary and phraseology, phonetics, phonology and orthoepy. graphics and spelling, word formation, morphology, syntax and punctuation. In preparing this publication, achievements in the field of the Russian language over the past 15 years have been taken into account. Unlike the fifth edition (M.: graduate School, 1987) the textbook includes materials covering active processes in the modern Russian language, and the list of word formation methods has been expanded. trends in the use of forms of grammatical number, gender and case are noted, changes in syntax are taken into account.
For students of higher educational institutions studying in philological and other humanitarian areas and specialties.
ISBN ISBN 5-94010-008-2
© Valgina N.S., Rosenthal D.E., Fomina M.I., 1987
© Valgina N.S. Rework and addition, 2001
© “Logos”, 2002
Valgina N.S.
Rosenthal D.E.
Fomina M.I.
Modern Russian language
^ From the publisher
This textbook is intended primarily for students of philological specialties of higher educational institutions. But it is also designed for use in the educational process in a wide range of humanitarian specialties - of course, primarily those where knowledge expressive means literary speech is a prerequisite for successful professional activity. It seems that in any case, the textbook will be useful to future lawyers, teachers, art historians, and journalists.
The peculiarity of the publication - the conciseness and compactness of the presentation of the material - takes into account the diversity of needs of the possible audience. Therefore, the duration of the lecture course, practical and independent studies using this textbook may vary depending on the direction, specialty of training of humanists, as well as the form of study: full-time, evening or correspondence.
The textbook contains all sections of the modern Russian language course; vocabulary and phraseology, phonetics, phonology and spelling, graphics and spelling, word formation, morphology, syntax and punctuation.
In preparing this publication, achievements in the field of the Russian language over the past fifteen years were taken into account. The wording of certain theoretical provisions has been changed, new concepts have been introduced, terminology has been clarified, illustrative materials and bibliography have been partially updated, active processes in the modern Russian language are highlighted, especially in the field of vocabulary and syntax.
The content of sections and paragraphs has been supplemented with new information, in particular: the position on the slightly changed status of the literary language has been substantiated; the list of word formation methods has been expanded; trends in the use of grammatical number forms are noted; Data is provided on sentences of real and unreal modality, coordination of the forms of subject and predicate, genitive sentences, as well as on the ambiguity of resolving the issue of homogeneity and heterogeneity of predicates, etc.
Thus, the title of the textbook - “Modern Russian Language” - reflects the essential features of what is presented in it educational material. Moreover, the textbook to some extent reveals those trends that, as can be foreseen today, will determine the development of the Russian language in the 21st century.
This sixth edition was prepared by N.S. Valgina based on the stable textbook of the same name, which went through five editions.
Introduction
Modern Russian language is National language of the great Russian people, a form of Russian national culture.
The Russian language belongs to the group of Slavic languages, which are divided into three subgroups: eastern - the languages Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian; southern - languages Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, Macedonian; Western - languages Polish, Czech, Slovak, Kashubian, Lusatian. Going back to the same source - the common Slavic language, all Slavic languages are close to each other, as evidenced by the similarity of a number of words, as well as the phenomena of the phonetic system and grammatical structure. For example: Russian tribe, Bulgarian tribe, Serbian tribe, Polish plemiê, Czech pl e mě, Russian clay, Bulgarian clay, Czech hlina, Polish glina; Russian summer, Bulgarian Lato, Czech l e to, Polish lato; Russian red, Serbian kr A san, Czech kr a sn y; Russian milk, Bulgarian milk, Serbian milk, Polish mieko, Czech ml e ko, etc.
Russian National language represents a historically established linguistic community and unites the entire set of linguistic means of the Russian people, including all Russian dialects and dialects, as well as social jargons.
The highest form of the national Russian language is Russian literary language.
On different historical stages development of the national language - from the language of the people to the national - in connection with the change and expansion of the social functions of the literary language, the content of the concept of “literary language” changed.
Modern Russian literary language is a standardized language that serves the cultural needs of the Russian people, it is the language of state acts, science, the press, radio, theater, and fiction.
“The division of language into literary and folk,” wrote A.M. Bitter, means only that we have, so to speak, a “raw” language and processed by masters.”
The normalization of a literary language lies in the fact that the composition of the dictionary in it is regulated, the meaning and use of words, pronunciation, spelling and the formation of grammatical forms of words follow a generally accepted pattern. The concept of a norm, however, does not exclude in some cases variants that reflect changes that constantly occur in language as a means human communication. For example, the following stress options are considered literary: far - far, high - high, otherwise - otherwise; gram, forms: waving - waving, meowing - meowing, rinsing - rinsing.
Modern literary language, not without the influence of the media, is noticeably changing its status: the norm is becoming less rigid, allowing for variation. It focuses not on inviolability and universality, but rather on communicative expediency. Therefore, the norm today is often not so much a ban on something as an opportunity to choose. The border between normativity and non-normativity is sometimes blurred, and some colloquial and colloquial linguistic facts become variants of the norm. Becoming a public domain, the literary language easily absorbs previously forbidden means linguistic expression. It is enough to give an example of the active use of the word “lawlessness,” which previously belonged to criminal jargon.
Literary language has two forms: oral And written, which are characterized by features both from the lexical composition and from the grammatical structure, because they are designed for different types of perception - auditory and visual.
Written literary language is different from oral, first of all, by the greater complexity of syntax and the presence of a large amount of abstract vocabulary, as well as terminological vocabulary, in particular international. Written literary language has stylistic varieties: scientific, official business, journalistic, and artistic styles.
Literary language, as a standardized, processed national language, is opposed to local dialects And jargons. Russian dialects are united into two main groups: the Northern Russian dialect and the Southern Russian dialect. Each group has its own distinctive features in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammatical forms. In addition, there are Central Russian dialects, which reflect the features of both dialects.
The modern Russian literary language is the language of interethnic communication of the peoples of the Russian Federation. The Russian literary language introduces all the peoples of Russia to the culture of the great Russian people.
Since 1945, the UN Charter has recognized the Russian language as one of the official languages of the world.
Karamzin, Pushkin and Gogol, Belinsky and Chernyshevsky, Turgenev and Tolstoy.
The modern Russian language course consists of the following sections: vocabulary and phraseology, phonetics and phonology, spelling, graphics and spelling, word formation, grammar (morphology and syntax), punctuation.
Vocabulary And phraseology study the vocabulary and phraseological composition of the Russian language and the patterns of its development.
Orthoepy studies the norms of modern Russian literary pronunciation.
Graphic arts introduces the composition of the Russian alphabet, the relationship between letters and sounds, and Word formation studies the morphological composition of a word and the main types of formation of new words: morphological, morphological-syntactic, lexical-semantic, lexical-syntactic.
Syntax- This is the study of sentences and phrases. Syntax studies basic syntactic units- phrases and sentences, types of syntactic connections, types of sentences and their structure.
Punctuation is built on the basis of syntax - a set of rules for placing punctuation marks.
^ VOCABULARY AND PHRASEOLOGY
Russian vocabulary
The concept of vocabulary and lexical system
Vocabulary is the entire set of words of a language, its vocabulary. The branch of linguistics that studies vocabulary is called lexicology(gr. lexikos - vocabulary + logos - teaching). There is a distinction between historical lexicology, which studies the formation of vocabulary in its development, and descriptive lexicology, which deals with issues of word meaning, semantics (gr. semantikos - denoting), volume, structure of vocabulary, etc., i.e. considering various types of relationships between words in a single lexical-semantic system. Words in it can be related by similarity or opposition of meanings (cf., for example, synonyms and antonyms), commonality of functions performed (cf., for example, groups of words in colloquial and book), similarity of origin or proximity of stylistic properties, as well as belonging to the same part of speech and etc. This kind of relationship between words different groups, united by a commonality of characteristics, are called paradigmatic(gr. par a deigma - example, sample) and are fundamental in determining the properties of the system.
A type of systemic connections is the degree of lexical compatibility of words with each other, otherwise the relationship syntagmatic(Greek syntagma - something connected), which often influence the development of new paradigms. For example, long time the word state in meaning was associated only with the word state as “the political organization of society headed by the government or its bodies.” Being a relative adjective in meaning, it was combined with a certain range of words like: system, border, institution, employee and under. Then its syntagmatic relations expanded: it began to be used in combination with words thinking, mind, person, action, deed etc., acquiring the qualitative-evaluative meaning “able to think and act broadly and wisely.” This, in turn, created the conditions for the emergence of new paradigmatic connections, which also influenced the development of new grammatical meanings and forms: since the word in certain cases performs the functions of qualitative adjectives, the formation of abstract nouns became possible from it - statehood, qualitative adverbs - state, antonyms - non-state, anti-state etc.
Therefore, both types systemic relations are closely related to each other and form a generally complex lexical-semantic system, which is part of the general language system.
^ Semasiological characteristics of the modern lexical system
Western Federal District rate
G.N. Bolshakova
Literature
Dictionaries
45. Shansky N. M., Bobrova T. A. School etymological dictionary of the Russian language. – M., 1997.
46. Shansky N. M., Ivanov V. V., Shanskaya T. V. Brief etymological dictionary of the Russian language. – M., 1975 (and subsequent editions).
PREPARATION PLANS FOR PRACTICAL LESSONS IN THE WINTER SESSION
PR No. 1: Lexicology as a linguistic discipline. Lexico-semantic level of language and its basic units. The word as the central unit of language. Lexical meaning.
Questions and tasks:
1. What does lexicology study? What are the tasks of semasiology (lexical semantics) and lexicology itself?
2. Explain what is the specificity of semasiological and onomasiological approaches to the study of lexical units?
3. Prove: is the word really the central unit of language?
4. List the constitutive features of the word. Illustrate the manifestation of each sign (or deviation from some signs) with examples.
5. What is lexical meaning? How are they related? meaning And
concept? How does lexical meaning differ from grammatical meaning?
6. Define concepts word, lexeme, sememe, lexical-semantic variant, word form.
7. What does semiotics study? What types of lexical meanings are considered in the semiotic aspect?
8. How do you understand the statement: “Sememe is the structure of seme”? Is the statement true: “The word is the structure of sememes”? Give reasons for your point of view.
9. What is the internal form of a word? Can an internal form be considered an invariant value? polysemantic word?
10. What classification of meanings was proposed by V.V. Vinogradov?
11. Prepare for structure analysis direct meaning words wolf And saw up: write down definitions from explanatory dictionaries and carry out (if necessary) a stepwise identification procedure to detect hyperseme (archiseme).
12. Analyze the meanings of the highlighted words (LSV), based on Vinogradov’s typology of meanings: strong a thread; strong Love; lost a thread speeches; redhead fox; Oh you, fox!; crackling freezing.
Sample execution:
Of you will come out wonderful teachers.
1. Meaning indirect nominative (figurative, with extinct imagery).
2. Motivated (semantic motivation: (3) go out ← (2) go out).
3. Non-free: constructively limited (only with the gender form “from whom”, “from what”), syntactically conditioned (implemented only in sentences constructed according to the model “from X will come Y”).
4. Nominative (performs a nominative function).
OL No. 3: PARADIGMATIC RELATIONS IN VOCABULARY.
SYNONYMY, ANTONYMY, CONVERSION AND HOMONYMY
Questions and tasks:
1. Define the following concepts: systemic relations in vocabulary, epidigmatic and paradigmatic relations, lexical paradigm, polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, conversion, homonymy, lexical homonyms, functional homonyms, paronyms, paronymy, paronomasia.
2. Determine the type/kind of systemic relationships between lexemes. Indicate cases when it is difficult to unambiguously determine the nature of systemic connections, and try to explain what causes the difficulties in qualifying certain lexical phenomena: a) hunger - hunger; b) close - neighbor; c) wandering - wandering;
d) wandering - nomadic; e) varnished - varnished; e) currant - currant.
3. Indicate the type/kind of systemic relationships between lexical units.
1) hall - hall
2) plant raspberries– delicious raspberries
3) high – low
4) high Human - high ideas
5) doctor - to heal
6) doctor - patient
7) doctor - aesculapian
8) doctor – treat
9) linguistics - linguistics
10) science - linguistics
4. Find antonyms, conversions, synonyms, homonyms in the following texts and analyze them (see plans and samples below):
(1) You are rich, I am very poor;
You are a prose writer, I am a poet;
You are blushing like poppies,
I am like death, skinny and pale (A.P.).
(2) There is a third eye -
all-seeing eye, -
the sculptor was awarded it,
artist and poet... (K. Nek.).
(3) Sensation! Kasparov lost to the computer! (TV).
(4) Marshak once said this:
As one Marshak could say:
– I am a translator in Rus'
And I value words.
But I, unlike a taxi.
I don’t translate everyone (Ya. Kozl.).
Plan for the analysis of synonyms (synonymous paradigm):
1) synonyms in the text or a synonymous series (paradigm), its dominant; 2) integral features; 3) differential features; 4) semantic type of synonyms; 5) structural type of synonyms; 6) usual or contextual; 7) features of the use and functions of synonyms - semantic and stylistic.
Analysis sample:
I still believe in goodness, in truth, but I not only believe, I believe now(L.T.).
1. Believe (dominant) – believe.
2. Integral features:
a) grammatical: “feature”, “procedural”;
b) lexical:
X believes Y
X thinks something like this:
I know that Y exists
because I feel it.
3. Differential characteristics:
a) in the meaning " believe“includes the semes “awareness” and “intensity”, which can be expressed something like this:
X knows what a lot of people are thinking:
Y doesn't exist.
you can live without Y.
X knows that Y exists
you cannot live without Y;
b) pragmatic differences: “to believe” – non-everyday, lofty;
c) semantic and pragmatic differences are reflected in the syntagmatic properties of synonymous words: compare “believe in yourself”, “believe”
in a fairy tale" and the dubious "believe in yourself", the incorrect "believe
into a fairy tale."
4. Partial (non-absolute) synonyms, as they are characterized by contrasting distribution and equipollent opposition. Ideographic and stylistic.
5. Single root ().
6. Usual.
7. Used in an open way, synonyms located in contact perform semantic clarification function(on the one hand, a differentiating context: the adversative conjunction “but”, the comparative-gradational conjunction “not only, (but also / a)”, contextual antonyms “still” and “now” - actualize divergent meanings in the meanings of synonyms, and on the other hand, repetitions of synonymous words, their arrangement along a line of ascending gradation create the effect of “increase in meaning”: the meanings of “believe” and “believe” seem to be combined and make it possible to express high degree manifestations of a sign/condition), stylistic(participate in gradation, increase expressiveness of statements) and style-forming functions (unnecessary believe correlates with abstract nouns. good, truth).
Opposite Analysis Plan
Plan for analyzing the antonymic paradigm:
1) antonyms in the text (antonymic paradigm); 2) integral features; 3) differential (opposite) signs;
4) semantic class; 5) structural type; 6) usual or occasional; 7) features of use (antonymic context) and functions in the text (semantic and stylistic).
Conversion paradigm analysis plan:
1) conversions in the text (conversion paradigm); 2) direct and inverted structures; 3) semantic class; 4) structural type; 5) features of use (open or hidden method of use) and functions in the text (semantic and stylistic).
Analysis samples:
I wanted to, but I couldn’t overcome my passions:
Insatiable flesh reigns over the soul(O. Khayyam).
Antonymic paradigm
1) soul – flesh (body);
2) “two principles in man”
3) soul is flesh
a) intangible material
b) spiritual physical
c) immortal mortal
d) source of spiritual source of physical
experiences, feelings of pleasure and suffering
e) internal organ –
life, located
somewhere in a person's chest
4) inaccurate antonyms, since semantic oppositions are complicated by additional differences (3 d); belong to the second semantic class, since they express complementary opposition: the whole “man”, parts – “soul and body”, “soul and flesh” (cohyponyms that have opposite characteristics in their semantic composition);
5) different roots ();
6) usual;
7) used in the antonymic context “X over Y”, antonyms express the result of the confrontation of opposite entities (semantic function); are used as a stylistic device to designate the contradictory essence of a person, are a means of figurative expression of the author’s feelings (stylistic functions, functions of expressing the author’s intentions).
Conversion paradigm
1) reign - submit (submit);
3) “influence”;
4) conversion verbs;
5) with a hidden method of use (the author selects one lexeme from the conversion paradigm), conversions perform a semantic function: the choice of one of the possible structures (“Insatiable flesh reigns over the soul”) implies a hidden synonym (“The soul submits to insatiable flesh”), which allows the author place semantic accents: the flesh (corruptible, material!) reigns over the soul (incorruptible, divine!); in addition: since usual antonyms are used as actants, conversions also perform a stylistic function - they increase the expressiveness and emotionality of the statement.
Plan for the analysis of homonyms (homonymic paradigm)
1) members of the paradigm; 2) the lexical meaning of each member of the paradigm; 3) class of homonyms according to the form of manifestation of homonymy; 4) type by origin or formation of homonym words; 5) criteria for distinguishing between homonymy and polysemy;
6) features of use (use in mutually exclusive strong positions, contact use in one statement, overlap) and functions in the text (semantic, stylistic).
Analysis sample
Loved to put students to sleep
Apparently, he is because
That they loved to fall asleep
At his lectures (Ya. Kozl.).
1. Fall asleep 1 – fall asleep 2
2. Fall asleep 1 – “fall into sleep”
Fall asleep 2 - “by asking difficult questions, forcing one to reveal poor knowledge in something, which leads to failure in the exam.”
3. Lexical homonyms, partial: fill up 1 non-intersection. verb, it has no form passive voice; fall asleep 2 – verb. transition.
4. Homonyms with pronounced morphological structure, formed as a result of word-formation processes:
fall asleep ← fall asleep
fall asleep ← fall asleep
Homonymy of affixes and different degrees of division: 1, 2.
5. Lexemes are homonyms because:
a) detect different word-formation connections
sleep → fall asleep → fall asleep → falling asleep
Fall asleep
Fall asleep
fall asleep
b) differ in divergent distribution (different syntagmatic connections): fall asleep 1 late, early, at the table, with difficulty; the child does not fall asleep on time; fall asleep 2 students at the exam, test;
c) enter into different paradigmatic relationships:
synonyms antonyms
fall asleep 1 – wake up
fall asleep 2 fill up pull out
d) differ in functional-style and stylistic significance:
fall asleep 1 – commonly used, interstyle, neutral
fall asleep 2 – slang (student slang), colloquial-lower, disapprove.
e) there are no common semes in the meanings of words:
fall asleep 1 – state verb (start to sleep)
fall asleep 2 – active verb with causative semantics (make something happen)
6. Homonym words perform both a semantic function, since the contextual environment (strong position) allows one to differentiate their meanings, and a stylistic function: the use of homonymous rhyme is a means of creating a comic effect in the epigram.
PREPARATION FOR THE SUMMER SESSION
1. TAKE NOTES AND STUDY THE TEXTBOOK MATERIALS ON THE FOLLOWING TOPICS:
(1) Macrostructures of the dictionary: thematic group, lexical-semantic paradigm, semantic field.
(2) Hyponymic and partitive relations in vocabulary. Hyper-hyponymous and partitive paradigms.
(3) History of the formation of the lexical-semantic system of the Russian language. Native vocabulary and its historical layers.
(4) Borrowed vocabulary. Mastering foreign language borrowings.
(5) Vocabulary of limited use.
(6) Outdated vocabulary.
(7) New words. Neologisms, potential words, occasionalisms.
(8) Functional and stylistic systematization of the vocabulary of the modern Russian language. Book and colloquial vocabulary.
(9) Lexicography as a scientific and applied discipline.
(10) Typology of dictionaries.
(11) Phraseology as a linguistic discipline.
(12) Phraseologisms: their distinctive features and main types.
(13) Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in Russian phraseology.
(14) Russian phraseography.
2. Describe at least five linguistic dictionaries different types (see list of dictionaries) according to plan:
(2) Name of the dictionary.
(3) Dictionary type.
(4) Purpose.
(5) Addressee.
(6) Housing.
(7) Structure of a dictionary entry.
3. Complete the tasks:
(1) Having studied the specified literature, compile the following tables:
Table 1
Russian vocabulary
table 2
Slavic vocabulary
Table 3
Plan for a complete lexical-semantic analysis
Analysis sample
Depriving me seas, rabeg and scattering
And giving the foot the support of the violent earth,
What have you achieved? Brilliant calculation:
You could not take away the moving lips (O. Man.).
Word-centric analysis
I. Epidigmatic relations
1) there are no formal options;
2) a polysemantic word (three LSV).
Semantic structure of the word
| LSV | Seminal composition meaning | Semant type. relations | Type of seed communications | Method of presentation communications |
| 1. Black Sea | · part of the ocean · isolated · by land or by elevated underwater terrain...... · shore · depth · space · movement · size (huge) | |||
| 2. Sea of wheat | · space · sushi · vast · filled with someone or something weak movement excitement...... intensity. “very” imagery (X is like the sea) | 1 → 2 figurative metaphor | associative (at the level of peripheral and connotative components) | implicit |
| 3. Lots of fun | · quantity or mass · of something · enormous intensity. “very” figurativeness (X-and so much, as if it were the sea) | 1 → 3 emotive metaphor | – " – | – " – |
2. Meaning (1) LSV free, (2) and (3) LSV – bound (structurally limited): (2) LSV + noun. (soul or inod.) in the form of genus. n. (sea of rye, sea of people) or (2) LSV + def. (human sea); (3) LSV + noun. in a head start n. (sea of blood, sea of suffering).
3. (1) LSV is characterized by a nominative function, (2), (3) LSV is expressive.
II. Paradigmatic relationships.
2.3. There are no linguistic synonyms or antonyms. Possible coreferential uses such as “a lot of suffering” - “a sea of suffering” cannot be considered as synonymous due to the different part-speech affiliation of the lexemes a lot of And sea.
7. Participatory paradigm:
holonym ocean (1): ocean (2)
sea (1) partitives
8. (1) LSV refers to substantives that name natural objects: sea, river, mountain, tree...
(2) LSV refers to substantives that name artifacts or natural objects (secondary nomination of the space of land filled with something).
(3) LSV belongs to the class of existential-quantitative predicates (cf.: There was a lot of fun And It was a lot of fun).
9. Lexico-semantic group:
| water | space body of water | ocean sea lake river... |
Semantic fields:
III. Sociolinguistic characteristics:
1. The word is originally Russian, of common Slavic origin.
2. Refers to commonly used vocabulary.
3. Refers to the active dictionary. Frequency (frequency index – 315).
4. (1) LSV – interstyle, neutral. (2) and (3) LSV are not used in the genres of scientific and official business speech.
5. (2) and (3) LSV belong to expressive vocabulary, due to the figurative and intensive components of meaning.
Text-centric analysis
1. Style – fiction, genre – poetry.
2. Occasional meanings are realized in the text:
1) the first is associated with the usual meaning sea(1) metonymically and arises on the basis of semantic implications: deprive the seas means approximately the following: to deprive of the opportunity to live (visit) on the seas;
2) the second – symbolic-metaphorical – is determined by the poetic context as a whole and multi-level connections with other units of the text:
a) used in a series of units takeoff, flight(metaphors of poetic creativity) the word begins to “shine through” the connotative components of the first usual meaning: “space”, “movement”, implicitly connected with the meaning of “freedom” (this meaning is also supported by intertextual connections of an allusive nature (cf., for example, Pushkin’s “To the Sea ")).
b) an unusual combination deprive the seas perceived against the background of the usual take life and is associated with an unusual combination violent land, which, in turn, is associated with the usual violent death; allusive convergences of realized occasional combinations with typical everyday ones actualize the opposite components in the meanings of the lexemes “sea” and “land”, which become contextual antonyms, and their meanings are opposed on several grounds: the sea is associated with freedom, the land - with lack of freedom, the sea - that which desired, earth – what is undesirable is imposed.
Contextual antonyms, of different roots, realizing complementary opposition, perform the function of opposition and serve to realize the author's intentions.
The process of hypersemantization can be shown in the diagram:
3. The word in the text is expressive, despite the fact that its textual meanings are associated with the meaning of a neutral word, devoid of expression. In contrast to conventional expressiveness, due to the presence of intense, emotive, figurative (internal form) components in the structure of meaning (see paragraph III.5), the expression of a literary word has a content-figurative basis (M. V. Nikitin). Expressiveness is based on semantic factors, factors of semantic interaction with text units and (implicitly!) extra-textual units.
Questions for the exam
1. Lexicology as a linguistic discipline. Subject and tasks of lexicology.
2. Semasiology and onomasiology as two aspects of the study of lexical meaning.
3. Lexico-semantic system and systems of other levels of language. Types of system relations in vocabulary.
4. The word as the main nominative unit of language. Constitutive features of a word.
6. The nature of lexical meaning. Meaning and concept.
7. Semiotic aspect of lexical meaning: denotative, significative and pragmatic meaning.
8. Word structure: form and meaning. Structural-semantic aspect of lexical meaning.
9. Semantic structure of the word. Internal form of a word. Connotations.
10. Lexical and grammatical meanings. Types of lexical meanings.
11. Epidigmatic relations in vocabulary. Formal and formal-style options.
13. Semantic types polysemy. Metaphor and metonymy.
14. Associative and associative-semantic ambiguity. Topological types of polysemy.
15. Paradigmatic relations in vocabulary.
17. Classification of homonyms. Homonymous paradigm. Functions of homonyms.
18. Homonymy and polysemy. Delineation criteria. Dictionaries of homonyms.
19. Paronymy. Paronyms and paronomasia. Dictionaries of paronyms.
21. Synonymous paradigm. Functions of synonyms. Dictionaries of synonyms.
22. Opposites in vocabulary. Logical and semantic grounds for the opposition of meanings.
24. Antonymic paradigm. Functions of antonyms.
26.. Macrostructures of the dictionary. Formal, formal-semantic, semantic classes of words.
27.. Thematic group and lexical-semantic paradigm. Semantic field.
28. Hyponymic and partitive relations in vocabulary. Hyper-hyponymous and partitive paradigms.
29. Syntagmatic relations in vocabulary. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic properties of lexical units. Types of relations of lexical units.
30. History of the formation of the lexical-semantic system of the Russian language. Native vocabulary and its historical layers.
31. Borrowed vocabulary. Mastering foreign language borrowings.
32. Reasons for lexical borrowings. Society's attitude towards borrowed words.
33. Signs of borrowed words. Lexical tracings. Exoticisms. Barbarisms.
34. Borrowings from related and unrelated languages. Old Church Slavonicisms and their role in the modern Russian language.
35. Vocabulary in common use and vocabulary of limited use. Dialect words. Classification of dialectisms. Functions of dialect words.
36.. Social dialects: jargon, argot, slang. Jargotisms and argotisms. Vernacular.
37. Special vocabulary. Professionalisms and terms.
38. Vocabulary in terms of frequency and relevance. Active and passive dictionary.
39. Outdated vocabulary. Historicisms and archaisms. Their functions.
40. New words. Neologisms, potential words, occasionalisms. Dictionaries of new words and language changes.
41. Functional-style systematization of the vocabulary of the modern Russian language. Book vocabulary, its layers.
42. Conversational vocabulary, its varieties. Functions of spoken words.
43. The vocabulary is neutral and stylistically marked. Expressive vocabulary.
44. Lexicography as a branch of linguistics. Typology of dictionaries.
45. Basic types of dictionaries. Encyclopedic and linguistic dictionaries.
46. Explanatory and aspect dictionaries. Complex dictionaries.
47. Lexicography today: dictionaries of a new type.
48. Phraseology as a linguistic discipline. Subject and tasks of phraseology.
49. The concept of a phraseological unit. Signs of phraseological units. Phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language.
50. The main types of phraseological units according to the degree of cohesion of the components: phraseological adhesions, unities, combinations and expressions.
51. Grammatical typology of phraseological units.
52. The concept of phraseological system. Variation and synonymy of phraseological units.
53. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in the phraseological system. Homonymy of phraseological units.
54. Stylistic stratification Russian phraseology. Dynamics of phraseological composition.
Items marked with an asterisk (*) refer to text-centric analysis; we include these points because, firstly, a complete analysis lexical item as an actualized sign presupposes the combination of two aspects and, secondly, this plan serves scheme knowledge and skills in the field of lexical semantics and lexicology.
Roman numerals indicate: I – syntagmatic connections, II – paradigmatic connections, III – associative connections.
Western Federal District rate
G.N. Bolshakova
LEXICOLOGY OF MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE
Literature
- Bobunova M.A. Russian lexicography of the XXI century: Textbook. allowance. – M., 2009.
- Valgina N.S., Rosenthal D.E., Fomina M.I. Modern Russian language. – M., 2001.
- Gvozdarev Yu.A. Modern Russian language. Lexicology and phraseology: Textbook. – Rostov n/d., 2008.
- Dibrova E.I., Kasatkin L.L., Shcheboleva I.I. Modern Russian language: Theory. Analysis of linguistic units: In 3 hours: Part 1. - Rostov-on-Don, 1997.
- Rosenthal D.E. Modern Russian language. – M., 2008.
- Modern Russian language / Ed. L. A. Novikova. St. Petersburg, 2001.
- Tokarev G.V. Modern Russian literary language. Lexicology: Textbook. Benefit. – Tula, 2008.
8. Fomina M.I. Modern Russian language. Lexicology. 4th ed., rev. – M., 2003.
Dictionaries
1. Aleksandrova E. E. Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. – M., 1968 (and subsequent editions).
1. Apresyan Yu. D., Boguslavskaya O. Yu., Levontina I. B. et al. New explanatory dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. First edition. 2nd edition. – M., 1999 (subsequent editions and issues).
2. Aristova T.S. etc. Dictionary figurative expressions Russian language. Ed. V.N. Telia – M.: “Fatherland”, 1995.
3. Akhmanova O. S. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. – M., 1974 (and subsequent editions).
4. Belchikov Yu. A., Panyusheva M. S. Dictionary of paronyms of the modern Russian language. – M., 1994.
5. Berkov V.P., Mokienko V.M., Shulezhkova S.G. Large dictionary of catch words of the Russian language. – M., 2000.
6. Birikh, A.K., Mokienko V.M., Stepanova, L.I.: Dictionary of Russian phraseology. Historical and etymological reference book. – St. Petersburg: Folio-Press 2001
- Great Dictionary of Russian language. Ch. ed. S.A. Kuznetsov. – St. Petersburg, 2004.
- Large phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. Meaning. Use. Cultural commentary. – M., 2008.
9. Large encyclopedic dictionary: Linguistics. M., 1998.
10. Vasyukova I. A. Dictionary foreign words. – M., 1998.
11. Vvedenskaya L.A. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. – M., 2002.
12. Gorbachevich K.S. Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. – M., 2006.
13. Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. In 4 volumes. 7th ed. – M., 1970 (and subsequent editions).
14. Dubrovina, K.N.: Biblical phraseological units in Russian and European culture. – M., 2012.
15. Kolesnikov N.P. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. – M., 1978 (and subsequent editions).
16. Zhukov V.P. Dictionary of Russian proverbs and sayings. – M., 1991.
17. Zimin V.I., Spirin A.S. Proverbs and sayings of the Russian people. Explanatory words. – M., 1996.
18. Krasnykh V.I. Explanatory dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. – M., 2003.
19. Krysin L.P. Explanatory dictionary of foreign words. – M., 2005.
20. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. – M., 1990.
21. Lvov M. R. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. – M., 1985 (and subsequent editions).
22. Lvov M. R. School dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. – M., 1980 (and subsequent editions).
23. Melerovich A.M., Mokienko V.M. Phraseologisms in Russian speech. Dictionary. – M., – 2001
24. Mokienko V.M., Nikitina T.G. Large dictionary of Russian jargon. – St. Petersburg, 2000.
25. New words and meanings. Dictionary-reference book on press and literature materials of the 60s / Ed. N. Z. Kotelova, Yu. N. Sorokina. – M., 1971.
26. New words and meanings. Dictionary-reference book on press and literature materials of the 70s / Ed. N. Z. Kotelova. – M., 1984.
27. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language / Under. Ed. N. Yu. Shvedova. – M., 1972 (and subsequent editions).
28. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. – M., 1993 (and subsequent editions).
29. Rogozhnikova R.P. Dictionary of obsolete words of the Russian language. – M., 2005.
30. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. In 4 volumes. Ed. D. N. Ushakova. – M., 1935–1940 (and subsequent editions).
31. Dictionary of modern Russian language. Tt. 1–17. – M.–L., 1948–1965. (BAS-1)
32. Dictionary of modern Russian language. In 20 t. Beginning. ed. since 1991 (BAS-2)
33. Dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. A. P. Evgenieva. In 4 volumes. – M., 1957–1961. (MAS-1)
34. Dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. A. P. Evgenieva. In 4 volumes. – M., 1981–1984. (MAS-2)
- Dictionary of synonyms, ed. A.P. Evgenieva. – M., 1975 (and subsequent editions).
- Modern dictionary foreign words. – M., 1999.
37. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language of the late twentieth century. Language changes / Sub. Ed. G.N. Sklyarevskaya. – St. Petersburg, 1998.
- Explanatory dictionary of modern Russian language. Language changes at the end of the 20th century / ILI RAS; Ed. G.N. Sklyarevskaya. – M., 2001.
- Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language beginning of the XXI century. Current vocabulary. Ed. G.N. Sklyarevskaya. – M., 2007.
40. Vasmer M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 volumes - M., 1964–1973 (and other publications).
41. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. Ed. A.I. Molotkova. 2nd ed. – M., 1968.
42. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. / Comp. A.N. Tikhonov. – M., 2003.
43. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language. In 2 volumes / Comp. A.I. Fedorov. – M., 1997.
44. Frequency dictionary Russian language / Ed. L. N. Zasorina. M., 1977.
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