in the world huge amount a wide variety of phenomena. For each of them there is a name in the language. If it names a whole group of objects, then such a word is When there is a need to name one object from a number of homogeneous ones, then the language has for this purpose proper names.

nouns

Common nouns are those nouns that immediately designate whole class objects united by some common features. For example:

• Each water stream can be called in one word - river.
• Any plant with a trunk and branches is a tree.
• All animals gray, large size, with a trunk instead of a nose are called elephants.
• A giraffe is any animal with a long neck, small horns and tall stature.

Proper names are nouns that distinguish one object from the entire class of similar phenomena. For example:

• The dog's name is Druzhok.
• My cat's name is Murka.
• This river is the Volga.
• The deepest lake is Baikal.

Once we know what a proper name is, we can complete the following task.

Practical task No. 1

Which nouns are proper nouns?

Moscow; city; Earth; planet; Bug; dog; Vlad; boy; radio station; "Lighthouse".

Capital letters in proper names

As can be seen from the first task, proper names, unlike common nouns, are written with capital letters. Sometimes it happens that the same word is written either with a small letter or with a capital letter:

• bird eagle, city Orel, ship "Eagle";
• strong love, girl Love;
• early spring, “Spring” lotion;
• riverine willow, restaurant "Iva".

If you know what a proper name is, then it’s easy to understand the reason for this phenomenon: words denoting individual objects are written with a capital letter in order to separate them from others of the same kind.

Quotation marks for proper names

To know how to correctly use quotation marks in proper names, you need to learn the following: proper names denoting phenomena in the world created by human hands are isolated. In this case, the markers are quotation marks:

• newspaper "New World";
• DIY magazine;
• Amta factory;
• Hotel Astoria;
• ship "Swift".

Transition of words from common nouns to proper ones and vice versa

It cannot be said that the distinction between the categories of proper names and common nouns is unshakable. Sometimes common nouns become their own. We talked about the rules for writing them above. What proper names can you give? Examples of transition from the category of common nouns:

• cream "Spring";
• perfume "Jasmine";
• cinema "Zarya";
• magazine "Worker".

Proper names also easily become generalized names for homogeneous phenomena. Below are proper names that can already be called common nouns:

• These are young philanderers to me!
• We mark in Newtons, but we don’t know the formulas;
• You are all Pushkins until you write a dictation.

Practical task No. 2

Which sentences contain proper nouns?

1. We decided to meet at the Ocean.

2. In the summer I swam in a real ocean.

3. Anton decided to give his beloved perfume “Rose”.

4. The rose was cut in the morning.

5. We are all Socrates in our kitchen.

6. This idea was first put forward by Socrates.

Classification of proper names

It would seem easy to understand what a proper name is, but you still need to repeat the main thing - proper names are assigned to one object from a whole series. It is advisable to classify the following series of phenomena:

People's names, surnames, patronymics, animal names are animate nouns, and geographical names and designations of everything created by man are inanimate. This is how proper names are characterized from the point of view of the category of animation.

Proper names in the plural

It is necessary to dwell on one point, which is determined by the semantics of the studied features of proper names that they are rarely used in the plural. You can use them to denote several objects if they have the same thing given name:

The surname can be used in plural. in two cases. Firstly, if it denotes a family, people who are related:

• It was customary for the Ivanovs to gather for dinner with the whole family.
• The Karenins lived in St. Petersburg.
• The Zhurbin dynasty all had a hundred years of work experience at the metallurgical plant.

Secondly, if namesakes are named:

• Hundreds of Ivanovs can be found in the registry.
• They are my full namesakes: the Grigoriev Alexandras.

- inconsistent definitions

One of the Unified State Examination tasks in the Russian language requires knowledge of what a proper name is. Graduates are required to establish correspondences between sentences and those included in them. One of these is a violation in the construction of sentences with inconsistent application. The fact is that the proper name, which is an inconsistent application, does not change according to cases with the main word. Examples of such sentences with grammatical errors are given below:

• Lermontov was not delighted with his poem “Demona” (poem “Demon”).
• Dostoevsky described the spiritual crisis of his time in the novel The Brothers Karamazov (in the novel The Brothers Karamazov).
• A lot is said and written about the film “Taras Bulba” (About the film “Taras Bulba”).

If a proper name acts as an addition, that is, in the absence of a defined word, then it can change its form:

• Lermontov was not delighted with his “Demon”.
• Dostoevsky described the spiritual crisis of his time in The Brothers Karamazov.
• A lot is said and written about Taras Bulba.

Practical task No. 3

Which sentences have errors?

1. We stood for a long time in front of the painting “Barge Haulers on the Volga.”

2. In “A Hero of His Time,” Lermontov sought to reveal the problems of his era.

3. The “Pechorin Journal” reveals the vices of a secular person.

4). The story “Maksim Maksimych” reveals the image of a wonderful person.

5. In his opera “The Snow Maiden,” Rimsky-Korsakov sang love as the highest ideal of humanity.

A proper name is Name noun, expressed in words or, calling specific item or phenomenon. Unlike a common noun, which immediately denotes whole items or phenomena Name own is intended for one, very specific object of this class. For example, "" is a common noun Name is a noun, whereas “War and Peace” is a proper noun. The word "river" represents Name a common noun, but “Cupid” is Name proper. Proper names can be names of people, patronymics, titles of books, songs, films, geographical names. Proper names are written with a capital letter. Some types of proper names require quotation marks. This applies to literary works (“Eugene Onegin”), paintings (“Mona Lisa”), films (“Only Old Men Go to Battle”), theaters (“Variety”), and other types of nouns. When translating proper names into other languages, transcription methods are used: Gogolya-street (Gogol Street), radio Mayak (Radio “Mayak”). Proper names are not specially distinguished. Proper names and common nouns are not separated from each other by an impenetrable wall. Proper names can turn into common nouns, and vice versa. For example, “avatar” was just a common noun until Avatar was made. Now this word, depending on the context, plays the role of a common noun or a proper noun. “Schumacher” is the surname of a certain racing driver, but gradually all lovers of fast driving began to be called “Schumachers”. Proper names can become common nouns trademarks, which are unique producers certain type goods or simply monopolists. A striking example The company Xerox, which produces electrophotographic copiers, can serve as a reference. This company still exists today, but “copiers” are now called all copiers in general.

Sources:

• how to write proper names

Tip 2: How to determine whether a proper name or a common noun

Nouns name objects, phenomena or concepts. These meanings are expressed using the categories of gender, number and case. All nouns belong to the groups of proper and common nouns. Proper nouns, which serve as names of individual objects, are contrasted with common nouns, which denote generalized names of homogeneous objects.

Instructions

To determine proper nouns, determine whether the name is an individual designation of an object, i.e. does it make it stand out? Name» an object from a number of similar ones (Moscow, Russia, Sidorov). Proper nouns name first and last names of persons and names of animals (Nekrasov, Pushok, Fru-fru); geographical and astronomical objects (America, Stockholm, Venus); , organizations, print media (Pravda newspaper, Spartak team, Eldorado store).

Proper names, as a rule, do not change in number and are used only in the singular (Voronezh) or only in the plural (Sokolniki). Please note that there are exceptions to this rule. Proper nouns are used in the form plural, if they denote different persons and objects that have the same name (both Americas, namesake Petrovs); persons who are related (the Fedorov family). Also proper nouns can be used in the plural form if they name a certain type of people, “selected” by quality characteristics famous literary character. Please note that in this meaning, nouns lose the sign of belonging to a group of individual objects, therefore both the use of capital and lowercase letter(Chichikovs, Famusovs, Pechorins).

A spelling feature that distinguishes proper nouns is the use capital letter And . Moreover, all proper names are always letters, and the names of institutions, organizations, works, objects are used as appendices and are enclosed in quotation marks (the motor ship “Fedor Chaliapin”, Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons”). The application may include any part of speech, but the first word is always capitalized (Daniel Defoe’s novel “The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe”).

A noun in Russian has different distinctive features. To show the peculiarities of the occurrence and use of certain linguistic units, they are divided into common and proper nouns.

Instructions

Common nouns are nouns that denote the name of certain objects and phenomena that have general set signs. These objects or phenomena belong to any class, but in themselves do not carry any special indications of this class. In linguistics, a common noun is also called an appellative.

Common nouns are signs of linguistic concepts and are contrasted with proper names - which are used as names and nicknames of living beings or names and names of objects and phenomena. When common nouns become proper nouns, they lose their name linguistic concept(for example, the name “Desna” is from the word “gums” - “right”).

There are several types of common nouns, including concrete (table), abstract or abstract (love), material or material (sugar), and collective ().

Common nouns can denote not only classes of objects, but also any individual items inside of this class. This phenomenon occurs when the individual attributes of an object lose meaning, for example: “Don’t tease the dog, otherwise it will bite you.” IN in this case the word "dog" means any dog, not any specific one. This also includes situations that describe only one object of a certain class, for example: “Meet me at noon on the corner,” that is, the interlocutors know which corner they are talking about we're talking about. Common nouns are also used to describe individual characteristics subject using additional definitions, for example: “I am the day I first saw her” - emphasis specific day among others.

Common nouns are closely related to proper names. For example, common nouns can become proper in the form of names, nicknames and nicknames (for example, “Kalita” as the nickname of Prince Ivan Danilovich), and proper nouns can become common nouns to denote homogeneous objects. Such transitions are called eponyms and are usually used in a derogatory or humorous sense (for example, “Aesculapius” is the collective name for all doctors, “Pele” is for football fans, and “Schumacher” is for fans of fast driving). According to the rules of the Russian language, proper names are accepted with , and common nouns - in capital letters.

proper names?

What are: 1.proper names and 2.proper names??

proper name is a noun denoting a word or phrase intended to name a specific, completely a certain subject or a phenomenon that distinguishes this object or phenomenon from a number of similar objects or phenomena. A proper name is opposed to a common noun. Proper nouns are written with a capital letter. These include: - first names, last names, patronymics and nicknames of people (Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov); - animal names (Sharik, Tuzik, Muska); - names of heroes literary works(Ilya Ilyich Oblomov); - geographical names (Moscow, Frankfurt, Caucasus, Neva); - astronomical and astrological designations (Moon, constellation Canes Venatici); - names of magazines, newspapers, literary works, etc. (newspaper "Pravda", magazine "Our Garden"); - names of car brands, cigarettes, etc. (Moskvich car, Druzhok cigarettes). Please note that names are written not only with a capital letter, but also in quotation marks! History knows many examples when proper names became common nouns. Here are some of them: - So, the large improved harmonica accordion received its name from the name of its own Bayan (Boyan). - Cake and Napoleon cake, according to legend, owe their name to Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, who loved this type of confectionery. - Colt, Maxim, Mauser, Nagan - famous inventors weapons. - The Belgian master Sax gave the name to the popular wind instrument - the saxophone. - One of the ancient legends tells about a handsome young man Narcissus, who was so in love with himself that he did not notice anyone or anything around him, but all the time looked at his reflection in the water. The gods, angry, turned him into a plant. The white narcissus flower leans to one side and seems to be looking down at its reflection with its yellow eye. .. - Sometimes objects get their names from the place from which they were exported: coffee (from the name of the country Kaffa, located in Africa), peach (from Persia - modern Iran), orange (the Dutch word appelsien literally translates as " Chinese apple\"). The word trousers comes from the name of the Dutch city of Bruges. Proper names do not have a plural form (with the exception of the surnames of persons belonging to the same family - the Ivanov family, Messrs. Petrovs). Because nouns can be common and proper. Proper - These are those nouns that denote the names of rivers, cities, names of people and names of animals. Accordingly, common nouns are all other nouns.

How does a proper name differ from proper nouns? Explain with examples

The proper name is an application, written with capital letter and is enclosed in quotation marks (Newspaper \"Pravda\"), and proper nouns are written without quotation marks (Dog named Pravda).

what does the concept of proper names mean?

Help me name my own company with all types of names so that money flows into it like a river. What will you name the yacht?

Just call it MONEYRIVER

\"Yellow Fanari\"...

Gazprom-2

Could you at least write what the company does...

OJSC \"Multi-Profi\"

File a claim and judgment, filling in at our own discretion the missing data (property name)

In the Nikolaevsky - on - Amur City Court of the Khabarovsk Territory PLAINTIFF: (last name, first name, patronymic in full, residential address according to registration and actual) DEFENDANT: (last name, first name, patronymic in full, residential address according to registration and actual) Statement of claim for damages, caused by a traffic accident (by way of recourse) “__” __ 200 _ in the city (specify the city, address of the scene of the incident) a traffic accident occurred: a collision of a car (make, state number), under control the defendant-driver (last name, first name, patronymic) with a car (make, state number) owned by the group (last name, first name, patronymic) on the right of personal ownership. The traffic accident was the fault of the defendant. By the decision of (name of the court) of the city court dated “__” ___ 200 _, the enterprise was recovered from the enterprise in favor of the victim (last name, first name, patronymic) (specify the amount) rubles. Currently, the said amount has been fully transferred to the claimant. An organization that has compensated for damage caused due to the fault of its employee during the performance of his duties labor responsibilities, is endowed with the right of recourse (recourse) to this employee in the amount of compensation paid. Based on the above, guided by Art. Article 1081 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, 119 (or 121) of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, I ASK: To recover from the defendant (last name, first name, patronymic) in favor of (name of enterprise) in compensation for damage (amount in figures and words) rubles. and in order to return the state duty, the amount (amount in figures and words) RUB. Attachments: 1. A copy of the court (arbitration) decision on the recovery of damages. 2. Certificate from the accounting department confirming the transfer of money to the claimant. 3. Certificate of salary of the defendant. 4. A copy of the statement of claim. 5. Bank receipt for payment of state duty. Date Signature of the head of the enterprise Stamp

compound adjectives, which: are proper names and begin with the words east-, west-, north-, but-, yu

East Siberian Sea, West Siberian Plain, Northeast China(region), South China Sea. These are geographical names.

Brothers! How can I see the name of my own motherboard? The name of the processor is written in the System, but the name of the mother is not. How do I find out what kind of motherboard I have?

On herself!

Remove the side wall and look at the board. Or Everest, if laptop

Everest, there you will learn everything about your system unit

Everest or take it out and look))))))

Everest. any version is free

What is a proper name????

names of rivers, cities, names and nicknames, etc.

what are proper names???

During a lesson, the teacher tells the children: - in Old Russian they often replaced the name with "ra" city - city, gate - gate... Vovachka holds out her hand: Marvanna, how do you say forty in Old Russian?

Maybe \"Proper names\"? These are names of cities, names of people, nicknames.

What are proper names?

I know there is such a thing as proper names: Ira, Masha, Glasha or names of cities, rivers, etc. etc...

Please teach me the procedure for correcting the names of your own photos

Go to your photo album by clicking on the album cover, hover over the photo and the Properties button will appear at the bottom. Click on it and you will be taken to the editing page where you can adjust the name.

If the father did not raise the child, did not help him, but the mother raised him, why not give him a name after his mother?

That's exactly what I did, I use it new name already 5 years :-)

What is the "name"? Yes, and "on the mother's side" sounds ambiguous. There are no restrictions on choosing a name.

so you can at least call him a Tsar... there’s no problem...

How about the Jews? They have many maternal surnames. Since often she herself does not know from whom she gave birth.

name - is it your middle name or last name?

Common names for the genital organs and, in fact, the act: What do you call them? ;)

by their own names

Where can I download a sample corner stamp with my own name???

On typographic sites

Use the program Stamp 0.85 or Stamp 1.5. Whatever you need, that's what you'll do.

I came across a statement that the names of languages ​​(Russian, English, Esperanto, etc.) are proper names, since each of them means one specific language. Is this true?

Answer
A very interesting and difficult question. This is what is said about proper and common nouns in Russian Grammar.
Based on the naming of an object as an individual or as a representative of a whole class, all nouns are divided into proper and common nouns. Proper nouns (or proper nouns) are words that call individual items, included in the class of homogeneous ones, however, they themselves do not carry any special indication of this class. Common nouns (or common nouns) are words that name an object by its belonging to a particular class; accordingly, they designate an object as a carrier of characteristics characteristic of objects of a given class. Note. This difference is certainly true for contrasting individual words: Petya is a boy, Moscow is a city, Earth is a planet, Zhuchka is a dog. However, a number of proper names belonging to the language, assigned or assigned to objects of the same class, already in itself signals what this class is and, therefore, what common nouns are behind these proper names: Petya, Vanya, Grisha, Kolya, Vitya , Misha... – proper names assigned to men and boys; Moscow, Leningrad, Kaluga, Yaroslavl, Astrakhan... are proper names assigned to cities; Zhuchka, Sharik, Bobik, Rex, Jack... are proper names assigned to dogs. The boundary between proper names and common nouns is unstable and fluid: common nouns easily become proper names (see § 1125), nicknames and nicknames. Proper names are often used to generically designate homogeneous objects and thus become common nouns: derzhimorda, don quixote, don Juan; We all look at Napoleons (Pushk.); Your iconic and stern face hung in chapels in Ryazan (Yesen.); Young Yesenins come to the capital, humbly and briskly, in red cowboy shorts (Bold).
§ 1124. Among proper names, the following are distinguished: 1) proper names in in the narrow sense this word and 2) the name. Proper names in the narrow sense of the word are geographical and astronomical names and names of people and animals. This is a lexically limited and slowly expanding circle of words-names assigned or assigned to one subject. Repetitions here are possible as coincidences (for example, matching names of rivers, villages, towns); they are also high in frequency in the system of proper names for persons and animals. Among the names of persons, as a rule, there are no words that repeat common nouns. In cases such as Idea, Era, Helium, Radium, Uranium, Steel (personal names given in the 20s and 30s of the 20th century), generalized objective meanings in proper names are weakened, and in old names of this type they are completely lost , for example: Faith, Hope, Love. Persons' names include patronymics (names based on the father's name) and surnames (inherited family names).
Note. IN fiction artificial names may be used - individual words(in the stories of A. Green: Assol, Gray, Aigle; in L. Kassil: Count Urodonal Chatelena, Princess Cascara Sagrada) or combinations of words (in N. Aseev: the boy Leave Don’t Touch and the girl In the Palm of the Eye). The semantic originality of proper names determines the originality of their morphological properties: these words, which serve to individualize an object, are not typically used in plural forms. h. Plural forms. h. here are normal to designate different persons and objects that have the same proper name: There are several Svetlanas in one class; IN orphanage there were six Valentines. Plural forms Part of the surnames designate, firstly, persons who are in family, related relationships with each other: the Zhemchuzhnikov brothers, the Dobrynin spouses, the Morozov merchants, the Kuznetsov dynasty of steelworkers; secondly, persons having the same last name (namesakes): Three hundred Ivanovs and two hundred Petrovs live in the city; Both of them are my namesakes: Nikolai Grigorievich Alexandrovs (gas).
§ 1125. For proper names, common nouns or combinations of words are used. In this case, the common noun does not lose its lexical meaning, but only changes its function. These are the names: the Izvestia newspaper, the Health magazine, the Hammer and Sickle plant, the Bolshevichka factory, and the Lilac perfume. Proper names can also serve as names: hotel "Moscow", steamer "Ukraine".
Note. In some cases, the connection between the meaning common noun and its use as a name is very distant or completely absent. But one condition always remains in force: words, lexical meanings which may be in conflict with the essence or purpose of the named item. Thus, a sanatorium cannot bear the name “Illnesses”; a type of candy cannot be called “Salty” (>. A. Nekrasov).

Now let's get back to the question you asked. Words Russian, English etc. are not nouns, do not act as nouns and cannot be proper or common nouns (in other words, the entire phrase - a compound name) can be a proper or common noun. Here's the word Esperanto- noun. And here the question is “proper or common name?” is relevant, and it is not so easy to answer. Proper names that are not personal names or geographical names, are usually written in quotation marks and with a capital letter, for example: Hotel "Zarya". Is it possible to write: Esperanto language? (cf.: the Internet, but the language is Pascal). Is it possible to write: language "Russian"? We think not, since adjectives Russian, English, French etc. are freely used in other phrases with the same meaning “proprietary, belonging to such and such a nation, found among such and such a people”, cf.: Russian culture, English breakfast, French bread, German punctuality, chinese tea . Combinations with the word “language” are on a par with such names. The most surprising thing is that there is no clear boundary here, since proper names with these adjectives are possible, cf.: French bread(in the store) cake "German" etc.