Introducing a child to the Russian alphabet is always an encounter with the unknown, but mysterious world, which contains so many interesting things.

The letters of the Russian alphabet make up a whole family, with 33 inhabitants!

And everyone needs to be remembered in their places. But the study of letters does not end there. We also have to divide them into vowels and consonants, stressed and unstressed, soft and hard, voiceless and voiced.. And this is still far from full classification. Let's figure out how to correctly divide the letters of the alphabet into groups.

Vowels and consonants sounds and letters

First, let's figure out how many letters the Russian alphabet contains. There are 33 of them in total. They are all divided into two large groups: vowels and consonants.

Only soft and solid marks we cannot attribute them to any of the groups: they do not denote a sound, but serve to indicate the hardness or softness of the previous sound.

Vowel sounds

Vowel sounds are pronounced easily, in a singsong manner. This is possible due to the fact that during articulation in the mouth there is no obstruction to the air flow.

How many vowels are there in Russian? – 10 letters. Vowel sounds are much smaller: only 6: A, O, U, Y, I, E. This difference is explained by the fact that 4 vowel letters are formed by merging two sounds: E=Y+O; E=Y+E; Yu=Y+U; I=Y+A.

Shocked and unstressed

Vowel sounds can be stressed or unstressed. Stressed vowel sounds in a word are emphasized by the voice. Thanks to stress, we understand the meaning of a word. There are words in which the meaning depends only on the placement of the stress, for example: castle- castle. Unstressed sounds are not pronounced so clearly, so in writing unstressed sounds we check with stress.

How many consonants and sounds are there in the Russian language?

There are only 21 consonants, but there are 37 sounds.

Consonant sounds are formed due to an obstruction that occurs in the mouth during the passage of air flow. The role of an obstruction can be played by teeth, tongue, lips; depending on the nature of the obstruction, consonants are divided into many groups, for example, labial, dental, etc.

Consonants are also divided into hard and soft, voiceless and voiced.

Hard and soft

Hard consonants are pronounced more roughly, while soft ones sound more graceful and are softened by a nearby vowel or in writing using a soft sign. In transcription, soft sounds are indicated by an adjacent apostrophe. For example, in the word HOUSE the letter “d” sounds hard, but in the word GO it sounds soft. Soft and hard consonants are presented in the table.

Voiceless and voiced

Voiceless consonant sounds are pronounced without the participation of the voice, while in the formation of hard sounds the participation of the voice is necessary. Voiced and unvoiced sounds, as a rule, form a pair, for example: B-P, V-F, etc. There are only a few sounds that do not have a voiced-voiced pair: Shch, Ts, Y, R, L, M, N.

The table presented on our website will help you fully consider deaf and voiced, hard and soft consonants, as well as stressed and unstressed vowels. It can be hung in the classroom where the children have started more detailed study Russian alphabet. It would also be a good idea to hang the chart in a visible place at home if your child is starting to learn letters.

Tables

Cartoons on the topic

To help your child quickly learn the division of letters into vowels and consonants, you can offer him cartoons on this topic. On our website you will find educational cartoons dedicated to this topic.

Speech therapist. Russian alphabet

This video presents sounds in the Russian language using examples of onomatopoeia. This technique will allow children to practice the clarity of pronunciation of vowels and consonants, and to more clearly feel the difference in their sound. Sounds accompany bright pictures of animals and natural phenomena. You can watch the cartoon here

Learn and sing the Russian alphabet

This video contains a performance of the alphabet to music. The melody is pleasant, easy to remember, and the song itself is accompanied by a display of the letter and form of its writing. This cartoon can be useful for children of any age, as it is aimed not only at remembering the order of letters, but also at practicing diction. You can watch the cartoon here

Voiceless consonants

There is a generally accepted opinion that it is impossible to sing consonants. However, the authors of this cartoon break the usual stereotypes of perception. Of course, this video cannot be called a song in its entirety: rather, we will be dealing with a drawn-out pronunciation of voiceless consonants. This is extremely useful for children's diction, in which defects in the pronunciation of hissing sounds are constantly visible. Play this cartoon for your child more often so that he corrects his diction. You can watch the cartoon here

Voiced consonants

It is much easier to sing voiced consonant sounds, although again we will not be dealing with singing, but with prolonged pronunciation of the sound. The voice is involved in the formation of voiced consonants, so they can be easily chanted. This cartoon invites children to practice such a simple task and get to know each other better. ringing sounds. You can watch the cartoon here

Today, almost all children know letters and the alphabet already in early childhood. However, it is recommended to learn letters without naming the letters as they sound in the alphabet. Letters must be taught with sounds. When talking about the letter “B”, it is necessary to call it [b], and not “be”. This is necessary so that it will be easier for the child to combine letters into syllables and words.

However, the world of sounds does not end there. And when the baby grows up, he will have to master such concepts as vowel sounds, hard, soft, paired, voiceless and voiced consonants. I invite you to talk about these today different sounds. We will talk about this in a fairy-tale form, in a form closest to children's perception. I invite you to phonetic tale . This is an expanded version of the tale of sounds, presented in.

So, friendly letters live in a hospitable place. And sounds created a large Kingdom called Phonetics.

Kingdom of sounds - Phonetics

In the kingdom of sounds of the Russian language Phonetics we lived together and got along vowels And consonants sounds. Each sound had its own house. For vowels, the houses were painted red, and for consonants, blue. But the roofs of all the houses were white and changed on their own when the sounds visited each other.

Total in the kingdom 42 inhabitants: 6 vowel sounds [a], [e], [o], [u], [i], [s] and 36 consonants. They lived amicably and often visited each other. And every time they visited each other, magic happened: as soon as they held hands, new sounds were created for new words.

Vowel sounds loved to be sung. Therefore, there was always music playing in their houses. But with consonant sounds it was not possible to sing at all. But they were very pliable and always “agreed” with the vowels in everything. At the same time, they could become hard or soft . For example, the sound [p]. In a word "saw" sounds soft, but in words "dust"- firmly. And all because the sound [i] softened the [p], and the sound [s], on the contrary, made it harder.

This is how consonant sounds, joining hands with vowels, become soft or hard at their request.

However, there were also “naughty” sounds in the kingdom. And although they lived in blue houses and were called consonants, they did not want to change in any way. And this happened on the day when, sitting idly on benches, they argued about who was more important: vowels or consonants. And sounds [and],[w] And [ts] decided to become independent and not obey anyone, especially vowel sounds. They declared themselves hard sounds, which will never become soft under any circumstances! And to prove their firm decision, they painted the white roofs of their houses dark blue.

But compliant and non-conflicting sounds [sch],[th] And [h] They were very upset and afraid that the balance of the ratio of sounds in the kingdom would be upset and decided to remain soft forever. And so that all the residents of Phonetics knew about this, they painted the roofs of their houses green.

However, soon 2 more inhabitants appeared in the kingdom of Phonetics - soft and hard signs. But they did not violate the unity of the sound world. Soft sign helped consonants become soft, and hard ones became hard. They built themselves white houses and everyone lived peacefully and amicably.

But not only with their hard and soft characters The inhabitants of the Kingdom of Phonetics were famous. Many of them had and still have their own special preferences. Some sounds loved the sound of falling leaves, while others loved the sound of rain. They even built separate quarters for themselves so that in one the bell always rings loudly, and in the other, as if under a dome, it is dull and noisy... This is how they appeared voiced and voiceless consonants . And a river flows between the blocks.

So in the quarter with the bell the sounds [r], [l], [m], [n], [y], [b], [g], [v], [d], [z], [z] settled . And in a quiet quarter - [p], [f], [t], [w], [s], [k], [x], [ts], [h], [sch]. And some letters became so friendly that they connected their houses with bridges. So there is a bridge between sounds p-b, f-v, t-d, sh-zh, s-z and k-g. This paired consonants .

This is how the amazing Kingdom of Phonetics lives. The sounds visit each other, change, adjust, make noise, shout, sing... They have fun. And in this fun words are born, from them the sentences that make up our speech. By the way, speech happens... However, we’ll talk about this another time.

How to learn soft and hard consonants

These are the complex relationships between sounds. To make it easier for my son to draw phonetic diagrams of words, he and I made very convenient clouds. Using them, it is very easy to determine the hardness or softness of consonant sounds.

Read about how we taught hard and soft consonants using clouds.

How to distinguish between voiced and voiceless consonants

And a very simple technique helped us make it easier for the child to distinguish between voiced and voiceless consonants. When naming the sound, press your palm to your neck. If the sound is ringing, then vibration (tremor) of the vocal cords is felt. If the sound is dull, there will be no vibration.

For the same purposes, we used the picture with houses and bridges across the river, which you saw above.

Enjoy your acquaintance with the world of Phonetics!

All the best!

In this lesson we will learn to distinguish between voiced and voiceless consonant sounds and denote them in writing with consonant letters. Let's find out which consonants are called paired and unpaired according to their voicing - deafness, sonorant and hissing.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Let's remember how speech sounds are born. When a person begins to speak, he exhales air from his lungs. It runs along the windpipe into the narrow larynx, where special muscles are located - vocal cords. If a person pronounces consonants, he closes his mouth (at least a little), which causes noise. But consonants make different noises.

Let's conduct an experiment: cover our ears and pronounce the sound [p], and then the sound [b]. When we pronounced the sound [b], the ligaments became tense and began to tremble. This trembling turned into a voice. There was a slight ringing in my ears.

You can conduct a similar experiment by placing your hands on the neck on the right and left sides and pronouncing the sounds [d] and [t]. The sound [d] is pronounced much louder, more sonorous. Scientists call these sounds sonorous, and sounds that consist only of noise - deaf.

Paired consonants in terms of voicedness and deafness

Let's try to divide the sounds into two groups according to the method of pronunciation. Let's populate phonetic houses in the city of sounds. Let's agree: dull sounds will live on the first floor, and voiced sounds will live on the second floor. Residents of the first house:

These consonant sounds are called paired by sonority - deafness.

Rice. 1. Paired voiced and voiceless consonants ()

They are very similar to each other - real “twins”, they are pronounced almost identically: the lips form the same way, the tongue moves the same way. But they also have pairs of softness and hardness. Let's add them to the house.

The sounds [zh] and [sh] do not have paired soft sounds, they always hard. And they are also called sizzling sounds.

All these sounds are indicated by letters:

Unpaired voiced consonants

But not all consonant sounds and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired. Let's put unpaired consonant sounds in our houses.

To the second house - unpairedvoiced consonants sounds:

Let us remind you that the sound [th’] always just soft. Therefore, he will live alone in our house. These sounds are represented in writing by letters:

The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous , because they are formed with the help of the voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. The word “sonorant” is translated from the Latin “sonorus” meaning sonorous.

Unpaired voiceless consonants

We will put you in the third house unpaired voiceless consonants sounds:

Let us remember that the sound [ts] is always solid, and [h’] and [sch’] - always soft. Unpaired voiceless consonants are indicated in writing by letters:

Sounds [h’], [h’] - sizzling sounds.

So we populated our city with consonant sounds and letters. Now it’s immediately clear why there are 21 consonant letters and 36 sounds.

Rice. 2. Voiced and voiceless consonants ()

Consolidating knowledge in practice

Let's complete the tasks.

1. Consider the pictures and turn one word into another, replacing only one sound. Hint: remember pairs of consonant sounds.

d points - point

b glasses - kidney

w ar - heat

fishing rod - duck

2. There are riddles, the meaning of which lies in the knowledge of consonant sounds, they are called charades. Try to guess them:

1) With a deaf consonant I pour into the field,
With the ringing one - I myself am ringing to the expanse . (Spike - voice)

2) With a deaf person - she cuts the grass,
With a voiced sound, it eats the leaves. (Scythe - goat)

3) With “em” - pleasant, golden, very sweet and fragrant.
With the letter "el" it appears in winter, but disappears in spring . (Honey - ice)

In order to develop the ability to pronounce certain sounds, especially hissing ones, they learn tongue twisters. The tongue twister is told slowly at first, and then the pace is accelerated. Let's try to learn tongue twisters:

1. Six little mice rustle in the reeds.
2. The hedgehog has a hedgehog, the snake has a squeeze.
3. Two puppies were chewing a brush in the corner, cheek to cheek.

So, today we learned that consonant sounds can be voiced and unvoiced and how these sounds are indicated in writing.

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M.: Astrel, 2011. ().
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. M.: Ballas. ().
3. Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook for teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic book/textbook.

1. Fictionbook.ru ().
2. Deafnet.ru ().
3. Samouchka.com.ua ().

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M.: Astrel, 2011. Pp. 38, ex. 2; Page 39, ex. 6; Page 43, ex. 4.
2. Count how many voiced consonants and how many voiceless consonants are in a word unsatisfactory ? (Voiced consonants - 9 - N, D, V, L, V, R, L, N, Y, various - 6, voiceless consonants - 2 - T, T, various - 1.).
3. Read the proverb: « Know how to speak at the right time, and be silent at the right time.” Name the letters that represent voiced consonants. (Voiced consonant sounds in the proverb are represented by the letters M, J, V, R, Z, L.)
4. 4* Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, write a fairy tale or draw a comic book on the theme “In the city of consonant sounds.”

Sound is the smallest unit of language pronounced with the help of organs. speech apparatus. Scientists have discovered that at birth, the human ear perceives all the sounds it hears. All this time his brain sorts unnecessary information, and by 8-10 months a person is able to distinguish sounds that are exclusively native language, and all the nuances of pronunciation.

33 letters make up the Russian alphabet, 21 of them are consonants, but letters must be distinguished from sounds. A letter is a sign, a symbol that can be seen or written. The sound can only be heard and pronounced, and in writing it can be designated using transcription - [b], [c], [d]. They carry a certain semantic load, connecting with each other to form words.

36 consonant sounds: [b], [z], [v], [d], [g], [zh], [m], [n], [k], [l], [t], [p ], [t], [s], [sch], [f], [ts], [w], [x], [h], [b"], [z"], [v"], [ d"], [th"], [n"], [k"], [m"], [l"], [t"], [s"], [p"], [r"], [ f"], [g"], [x"].

Consonant sounds are divided into:

• soft and hard;

voiced and voiceless;

paired and unpaired.

Soft and hard consonants

The phonetics of the Russian language is significantly different from many other languages. It contains hard and soft consonants.

At the moment of pronunciation soft sound The tongue is pressed harder against the palate than when pronouncing a hard consonant, preventing the release of air. This is what distinguishes a hard and soft consonant sound from each other. In order to determine in writing whether a consonant sound is soft or hard, you should look at the letter immediately after the specific consonant.

Consonant sounds are classified as hard in the following cases:

• if letters a, o, u, e, s follow after them - [poppy], [rum], [hum], [juice], [bull];
• after them there is another consonant sound - [vors], [hail], [marriage];
• if the sound is at the end of the word - [darkness], [friend], [table].

The softness of sound is written as an apostrophe: mole - [mol’], chalk - [m’el], wicket - [kal’itka], pir - [p’ir].

It should be noted that the sounds [ш'], [й'], [ч'] are always soft, and hard consonants are only [ш], [тс], [ж].

A consonant sound will become soft if it is followed by “b” and vowels: i, ё, yu, i, e. For example: gen - [g"en], flax - [l"on], disk - [d"ysk] , hatch - [l "uk", elm - [v "yaz", trill - [tr "el"].

Voiced and voiceless, paired and unpaired sounds

Based on their sonority, consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless. Voiced consonants can be sounds created with the participation of the voice: [v], [z], [zh], [b], [g], [y], [m], [d], [l], [r] , [n].

Examples: [bor], [ox], [shower], [call], [heat], [goal], [fishing], [pestilence], [nose], [genus], [swarm].

Examples: [kol], [floor], [volume], [sleep], [noise], [shch"uka], [choir], [king"], [ch"an].

Paired voiced and voiceless consonants include: [b] - [p], [zh] - [w], [g] - [x], [z] - [s]. [d] - [t], [v] - [f]. Examples: reality - dust, house - volume, year - code, vase - phase, itch - court, live - sew.

Sounds that do not form pairs: [h], [n], [ts], [x], [p], [m], [l].

Soft and hard consonants can also have a pair: [p] - [p"], [p] - [p"], [m] - [m"], [v] - [v"], [d] - [ d"], [f] - [f"], [k] - [k"], [z] - [z"], [b] - [b"], [g] - [g"], [ n] - [n"], [s] - [s"], [l] - [l"], [t] - [t"], [x] - [x"]. Examples: byl - bel, height - branch, city - cheetah, dacha - business, umbrella - zebra, skin - cedar, moon - summer, monster - place, finger - feather, ore - river, soda - sulfur, pillar - steppe, lantern - farm, mansions - hut.

Table for memorizing consonants

To clearly see and compare soft and hard consonants, the table below shows them in pairs.

Another table will help you remember consonant sounds.

Children's poems for better mastery of the material

There are exactly 33 letters in the Russian alphabet,

To find out how many consonants -

Subtract ten vowels

Signs - hard, soft -

It will immediately become clear:

The resulting number is exactly twenty-one.

Soft and hard consonants are very different,

But not dangerous at all.

If we pronounce it with noise, then they are deaf.

The consonant sounds proudly say:

They sound different.

Hard and soft

In fact, very light.

Remember one simple rule forever:

W, C, F - always hard,

But Ch, Shch, J are only soft,

Like a cat's paws.

And let’s soften others like this:

If we add a soft sign,

Then we get spruce, moth, salt,

What a cunning sign!

And if we add the vowels I, I, Yo, E, Yu,

We get a soft consonant.

Brother signs, soft, hard,

We don't pronounce

But to change the word,

Let's ask for their help.

The rider rides on a horse,

Con - we use it in the game.

IN primary school the basis of human spelling literacy is formed.

Everyone knows that the difficulty of the Russian language is largely due to the discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation. This is often associated with paired consonants.

What is a paired consonant?

All consonants are in one or another opposition to each other in their characteristic features. One of them is the contrast between sounds based on deafness and voicedness.

Some consonants, while all other features coincide, such as the place of formation and the method of pronunciation, differ only in the participation of the voice in the sound process. They are called pairs. The remaining consonants do not have a voiceless-voiced pair: l, m, x, ts, ch, shch, y.

Paired consonants are given here. The table also contains examples that illustrate the spelling “Verified consonants in the root of a word.”

Spelling rule for paired consonants

During pronunciation, paired sounds can be interchangeable. But this process is not reflected in writing. That is, the letters do not change, no matter what sounds we hear in their place. This is how the principle of uniformity of morphemes is implemented in the Russian language. The spelling of paired consonants is completely subject to this law.

The rule can be stated in the following paragraphs:

• the root of the word is always written the same way, since semantics depends on this;
• spelling needs to be checked by selecting or changing word forms;
• You must select as a test one the one that has either a vowel sound or a sonorant sound after the dubious consonant (р,л,м,н,й).

This can be seen in the examples from the table: consonant spellings appear either at the end of words or before other paired sounds. In test words they are located before vowels or before phonemes that are unpaired in voicing.

Application of the rule

The spelling of paired consonants needs to be practiced. You need to start by developing the ability to see the spelling pattern being studied. This will be the end of a word or a combination of consonants, in which sounds begin to influence the sound of each other - the subsequent one changes the quality of the pronunciation of the previous one.

When we know what a paired consonant is, it is not difficult to draw a conclusion about which option to choose:

• bo[p] - beans - bean;
• bro [t] - broda - ford;
• bro[f"] - eyebrows - eyebrow;
• nail[t"] - nails - nail;
• vegetable garden [t] - vegetable gardens - vegetable garden;
• dro [sh] - trembling - trembling;
• stripe [s]ka - stripe - stripe;
• ko[z"]ba - mow - mowing;
• re[z"]ba - cut - carving;
• goro[d"]ba - fence - gorodba;
• kro[v"] - blood - blood;
• str[sh] - guard - guard.

Paired consonants. Examples of differentiating words

Deafness and voicedness are able to distinguish words by meaning. For example:

• (soup) thick - (above the river) bush;
• (telegraph) pole - (Alexandria) pillar;
• bark (oak) - (high) mountain;
• (unbearable) heat - (surface) of the ball;
• (bouquet) of roses - (boy) grew up;
• (new) house - (thick) volume.

IN weak positions, at the end of words, for example, as in the example of “roses” and “ros”, a check is required to avoid semantic confusion. Paired consonants in Russian require careful attention.

Test on the topic studied

grass[..]ka, fish[..]ka, zu[..]ki, arbu[..], lo[..]ka, kor[..]ka, ko[..]ti.

Fabulous - fairy tale, head - head, pie - pies, ditch - groove, birch - birch, eyes - eyes, stripe - stripes, notebook - notebook, spikelet - spikelets, jump - jumping

6. F or W?

Boots...ki, doro...ki, bum...ki, cro...ki, ro...ki, vice..ki, bara...ki, lo...ki, game...ki, cha...ki, lay down...ki.

• g...ki (__________);
• fl...ki (__________);
• gr... (__________);
• gla... (__________);
• jump...ki (____________);
• lo...ka (____________);
• horse (______________);
• zu.. (_______).

Sha(p/b)ka, provo(d/t), kru(g/k), povya(s/z)ka, myo(d/t), su(d/t), sla(d/t) cue, oshi(b/p)ka, doba(v/f)ka, uka(z/s)ka.

9. Insert letters in the text:

Swan is the king of all waterfowl. He is, like a dream..., white, graceful, he has shiny eyes, black varnishes and a long, flexible neck. How beautifully he floats on the smooth water of the pond!

10. Correct errors:

• I love reading stories.
• How fragrant the strawberries are!
• Carrots are sown on the beds.
• A flexible birch tree flutters its petals in the wind.
• The tray floated on the lake.
• Berek is gradually approaching.
• Storosh is not sleeping.
• A mongrel rattles loudly in the yard.
• Yosh rustles in the bushes.

Answers

1. What is a paired consonant? A consonant that has a pair of deafness or voicedness.

2. Complete the sentence:

To check paired consonants, you need choose a test word.

3. Highlight the words that need checking:

immer..ka, underwater... smooth, smart... horse, careful..prepare, du..ki, l o...ki, other..ny.

4. Write the sounds in square brackets:

grass[V]ka, lo[D]ka, zu[B]ki, arbu[Z], lo[D]ka, koro[B]ka, ko[G]ti.

5. Underline the test word:

Fabulous - fairy tale, head - head, pie - pies, ditch - ditch, birch - birch, eyes - eyes, stripe - stripes, notebook - notebook, spikelet - spikelets, bounce- jumping

6. F or W?

Boots, paths, pieces of paper, crumbs, horns, powders, lambs, spoons, toys, cups, frogs.

7. Write it down test words and insert the letters instead of dots:

• beeps(beep);
• checkboxes(checkbox);
• griB (mushrooms);
• glaZ (eyes);
• jumping (jump);
• boat (boat);
• horse(horses);
• Teeth (teeth).

8. Choose the correct option:

Hat, wire, circle, bandage, honey, court, sweet, mistake, additive, pointer.

9. Insert letters in the text:

The swan is the king of all waterfowl. He is like snow, white, graceful, he has sparkling eyes, black paws and a long flexible neck. How beautifully he floats on the smooth water of the pond!

10. Correct errors:

• I love reading fairy tales.
• How fragrant the strawberries are!
• Carrots are sown in the beds.
• A flexible birch tree flutters its petals in the wind.
• The boat was sailing on the lake.
• The coastline is gradually approaching.
• The watchman is not sleeping.
• A mongrel barks loudly in the yard.
• The hedgehog rustles in the bushes.