What does two consonant sounds mean? Paired consonants in Russian

All speech sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. In turn, consonants can be divided into hard and soft. This is one of the main characteristics of a consonant sound.

What sounds are called soft

Most schoolchildren have no doubt whether a sound is soft or hard. Usually we distinguish them simply by ear. Indeed, these sounds are heard differently than solid ones. When pronouncing them, the tongue moves slightly forward towards the teeth and are localized in the area of ​​the hard palate. That is why after soft consonants, vowels are most often pronounced, which are also formed in front, next to the teeth.

Paired and unpaired soft consonants

Solid and soft sounds often form pairs. For example, the hard sound [B] corresponds to the soft [B’]. In transcription, softness is indicated by an apostrophe.

We see that in the Russian language there are several unpaired hard sounds and a few unpaired soft ones.

Hard and soft paired consonants can perform a meaningful function. For example, MAL and MYAL, CHALK and MEL. There are many linguistic mysteries based on this.

How are soft sounds indicated in writing?

As a rule, soft consonant sounds in writing can be indicated in different ways.

By using soft sign. However, we must remember that the soft sign only indicates the softness of the paired consonant. If we have a hissing one in front of us, its softness cannot be indicated with a soft sign. Hissing ones are either always hard (in which case they cannot be softened) or always soft (in which case a soft sign is unnecessary in this situation). After the hissing soft sign performs grammatical function, that is, with its help, nouns of the 2nd and 3rd declension are distinguished.

Studying Russian in the 2nd grade, children will learn about dual role letters E, E, Yu, Ya. If these letters stand in the field of a paired consonant, they are read E, O, U, A and simultaneously indicate the softness of the previous consonant: [L'E], [L'O], [L'U] , [L'A].

Similar to the first case, after sibilants E, Yo, Yu, Ya cannot indicate the softness of the previous consonant, therefore spelling E and Yo after sibilants is difficult and is also learned as a rule and also performs the grammatical function of distinguishing parts of speech. For example, the word “arson” is a noun, and the word “arson” is a verb.

In what cases is it not necessary to indicate softness in writing?

Some soft consonant sounds and combinations are not friendly with a soft sign.

This is an unpaired soft sound [Y’]. A soft sign is never placed in its field.

In the combinations CHK, CHN-NCH, CHV, CHT, SHCHN-NSCH, RSHch, a soft sign is not needed.

It is also not required in combinations ST, CH, ZD, ZN and some others, in which S or Z are softened when pronounced before a soft consonant: verses [S’T’], difference [Z’N’], etc.

After a sibilant, a soft sign usually performs a grammatical function, but can also be dividing: “sews”, “whose”, etc.

General rule. Paired voiceless consonants p, f, t, s(and corresponding soft ones), k, w at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants can be represented by letters, respectively n or b , f or V , T or d , With or h , To or G , w or and . The same letters can convey paired voiced consonants b, c, d, h(and corresponding soft ones), g, f before paired voiced consonants (except V). To correctly write a consonant letter in these cases, you need to choose another form of the same word or another word, where in the same significant part of the word (same root, prefix, suffix) the consonant being tested is located before the vowel or before the consonants r, l, m, n, v(and corresponding soft ones), as well as before j(in writing - before separators ъ And b , see § 27–28). Examples:

Consonants in roots and suffixes:

1) at the end of a word: dub (cf. oak, oak), glun (stupid, stupid), grabe (rob), sydrink (sprinkle), ButWith (noses), inh (carts),thd (year), kroT (mole), wifeT (married), handV (sleeves), krove (blood, blood), shtraf (fines, fine, penalty), vymoTo (get wet, wet, wet), blueTo (bruises), moG (maybe, could), smallw (baby, baby),montaand (installation, assembly), drawyeah (tremble, tremble); Wed starveds (frost, frost, freeze) And starvedsya (drizzle, drizzle);

2) before consonants:

A) in front of the deaf: dub ki(cf. oaks, oak tree), shakingn ka (rag, rag, rag, rag), kun tsa (merchant), OV tsa (sheep),loV cue (dexterous), handV chick (sleeves), shkaf chick (cabinets), neitherh cue (low), miWith ka (bowls), Vasya ka (Vasya), Kus ka (Kuzya, Kuzma), kad ka (tub), mehT cue (marks), coG you (claw), loTo you (elbow), beG quality (running, fugitive), loand ka (spoon, spoon), roomw ka (little rooms), wingsw co (wings); Wed back and forthand ku (alternate) And back and forthw ku(mix), sun chick (soups) And sub chick (subject);

b) before paired voiced ones (except V): molot ba (thresh), matchmakeryeah bA (weddings, bridal; don't check with words woo), xoyeah ba (walk), aboutsya ba (ask), res ba (cut), oxw ba (magic), boand ba (swear), liesand Yes(hostile), and gu (burned, burn), and give (wait).

Consonants in prefixes (before a voiceless or paired voiced consonant, except V): V walk,V beat(cf. enter, get in), ond prick (cut, tear), Ob hew, ohb fry (cut off, cut off, go around), OT talk aboutT call, ohT advise (wean off), Byd throw, byd quit, byd send (bring, send), With do,With be cunning(be able to, be able to, get rid of), Pred carpathia (Cis-Urals).

Exercise 17, p. 10

17. Help the cat and dog put letters that represent voiced consonant sounds into one group, and letters that denote unvoiced consonant sounds into another group. Connect the letters of each group with lines.

Deaf→ h → x → w → s → t → c → k → w → p → f

Voiced→ j → l → n → r → z → m → d → b → g → g → c

• Say the sounds that can be represented by highlighted letters

h- [h’] m- [mm'], th- [th’] T- [t], [t’]

Exercise 18, p. 10

18. Read. Fill in the missing word in the sentence.

It's so cold outside -
I’m like an icicle, completely frozen.

L. Yakovlev

• Underline the letters in the highlighted word that represent voiceless paired consonant sounds.

Exercise 19, p. 11

19. Read. Fill in the missing words that are the names of the consonant sounds.

1. A voiceless consonant is made up of noise.
2. A voiced consonant consists of noise and voice.

Exercise 20, p. 11

20. Fill in the “house” with the missing letters denoting consonant sounds that are paired in deafness and voicedness.

• Select and write down words that end with these letters.

Exercise 21, p. 11

21. Find in spelling dictionary textbook words with a paired deafness-voiced consonant sound at the end of the word. Write down a few words.

Alphabet t, suddenly, city, factory, pencil, class, hammer, frost, people, lunch, scarf, drawing, student, language.

Exercise 22, p. 12

22. Read. What rule are we talking about? Why are the consonants so named?

Paired consonants- the most dangerous!
Basically you check them -
Place a vowel next to it!

We are talking about the rule of spelling words with a paired deafness-voiced consonant sound at the root of the word. Such consonants are called “dangerous” because we can choose the wrong letter, denoting the paired voiced-voiced consonant sound at the root of the word before another paired consonant. These are "dangerous" places, or spelling.

Exercise 23, p. 12

23. Read. Fill in the missing letters.

1. There will be bread b, there will be lunch. 2. If there was a pie, there would be an eater. 3. He who is lazy is also sleepy. 4. Ugly in face, but good in mind. 5. The bear is clumsy, and hefty.

• Orally pick up test words to words with missing letters.

Hle b (bread), lunch (dinners), pie (pies), eater (eaters), lazy (lazy), sleepy (sleepy), ugly (ugly), good (good), bear (bears), clumsy (clumsy) .

Exercise 24, p. 12

24. Read.

The frost creaks. The frost is angry.
And the snow is dry and hard.
And the elm was cold, and the oak was frozen.
The trees were frozen through.

G. Volzhina

• Choose the correct letter from brackets for each word and underline it. Write these words down.

Moro z, snow, elm, chill, oak, frozen, through and through.

Exercise 25, p. 13

25. Read the lines from the American song translated by Leonid Yakhnin.

Pyro old lady Fogg bakes
In the kitchen by the stove,
And the dog is a bulldog named Dog
He goes to water the flowers.
Old Lady Fogg takes the pie
And I have tea with milk,
And the dog is a bulldog named Dog -
In it next to the table.

• What do you think is true in these lines?

Is it true:
Old Lady Fogg bakes a pie
In the kitchen by the stove...
Old Lady Fogg takes the pie
And tea with milk...
The lines about the bulldog are a tall tale.

• Underline the spelling patterns in the words based on the rules you have learned.

Exercise 26, p. 13

26. Read. Write down the words, replacing the highlighted sounds with letters.

cha[sh]ka - cha sh ka uká[s]ka - ukáz ka
ló[sh]ka - spoon ka ká[s]ka - kás ka
lá[f]ka - láv ka ló[k]ti - lók ti
kó[f]ta - kofta kó[k]ti - cóg ti
shá[p]ka - hat ka ló[t]ka - boat ka
fur[p]ka - fur coat cheek[t]ka - brush

• Be prepared to prove that you spelled the words correctly.

Cha sh ka (cup), spoon ka (spoon), lav ka (bench), coffee ta - vocabulary word, you must remember, hat (cap), fur coat (fur coats), pointer (pointer), helmet (helmet), elbows (elbows), claws (claws), boat (boat), brush (brush ).

Exercise 27, p. 14

27. Read. Underline the consonants whose spelling needs to be checked.

But g ti, riddle, slippery, carrot, carrot, timid, guard, robok, slide, nail, guard, make a riddle.

• Find a test word for each word being tested. Write it down according to the example.

(Ró b ok) ro b cue, (side and it) side and ka, (zaga d yat) zaga d ka, (but G ot) but G ty, (how much h how much h cue, (carrot V ny) carrot V ka.

Exercise 28, p. 14

28. Read it. Name the fairy tales.

1. Zolushka, while running away from the palace, she lost her crystal slipper.
2. B elos tender I became very friendly with the seven dwarves.

• Fill in the missing words. Underline the letters in them that indicate paired consonant sounds in terms of deafness and voicedness.

Exercise 29, p. 15

29. Choose a single-root test word for each word. Write it down according to the example.

Du b ki - oak trees, berry ka - berries.
Dexterous is dexterous, close is close.
Spoon - spoon, pin - pin.
Pras ba - to ask, watchman - to guard.
Polite - polite, good - good.

• Underline the letters in the words whose spelling you checked.

Exercise 30, p. 15

30. Read the riddle. Fill in the missing letters and the word. Draw the answer.

I'm round, I'm smooth
And the cue tastes pleasantly sweet.
Every toddler knows
What's my name?

Exercise 31, p. 15

31. Read. Fill in the missing letters.

1. Sli V ki, golu b tsy, pyro and ki, aquarius h .
2. Suddenly G, blue h ka, sapo and ki, ruba w ka.

Extra words - diver, suddenly, since the spelling is at the end of the word, and in the rest - at the root of the word.

• Emphasize extra word in each group of words. Explain your answer.

Exercise 32, p. 16

32. Read. Select the desired letter and put it into words.

B? P?
Oak, screw, mistake, button, flexible cue.
G? TO?
Iceberg, circus, easy cue, south, soft cue.
IN? F?
Island, giraffe, jacket, catch cue, beak.
D? T?
Yod, look, cage, riddle, mole.
AND? Sh?
Siskin, mitten, ruff, frog, book.
Z? WITH?
Cargo, sauce, sled, mask, tale.

Exercise 33, p. 16

33. Read. Fill in the missing letters.

1. Each tree has its own fruit d. A boat floats down the river T.
2. In the boy’s hands there is a T. There is a deep stream in the village d.
3. Luna blossoms are beautiful in summer G. Green lu grew in the garden bed To.
4. There is a flower in the flowerbed With scarlet bush h.

• What is interesting about words with missing letters? In the last sentence, underline the main clauses.

In each pair, the words are pronounced the same but spelled differently.

Exercise 34, p. 17

34. Read. Complete the tasks given in the table.

• Explain how you selected test words for words with an unstressed vowel sound and for words with a paired consonant sound in the root of the words.

We selected such test words for words with an unstressed vowel sound, so that the unstressed vowel sound would become stressed at the root. For a word with a paired consonant sound in the root of the word in terms of deafness and voicedness, we selected a cognate word so that the paired consonant sound in the root was before the vowel sound.

Exercise 35, p. 17

35. Read the riddles. Fill in the missing letters in the answers.

1. Sam hu d, the head is like a pound, as soon as it hits, it will become strong. (M o l o t o To)
2. Not snow, not ice, but bromine will remove the sulfur from the trees. (AND Not j)

• Underline the spelling patterns in the words.

Exercise 36, p. 18

36. Read. Title the text.

January

I love you, I January!
For me you are the month I ts the best -
M O l O doy, b O lshoy, skr And puffy,
Z O l O as clear as amber b!
Sun, sleep G, O drive, m O roses -
Flame white b e ryo h!

S. Kozlov

• Do you agree with the author's opinion? What does the word amber mean?

Amber is a fossilized resin, yellow-brown or golden in color.

• Which of the highlighted spellings can you not explain? Why? Underline these spellings.

We cannot explain the underlined spellings, because these are unstressed vowel sounds at the root, which cannot be verified. The spelling of such words must either be memorized or checked in a spelling dictionary.

Exercise 37, p. 18

37. Read. Fill in the missing letters.

Le dark frost, big snowdrift, silvery frost, Snow Maiden, snowfall, Santa Claus, fluffy snowflakes, soft snow, skates, smooth ice, snowman.

• What theme connects these words and word combinations?

The theme of winter connects these words and combinations of words.

• Compose an oral text on this topic.

It was slightly frosty outside. Yesterday's snowfall covered the city in soft snow, the roofs of the houses sparkled with silvery frost. The blizzard created large snowdrifts.
The children could not stay at home. Having put on new skates, we painted patterns on the smooth ice. The kids played snowballs and made a snowman.
Fluffy snowflakes swirled merrily like children in New Year's round dance with Father Frost and Snow Maiden.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Some voiced and voiceless consonants form pairs.

When forming consonants [p], [l], [m], [n], [j],

Voiceless [x], [x"], [ts], [ch"], [sh"] do not have paired pits of voiced consonants.

Notes

1. Sound [j] in school practice denoted by [th"].

2. The sound [w"] is indicated in writing by the letter ь or some combinations of consonants. A horizontal line at the top means that the sound is long.

Paired voiced consonants at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants, i.e. in a weak position, sound like their paired voiceless consonants. This phenomenon is called stunning.

Paired voiceless consonants in front of paired voiced consonants, i.e. in a weak position, sound like their paired voiced consonants. This phenomenon is called voicing.

Strong positions for deafness-voicing for consonant sounds are positions before vowels, before sonorants and c.

Consonant sounds are divided into hard and soft. When pronouncing hard and soft sounds different position language. Some consonant sounds form pairs based on hardness and softness.

When writing, the softness of consonants is indicated:

1) using a soft sign: dove, dictionary:

2) using the letters e, e, yu, i, and: remote, linden.

Before soft consonants, the softness of the consonants is not always indicated: bow - ba[n"t"]ik.

More on the topic VOICED AND VOID, HARD AND SOFT CONSONANTS:

1. § 3. SPELLING OF CONSONANTS (verifiable and unverifiable, voiced, voiceless and unpronounceable consonants; double consonants; combinations of consonants)

What is the difference between vowels and consonants and letters and sounds? What rules do they obey? How are the hardness and softness of sounds and letters indicated? You will receive answers to all these questions in this article.

General information about vowels and consonants

Vowels and consonants represent the basis of the entire Russian language. After all, with the help of their combinations, syllables are formed that form words, expressions, sentences, texts, etc. That is why quite a lot of hours are devoted to this topic. high school.

and sounds in Russian

A person learns what vowels and consonants are in the Russian alphabet already from the first grade. And despite the apparent simplicity of this topic, it is considered one of the most difficult for students.

So, in the Russian language there are ten vowel letters, namely: o, i, a, y, yu, i, e, e, u, e. During their immediate pronunciation, you can feel how the air passes freely through oral cavity. At the same time, we hear our own quite clearly own voice. It should also be noted that vowel sounds can be drawn out (a-a-a-a, uh-uh-uh, i-i-i-i-i, u-u-u-u-u and so on ).

Features and letters

Vowels are the basis of a syllable, that is, they are the ones who organize it. As a rule, Russian words have as many syllables as vowels themselves. Let's give clear example: u-che-ni-ki - 5 syllables, re-bya-ta - 3 syllables, he - 1 syllable, o-no - 2 syllables and so on. There are even words that consist of only one vowel sound. Usually these are interjections (A!, Oh!, Oooh!) and conjunctions (and, a, etc.).

Endings, suffixes and prefixes are very important topics in the Russian Language discipline. After all, without knowing how such letters are written in a particular word, it is quite problematic to compose a literate letter.

Consonants and sounds in Russian

Vowels and consonants letters and sounds vary significantly. And if the first ones can be easily pulled out, then the latter ones are pronounced as briefly as possible (except for hissing ones, since they can be pulled out).

It should be noted that in the Russian alphabet the number of consonant letters is 21, namely: b, v, g, d, zh, z, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, ts, h, w, shch. The sounds they denote are usually divided into dull and voiced. How are they different? The fact is that during the pronunciation of voiced consonants, a person can hear not only the characteristic noise, but also his own voice (b!, z!, r!, etc.). As for the deaf, there is no way to pronounce them loudly or, for example, shout. They only create a kind of noise (sh-sh-sh-sh-sh, s-s-s-s-s, etc.).

Thus, almost everything is divided into two different categories:

• voiced - b, c, d, d, g, z, j, l, m, n, r;
• deaf - k, p, s, t, f, x, c, ch, sh.

Softness and hardness of consonants

Not everyone knows, but vowels and consonants can be hard and soft. This is the second the most important sign in Russian (after voicing and voicelessness).

A distinctive feature of soft consonants is that during their pronunciation the human tongue takes a special position. As a rule, it moves slightly forward, and its entire middle part rises slightly. As for when pronouncing them, the tongue is pulled back. You can compare your situation speech organ independently: [n] - [n’], [t] - [t’]. It should also be noted that voiced and soft sounds sound slightly higher than hard sounds.

In the Russian language, almost all consonants have pairs based on softness and hardness. However, there are also those who simply do not have them. These include hard ones - [zh], [sh] and [ts] and soft ones - [th"], [h"] and [sh"].

Softness and hardness of vowel sounds

Surely few people have heard that the Russian language has soft vowels. Soft consonants are sounds quite familiar to us, which cannot be said about the above-mentioned ones. This is partly due to the fact that in secondary school practically no time is devoted to this topic. After all, it’s already clear with the help of which vowels the consonants become soft. However, we still decided to dedicate you to this topic.

So, those letters that are capable of softening the consonants preceding them are called soft. These include the following: i, e, i, e, yu. As for letters such as a, y, y, e, o, they are considered hard because they do not soften the consonants in front. To see this, here are a few examples:

Indication of the softness of consonant letters during phonetic analysis of a word

Phonetics studies the sounds and letters of the Russian language. Surely, in high school you were asked more than once to make a word. During such an analysis, it is imperative to indicate whether it is separately considered or not. If yes, then it must be designated as follows: [n’], [t’], [d’], [v’], [m’], [p’]. That is, at the top right next to the consonant letter before the soft vowel, you need to put a kind of dash. The following soft sounds are marked with a similar icon - [th"], [h"] and [w"].