1. Based on the results of the excursion, fill out the table.
2. Indicate the order of the spring months with numbers.
3. Complete group work assignments.
Option 1
1) Give examples using the textbook spring phenomena V inanimate nature.
ice drift, flood, precipitation in the form of rain
The many relationships that exist between parts cannot be explained without taking into account the whole. This is especially noticeable in living beings. But, for example, a molecule of water or salt is greater than the sum of the atoms involved. An atom of a certain element is greater than the sum subatomic particles. In each such unit we observe a different mode of action, characteristic of a given molecule and not of another molecule, or of a given atom and not of another. The explanation of the whole by its reduction in its parts is necessary, but not sufficient condition to explain, since everything is new, characteristic features, which are not only a set of properties of their components.
Option 2
1) Using the textbook, give examples of spring phenomena in wildlife.
emergence of early flowering plants, return migratory birds. Birds build nests, lay eggs, incubate them and care for the hatched chicks
2) Cut out the pictures from the Appendix and paste them into the appropriate frames.
One of the axioms of everything: the whole is greater than the parts, i.e. the sum of the parts is not yet complete. This includes the arrangement and separation of parts. Reductionism is actually an amalgamation of various things, such as the mass of animate and inanimate things, the activity of computers, and the activity of thinking. Reductionism attempts to show that two entities or two phenomena are not essentially different. The study of life can be mentioned as an example: every study requires some prior understanding of the subject of study - albeit still vague.
4. Wise turtle wonders if you know early flowering plants. Connect the drawings and signs with the names of plants with lines. Test yourself using the textbook.
5. These butterflies appear in the spring. Remember which of them we met in 1st grade. Find out the names of other butterflies using the atlas-identifier “From Earth to Sky.” Number the pictures according to the list.
Thus, we can come out of the fact that we ourselves experience our life without any restrictions and ask what the essence of this life is. Reductionism, on the other hand, is based on a narrow concept of life, and its investigation then arrives at what it foresees. Today we define: “The system lives if evolution is capable of mutagenesis.” Then the Eigen hypercycle can be seen as the answer to the question after the birth of life. Does this really mean that the solution to the transition problem depends on what definition of life is agreed upon by most materialist biologists?
Compare butterflies. What are their similarities and differences?
By what signs do you recognize these butterflies in nature?
Read about these butterflies in the book " Green Pages"(story "The First Butterflies") and prepare a message. Try to see these butterflies in nature. Don't catch them!
Here you can write down the outline of your message or important information about butterflies.
They always adapted the definition of life to the state of their consciousness, so that life “lived” in the latter. What has been nominally defined as life has nothing to do with what we initially experience as life: as our own life. Life naturally uses what is mechanical, physical-chemical, self-regulation, and ultimately even natural science as a means to its ends: but this is not the same thing. Therefore, even the Eigen hypercycle is not the answer to the question of how life arose, but how it could have arisen with a certain probability under certain conditions of the auto-reproductive structure.
The hives are one of the most famous butterflies. It was named so because its caterpillars feed on nettle leaves. But many people call her a chocolate girl, which is wrong. The wingspan of the urticaria is 4-5 cm.
Lemongrass - very beautiful butterfly. The male has a lemon-yellow coloring, which is why he got his name. This butterfly overwinters as an adult and emerges in early autumn. Its caterpillars live on buckthorn; the wingspan of lemongrass is 5 cm.
These structures appear to be conditioned by an indispensable condition of life, but not yet animated. To say this, we would have to have definitive criteria for the phenomenon of life, and not just soft definitions. First we live, and then we can determine and be distracted. But we cannot violate the assumption of our own conscious life by these actions. Similar cases There are more logical circles. Wherever there is change, something new is necessary, and reductionism recognizes change. How do we understand this slight difference?
Let's look at the differences between what we encounter. Reality is not an indistinguishable continuum, but consists of many things that are in relationships, but exist as separate structural or ontological types: an electron is not a proton, a proton is not a neutron, many others elementary particles can be distinguished, a cell is a separate entity, organs and organisms. Ontological types differ in their specific properties. In addition to differences in the specific properties of different ontological types, we also need to distinguish between differences that we might call systemic.
6. Seryozha and Nadya’s dad offers you a task. Admire spring nature and, based on your observations, complete the drawing “The Beauty of Spring.”
Nature is everything that surrounds us and everything that was created without human participation. In this set, objects of living and inanimate nature coexist perfectly. If all living things breathe, eat, grow and reproduce, then the bodies of inanimate nature almost always remain unchanged, static.
These are characteristics that characterize all ontological types of one of the three systems of reality or one of the three stages of evolution: the order of the cosmos, the order of life, the order of man. These differences correspond to the changes we see in the cases. The changes that pass through ontological types are profound in different ways. Electrons change their state, gas molecules move, organisms breathe. Chemical elements create compounds, the plants are defective. Changes in ontological types can be divided into two groups: “small” changes, in which the ontological type itself does not change, for example, the mileage of a hare, the growth of trees, and “big” changes, which also change the ontological type, the organism that receives food, atomic nucleusfalls apart.
If we look around, we are surrounded everywhere by objects of inanimate nature: here is a stream flowing, in the distance we can see high mountains, the wind rustles fallen leaves, clouds float across the sky, the Sun gently warms. All of this: air, water, clouds, fallen leaves, wind and the Sun are objects of inanimate nature.
Moreover, inanimate nature is primary, it is from it that life on Earth originated. All living organisms use the gifts of inanimate nature, exist at the expense of it and, in the end, after dying, they themselves become its objects. Thus, a felled tree trunk, fallen leaves, or the corpse of an animal are already bodies of inanimate nature.
How should we characterize evolutionary changes? Some biologists believe that evolution is a sequence small changes without evolutionary leaps, others interpret events as a sequence of major significant changes. Development biological species would mean a change from one ontological type to another. A more profound change would be a change from inanimate matter into living, unconscious entities in essence endowed with consciousness, a change from the sensible stage of life to the mental and moral life.
Signs of inanimate objects
If we compare objects of inanimate nature with living organisms, it is easy to list the main characteristics inanimate objects: They do not grow, reproduce, breathe, feed, or die. For example, mountains, once they appear, shoot their peaks towards the sky for thousands of years. Or the planets, billions of years ago, lined up in a slender solar system, and continue to exist.
Reducers do not recognize that there are significant differences between these levels of reality. On the other hand, the non-restorative way of thinking considers these differences to be critical, and separate degrees or systems - irreducible. Reductionism will certainly not prove that an inanimate being is the same as living creature, or that the meaning of life is the same as the life of intellectual knowledge and will. He does not want to deny differences and changes, but wants to exclude everything from nature, all elements that cannot be reduced to chemical or physical manifestations, be it a special life force in organisms or the influence of extra-natural factors.
Therefore, to the main distinctive features objects of inanimate nature include the following:
- Sustainability
- Weak variability
- Inability to breathe, eat. They simply don't need food.
- Inability to reproduce. At the same time, the objects of inanimate nature themselves, once appearing on earth, do not disappear or die. Unless under the influence environment capable of transitioning to another state. For example, a stone may turn into dust over time. And the most shining example transformation - the water cycle in nature, in which an object of inanimate nature (water) goes through all stages of its state, turning from water into steam, then again into water and, finally, into ice.
- Inability to move. Most inanimate objects are inert. So, a stone moves if you just push it. And the water in the river flows only because the elements from which it consists have weak internal communications and strive to occupy the lowest place, forming a current.
- Failure to grow. Despite the fact that objects of inanimate nature are capable of changing in volume (for example, mountains “grow”, salt crystals increase in size, etc.), the increase does not occur because new cells are formed. But because “new arrivals” are attached to the old ones.
Objects of inanimate nature: examples
Reductionism is right in that the new one that arises also consists of matter, it is also regulated by physical, chemical, biological, psychological, natural laws. But matter is not enough to explain, for example, subjectivity and spirit, and natural laws are not enough to understand behavior, morality and freedom. “Matter and the rules of the game” are the conditions for the emergence of something new in the empirical field, conditions that are necessary but not sufficient.
Which essence can and cannot be reduced to another must be determined by a special critical study of both. Note. . The most significant changes in georelief include changes occurring in the seas, the sea and the seashore. In addition, it is not always clear to what extent a person is involved.
There are so many objects of inanimate nature and they are so diverse that one science is not able to study them all. Several sciences deal with this: chemistry, physics, geology, hydrography, astronomy, etc.
According to one of the existing classifications, all objects of inanimate nature are divided into three large groups:
- Solids. This includes everyone rocks, minerals, substances that make up the soil, glaciers and icebergs, planets. These are stones and deposits of gold, rocks and diamonds, the Sun and the Moon, comets and asteroids, snowflakes and hail, grains of sand and crystal.
These objects have a clear shape, they do not need food, they do not breathe and do not grow.
The lithosphere directly influences the creation of underground spaces. The construction of tunnels and subway lines is becoming increasingly important. It is known that history has difficulties with the construction of railway tunnels in Prague or the construction of the Simplon tunnel connecting the Alps with Austria and Switzerland, where temperatures have risen significantly.
The new designs were extremely unfavorable for the construction of an underground railway tunnel from France to England under the English Channel. In Hamburg underground metro was settled in glacial deposits in Frankfurt before tunneling had to artificially lower the water table and freezing was applied in Brussels on loose soil. Using the morphology of the area, the Lipno Dam power plant was located in the metro.
- Liquid bodies- these are all objects of inanimate nature that are in a state of fluidity, without a certain shape. For example, dew and raindrops, fog and clouds, volcanic lava and the river.
All these types of inanimate objects are closely interconnected with other bodies, but also do not need food, breathing and are not capable of reproduction.
Abroad, underground spaces are widely used as utility and communication network assemblies, for cable and underground pipelines, emergency shelters, service facilities, gyms, garages, and in Kansas City they are also mines and shops in a limestone mine.
Mushrooms grow and cheeses ripen in the metro. Great value has a stable temperature in the cellars for aging wines. Due to the weakening of mining activity in the Czech Republic, the use of mining operations. Most are disposed of by floods or waste foundations. Their use is of little interest, especially for disproportionately low prices to land and inadequate legislation.
- Gaseous bodies- all substances consisting of gases: air masses, water vapor, stars. The atmosphere of our planet is the most large object inanimate nature, which, if it changes, does so only under the influence of the environment. But at the same time it does not feed, does not grow, does not reproduce. However, it is air that is vital for life.
What inanimate objects are necessary for life?
Mountain water can be used, most often as a source of groundwater that meets the Czech standard. Other options are hydroelectric power and use for heating. Previously, landscape protection meant the voluntary protection of individual areas; subsequently, protection was encouraged large territories, then a set of corridors was created that create a framework for the ecological stability of the landscape, and we are slowly approaching the point that the landscape must be protected as a whole, in which the coexistence of nature and man. The essential conclusion is that the development of the landscape in modern conditions You can’t just leave it to nature.
We have already mentioned that without inanimate objects, life on our planet is impossible. Of all the abundance for the existence of living nature, the following bodies of inanimate nature are of particular importance:
- Soil. It took several billion years before the soil began to have the properties that allowed plants to emerge. It is the soil that connects the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere; the most important physical and chemical reactions: obsolete plants and animals decompose and transform into minerals. The soil also protects living organisms from toxins, neutralizing toxic substances.
- Air- an extremely necessary substance for life, since all objects of living nature breathe. Plants need air not only for breathing, but also for the formation of nutrients.
- Water- the basis and root cause of the origin of life on Earth. All living organisms need water, for some it is a habitat (fish, sea animals, algae), for others it is a source of food (plants), for others it is essential component nutritional scheme (animals, plants).
- Sun- another object of inanimate nature that caused the origin of life on our planet. Its warmth and energy are necessary for growth and reproduction; without the sun, plants will not grow, and many physical and chemical reactions and cycles that maintain the life balance on earth will freeze.
The connection between inanimate nature and living nature is very multifaceted. All natural bodies surrounding us are inextricably linked by a thousand threads. For example, a person is an object of living nature, but he needs air, water and the Sun to live. And these are objects of inanimate nature. Or plants - their life is impossible without soil, water, solar heat and light. Wind is an inanimate object that significantly affects the ability of plants to reproduce by dispersing seeds or blowing dry leaves from trees.
For example, the snake step in Moheln in Trebic began as a result of climate change and began to completely change the view individual species flora. The early nineties saw controlled deforestation, the effects of which were generally very favorable.
There is a separate field of landscape history, which is devoted to the reconstruction of landscape changes in the youngest geological past, both natural and anthropogenic. Quaternary development is the key to understanding today's status, and its cyclicality also allows us to predict the future. In wildlife Central Europe most characteristic feature The quaternary cycle is afforestation during warm weather and forest loss in cold weather.
On the other hand, living organisms invariably influence objects of inanimate nature. Thus, microorganisms, fish and animals living in water support it chemical composition, plants, dying and rotting, saturate the soil with microelements.
