Happiness and its understanding in modern ethics. Universal concepts and categories of ethics

In all the diversity of times in English tenses Perfect(perfect or completed) are notable for the fact that you will not find their analogues in Russian grammar. Perhaps for this reason, many people have difficulty mastering perfect tenses. Let's learn to understand and use these useful and interesting English times verbs.

Strictly speaking, in English there are only two tenses (tense), where only semantic verb: present (We walk) And past (He left).
All other tenses of verbs in English, and there are about thirty of them, use auxiliary verbs.

There are six main tenses, which, once understood, will help you understand the entire temporal structure of English verbs.

• Present Simple (Present Indefinite): We play. - We're playing.
• Present Perfect: We have played. - We played.
• Past Simple(Past Indefinite): We played. - We played.
• Past Perfect: We had played. - We played (before a certain event in the past).
• Future Simple (Future Indefinite): We will play. - We will play.
• Future Perfect: We will have played. - We'll play (until a certain event in the future).

Students learning English as a foreign language most often experience problems with Perfect at times. This is due to the fact that they are formed a little more complex than their “simple” counterparts: with the help of an auxiliary verb and the past participle (III form of the verb).

• Run (run)- run - run
• Play (play)- played - played

Auxiliary verbs are usually forms of the verbs be, can, do, may, must, ought, shall, will, have, has, had. It is these verbs and their forms that should be given attention.

Present Perfect Tense (present perfect tense)

Tom will repair his car on Monday. (Future Simple) - Tom will be repairing his car on Monday.

She hopes that Tom will have repaired his car by Monday evening. (Future Perfect) - She hopes Tom will have his car repaired by Monday evening.

Present perfect tense, or Present Perfect Tense- a rather complex tense form for a Russian-speaking person. But the thing is that in Russian there is no equivalent to this grammatical form. We are immediately confused by the fact that the Present Perfect refers to both the present and the past tense. How is this possible? Let's find out!

What is Present Perfect Tense?

Present Perfect Tense (Present Perfect Tense) is a tense form of a verb that expresses the connection of a past action with the present time. That is, the present perfect tense conveys an action performed in the past, but the result of this action is visible at the present moment. For example:

• We've bought a new car. — We bought a new car → On at the moment we have a new machine, that is, the action took place in the past, but the result is visible at the present moment.

Present Perfect is translated into Russian in the same way as Past Simple - in the past tense. For example:

• Present Perfect: I’ve written many letters - I wrote a lot of letters
• Past Simple: Last month I wrote many letters - Last month I wrote a lot of letters

The difference in the meaning of these tenses is that the Past Simple expresses a past action, timed to a specific moment in the past and not related to the present. The Present Perfect expresses a past action that is not confined to any moment in the past and has a result in the present. The difference in the meanings of the Past Simple and Present Perfect tenses can be seen in the following example:

• What have you done? - What did you do? (The questioner is interested in the result)
• I’ve cooked dinner - I prepared lunch (Lunch is ready now)

• What did you do an hour ago? - What were you doing an hour ago? (The questioner is interested in the action itself, not its result)
  I cooked dinner - I was preparing lunch (It doesn’t matter whether dinner is ready at the moment)

If the time of a past action is indicated by time circumstances or context, the Past Simple is used. If the time of a past action is not indicated by time circumstances and is not implied by the context, the Present Perfect is used.

Present Perfect is mainly used in colloquial speech when describing events in the present tense that are the result of past actions.

Rules for the formation of Present Perfect Tense

Mean + have/ has + Past Participle …

In the interrogative form of Present Perfect Tense, the auxiliary verb to have is placed before the subject, and the Past Participle of the main verb is placed after the subject.

Have/Has + Mean. + Past Participle...?

The negative form is formed using the negation not, which comes after the auxiliary verb and, as a rule, merges with it into one whole:

• have not → haven’t
• has not → hasn’t

Mean + have/ has + not + Past Participle …

Conjugation table for the verb to lie in Present Perfect Tense

Rules for using Present Perfect Tense:

1. To express a past action associated with the present tense, if the sentence does not contain any time circumstances. Examples:

• I’ve seen wolves in the forest - I saw wolves in the forest
• We've heard so much about them - We've heard so much about them
• The snow has stopped, you can leave - The snow has stopped, you can leave
• I have fallen off a horse - I fell from a horse
• You’ve got nine - You got nine
• He has become part of our life— He became a part of our life

2. If the sentence contains such adverbial words or adverbs of indefinite time and repetition as:

• ever - ever
• never - never
• often - often
• always - always
• yet - yet
• rarely - rarely
• already - already
• rarely - rarely
• several times - several times

• I haven’t had lunch yet - I haven’t eaten lunch yet
• He has already made good progress - He has already made good progress
• She’s always been hardworking person - She has always been a hardworking person
• Have you ever been to London? —Have you ever been to London?
• No, never - No, never

3. If in the sentence the period of time indicated has not yet ended at the time of speech with such detailed words and adverbs of a specific time as:

• today - today
• all day - all day
• this morning - this morning
• this month - this month
• just - just now

• I haven’t had time to look at the paper today - I didn’t have time to look at the papers today
• She hasn’t seen me today - She didn’t see me today
• They must be there, I’ve just seen them - They must be there, I just saw them

Present Perfect use with a preposition 4. If the sentence contains such time circumstances that indicate the period during which the action took place (starting from a certain moment in the past to the present):

• for a long time - for a long time
• for the past two years (days, months, hours) - during the last two years (days, months, hours)
• for three days (hours, months, years) - within three days (hours, months, years)
• for ages - an eternity
• how long - how long
• up to now - until now
• up to the present- until now
• lately - recently

• Have you bought anything new lately? — Have you bought anything new recently?
• She hasn’t written to me up to now - She hasn’t written to me until now
• Where have you been for the past two years? — Where have you been for the last two years?
• We haven't seen each other for ages - We haven't seen each other for ages

Or if the sentence contains time circumstances that indicate only the beginning of such a period:

• since - since, since then, since

• They have been partners since 2005 - They have been partners since 2005
• I have owned this flat since my parents bought it for me - I have owned this apartment since my parents bought it for me
• I haven’t seen you since May, have I? “I haven’t seen you since May, have I?”

This was the basic information on the topic of Present Perfect Tense. As you can see, everything is not so complicated. It is important to learn adverbial words and adverbs that indicate the present perfect tense, and then everything becomes much easier. You will comprehend other nuances of this time of the English language in the process of improving the language.

After studying Past, Present and Future Simple, this topic will seem very complex and incomprehensible. As soon as you translate this time into Russian, panic begins. How can one time unite the past and the present? This is precisely the essence of this time. Let's look at the simplest example:

I have broken my leg. - I broke my leg.

As you can see, the speaker does not name exact date and time, but simply tells that in the past he broke his leg and is currently in a cast.

Present Perfect (present perfect tense) is formed thanks to the verb have, which appears as an auxiliary verb and participle perfect form. These are the forms that are located in the 3rd column of irregular verbs.

Have (has) + V3.

If you carefully examine the formula, it becomes clear that the past participle is an unchanged part in the sentence, but have (has) will change depending on the person and number of the speaker. In any tense, including the Present Perfect, the rules must be taught in such a way that you can remember them at any time. If you memorize the above diagram, then no problems will arise in solving the exercises. But we shouldn’t stop at one scheme, so let’s move on.

Present Perfect: rules and examples

This time marks the action that has completed at the time of the story. The difficulty of perceiving the Present Perfect tense is that when translating a sentence into our language, verbs indicate the past tense. You should not miss the point that the verbs being translated refer to the present tense, since they have a connection with the result perfect action. Based on this, it is concluded that the action in the Present Perfect was performed in a certain period of time, which is not indicated in the sentence and is not so important.

Everything related to Present Perfect rules say that in this time it is strictly forbidden to use words indicating a specific past time:

At that moment;

Such time adverbials are used only in the Past Simple. But in the Present Perfect, the rules allow the use of helping words that indicate this time:

Many or several times;

For example:

I have run into him several times in the summer camp. “I ran into him several times at summer camp. (That is, the speaker saw the person, but does not name a specific date and time).

It is worth noting that the rules characteristic of the Present Perfect are most difficult for beginners to learn English. Let's try to understand them in more depth.

When is this tense used?

This tense expresses the following concepts:

I have been to Italy.

Here the speaker means that he has already been to Italy. This means he has experience traveling to this country.

2. Changes that occurred over a period of time.

He has grown a beard since the last time I saw him.

This example shows an action that occurred in a certain period of time. The speaker did not see the other person for a certain period of time, and by the time of the meeting he had already grown a beard. In such sentences, the second verb is used in the Past Simple (saw) form.

3. Achievements.

Our son has learned to play piano.

IN this proposal the guy's achievements are indicated, but at what time he achieved this is not indicated.

4. Unfulfilled but expected action.

Nick has not arrived yet.

That is, the process is still ongoing and is awaiting completion. The sentence is about a guy who at the time of the dialogue has not yet arrived, but soon he will arrive and the process will be completed. Please note the last one the word yet. At the beginning of studying the topic, it was said that the Present Perfect tense has its own helper words. This word is one of them. It already serves as a signal that this sentence refers to the Present Perfect Tense.

5. Several actions in the past.

The team has led the game 5 times so far.

In this example, it is clear that the team has played games 5 times so far, but at the time of the story it is still continuing the game.

In the Present Perfect tense, the rules allow the use of the following tense adverbials:

This week (month).

Present Perfect or Past Simple

Present Perfect, Past Simple - the rules for using these tenses are completely different. If in the first case the action that occurred has a connection with the present time, then in the second there is no connection. In Past Simple auxiliary verb did, and in the Present Perfect - have or has. In the first case, time plays no role. What is important here is the result or the fact that the action was completed. In the second, only the time when the action occurred is important.

Below are examples of the use of these tenses:

Present Perfect Continuous Simple. Rules of use

Present Perfect Continuous Simple implies a certain process that began in the past and is still ongoing at the time of the story. To put it simply, this is an action that began in the past tense and by the time of the conversation has either just ended or is still in progress.

How is the Present Perfect Continuous Simple formed?

Affirmative sentences:

I have been reading.

Interrogative sentences:

Have I been reading?

Negative Suggestions:

I have not/haven’t been reading.

To indicate this time, you need to put the verb to be in the Present Perfect (have been or has been). Then the participle is added to it. To get it you need to initial form words add the ending -ing.

Cases when this tense is used:

1. The process began in the past and by the time of the conversation is not completed, but continues.

2. An action that began in the past lasted a certain amount of time, and by the time of the conversation it had already ended.

Even though it's quite complex topic, don't give up. English grammar is not “Chinese grammar”. You just need to be careful when studying this topic, analyze examples, perform exercises of varying complexity, and remember the rules. Only then will you be able to master the entire grammar of the English language.

A perfect presentation is not difficult to understand, but it is difficult to start using it in your communication.
This material was prepared by native English speakers themselves in a very accessible and understandable form.

What is Present Perfect

1. Present Perfect is a mix of the present tense and the past.
2. Present Perfect - makes your English richer.
3. In American English Present Perfect is often replaced by Past Simple.

When is the Present Perfect used?

1. The action happened and we see the result now.
2. When we're talking about about our life experiences.
3. When did it happen? various kinds changes in life, in the world, in oneself, etc.
4. When general achievements are mentioned.
5. When you need to emphasize the duration of accomplished facts.

Let's look at the above points in more detail.

1. The action happened and we see the result now

The main marker is the word “just”, which is not translated into Russian, but it is implied. Or when it is important for us to focus on what has been done or happened.

I (just) had breakfast. I have breakfast.
I (just) did my homework. I have done my homework.

I (just) washed my car. I have washed my car.
We (just) arrived. We have arrived.

She (just) forgot her car keys. She has lost her car keys.
The plane (just) landed. The plane has landed.

2. When it comes to our experience

For example: he never ate frogs, she never went to America, they flew on a plane, we never got chicken pox, etc.

The main marker is the word “once, before” or “never”, which are also not translated, but are implied by the context.

I've seen this movie (before). I have seen this movie.
Have you ever been in love? Have you ever fallen in love?

She had never seen snow. She has never seen snow.
Have you ever driven a Ferrari? Have you ever driven on a Ferrari?

I was (once, before) in Paris. I have visited Paris.
I've never been sick (before). I've never been sick before.
I've seen this world. I've seen the world.

3. When various kinds of changes occurred in life

What could it be: gasoline prices have risen, a new house has been built nearby, a child has grown up, you have learned more words in English, a new president has been elected, etc.

She has lost weight. She has lost some weight.
Our son learned to read. Our son has learned how to read.

Gasoline prices have increased significantly. Gas prices have increased a lot.

My dream has come true. My dream has come true.

Since I moved to Canada, my English has really improved.
My English has really improved since I moved to Canada.

Vanechka has grown since the last time I saw him.
Ivan has grown since the last time I saw him.

4. When talking about overall achievements

Apple released a new iPhone, a man flew to Mars, a new cure for cancer was invented, and the ideal car was finally created in Russia.

Doctors have discovered drugs for many diseases.
Doctors have discovered cures for many diseases.

Man has been to the moon. Man has been to the moon.

The computer made it possible to study online.
The computer has made it possible to learn online.

5. When to emphasize the duration of accomplished facts

Everything is simple here: we have been in a relationship for 5 years, I have lived in Australia since 1990, I have not seen him for 2 years, she has been working in this company for 10 years, etc..

I haven't been on vacation this year. I haven’t had a holiday this year.
I have known Anya for 5 years. I have known Anna for 5 years.

Sam has been working here for 7 years. Sam has worked here for 7 years.
I haven't seen my brother since last year. I haven’t seen my brother since last year.
We've been dating for 3 months. We have been in a relationship for 3 months.

Important nuance!
If you are taking an exam or focusing on American English, remember:
In American English, present perfect is often replaced by past simple.

I have just seen him. Bre
I saw him.

I just saw him. Amer
I saw him.

She has never seen snow. Bre
She had never seen snow.

She never saw snow. Amer
She had never seen snow.

Formation of the Present Perfect

have/has + verb ending - ed - or irregular verb from the third column -V3-

Simple sentence

Negation in Present Perfect

Questions in the Present Perfect

Present Perfect Simple

1. Time name

Present Perfect Simple

2. Method of education

3. Changefinal letters
Tat (short vowel syllable) + ed = tatted
Silent e + ed = ed
Ty + ed = tied

4. Formation approval
Subject + have\has + V3 + minor members offers

5. Formation of the question
Have\has + subject + V3 + minor members of the sentence?

6. Formation of denial
Subject + have\has + not + V3 + minor members of the sentence

7. Words are indicators of time
Ever, never, yet (the word yet in interrogative sentences in last place), already, just, since, for (non-continuous verbs) not only lately, recently, the first (second) time, superlative degree of comparison.

8. Time value

An action that just happened.

The action took place in the past, but we see the result now.

The action that started in famous moment in the past and is still ongoing or has just ended (non-continuous verbs) or state verbs.

An action that began at a certain moment in the past and is repeated to this day.

Something that never happened.

WITH superlative comparisons.

An action that happened 1, 2, 3... times.

9. Modal verbs and designs
Modal verbs:
- Can - have\has\had to

No constructions are used.

Present Perfect - Present Complete

We have already gone through 2 present tenses, which we called “simple” and"long". Now we'll look at present complete - Present Perfect. It sounds paradoxical, but in English some types of completed actions can refer to the present tense rather than the past tense. Such actions are referred to in the context of a period of time that has not yet ended. For Russian-speaking students, this phenomenon may present some difficulties, because... we convey it using the past tense. However, the situation will become clearer after you understand the difference. Look at the following pair of sentences in Russian that used the past tense:

1. I traveled to the USA last spring.-- refers to the Simple Past, which we have already gone through. the key phrase is " last spring ", i.e. a period of time that has already been completed. -I went to the USA last spring
2. I have traveled to the USA three times in my life.-- refers to the Present Complete, because period of time" for my life " has not yet been completed, despite the fact that the action has already been completed. - I have gone to the USA three times in my life

• For Education Present Perfect You need to put after the subject the verb “Have” in the form corresponding to the subject (Have / Has), and after that the verb, to which the ending “ed” is added. It should be noted that verb have in the Present Perfect is auxiliary and does not carry the meaning “to have”. It simply helps form the Present Perfect Tense.