There are different styles of speech in the Russian language. Each of them has its own characteristic features that make it possible to distinguish them from each other. One of these is the conversational style of speech. It also has its own language features and functions. What is conversational style of speech?
The style of speech, the functions of which is to enable people to exchange thoughts, knowledge, feelings, impressions, and also simply maintain contact with each other, is called colloquial.
This includes family, friendly, everyday business, and informal professional relationships. This style is mainly used in everyday life, which is why its second name is “household”.
The conversational style of speech, the definition of its main features and the identification of features developed by ordinary people over the course of for long years. Much has changed, but the main features that are not found in other styles of speech have remained unchanged:
- Ease. A person may, in the process of communication, express his opinion about certain events, or he may not. Therefore, such communication is informal.
- Spontaneity. This sign is that the speaker does not prepare to express his opinion, but does it spontaneously during a conversation. At the same time, he thinks more about the content of his words than about their correct presentation. In this regard, when people communicate, there is often inaccuracy in phonetic and lexical terms, as well as carelessness in the construction of sentences.
- Situational. It assumes dependence on the existing situation in which contact between people occurs. Thanks to the specific setting, time and place of communication, the speaker can shorten his statement. For example, when going shopping at a store, a person can briefly say to the seller: “Please, one sliced and a carton of milk.”
- Expressiveness. Characteristic spoken language It also differs in that when communicating, people dramatically change their tone of voice, intonation, rhythm, pause, and logical emphasis.
- Application non-verbal means. During a conversation, people very often use facial expressions and gestures that help them better express their feelings.
The conversational style of speech, the definition of its main features, allows you to understand how it differs from other text styles.
What genres is the style used in?
Spoken language describes how people interact with each other. In this regard, there are certain substyles and genres of such language. Substyles of conversational style of speech are divided into colloquial-official and colloquial-everyday.
Genres of conversational style of speech are represented by the following categories:
Genres and substyles of colloquial speech allow us to understand how language is used in a given situation and how it differs. After all, the text in different styles characterized differently.
Linguistic features of everyday language
Features of the conversational style of speech lie primarily in pronunciation. Often people put the wrong emphasis, which is unacceptable for more rigorous texts, for example, written in a scientific style.
Lexical features
Lexical features in colloquial speech they talk about the ease of communication and its expressive coloring. During a conversation, people often change words in one part or another, for example, they say angry, smart, wise, sarcastic, jabber, bother, quietly, little by little, well, and so on.
In everyday speech, phraseological units are often used, because a person has a dominant way of thinking when everyday communication. Observing some phenomenon, he makes a generalization. Examples: “There is no smoke without fire”, “The grave will straighten the hunchback”, “Slower than water, lower than the grass” and so on.
The linguistic features of the conversational style also lie in the fact that this style of text has its own word formation. Nouns often change their suffixes, for example, good man, old man, huckster, reveler, feeder, and so on.
Conversational style text may also contain words that refer to persons female according to their specialty, position, occupation, for example, director, secretary, doctor. In addition, there are suffixes of subjective assessment, thanks to which the message acquires the greatest color, for example, thief, playful, little house, feisty and others.
Colloquial adjectives can also change their suffixes like this: big-eyed, big-tongued. In addition, people often apply the prefix “pre” to adjectives, resulting in pre-kind, pre-nice, pre-unpleasant, and so on. Verbs that speak about everyday speech look like this: to misbehave, to wander, to cheat.
Morphological features
Morphological features of the conversational style of speech imply the use of parts of speech in wrong case. For example, nouns in the prepositional case: he is on vacation, a plural noun in the nominative or genitive case: agreements, not contracts, several tomatoes, not tomatoes, and so on.
Syntactic features
The characteristic features in the field of syntax in the colloquial style of speech are very unique. The linguistic features of the conversational style are expressed as follows:
- the most common form of dialogue is used;
- They say monosyllabic sentences, and if they use complex constructions, then they are mostly complex and non-union ones;
- often use interrogatives and exclamation sentences;
- use sentence words that express affirmation, negation, etc.;
- make extensive use of incomplete sentence structures;
- interrupt communication or abruptly switch to another thought for some reason, for example, due to excitement;
- use introductory words and phrases that have different meanings;
- use inserted sentences that break the main structure in order to explain something, clarify something, and so on;
- often use emotional and imperative interjections;
- repeat words such as “No, no, no, that’s not true.”
- inversion is used to emphasize the meaning of a particular word;
- use special forms of the predicate.
The syntactic characteristics of the conversational style include the use of complex sentences in which parts are connected by lexical-syntactic means. So, in the first part there is an assessment of the action, and the second part substantiates the first, for example, “Good girl, she did everything right.”
In order to better understand what kind of language this is, an example of a colloquial style of speech should be given:
“Can you imagine, Petrovna, I go into the barn today, and Mikey is gone! I screamed and screamed at her, but she didn’t respond! Then I went to all the neighbors and asked them if anyone had seen it. But alas... Then I decided to go to our local police officer, he accepted the application and promised to sort everything out.”
Another example of a conversational style of speech in the form of dialogue:
- Hello! Are there tickets to Nizhny Novgorod for tomorrow evening?
- Good afternoon! Yes, at 17.30.
- Great! Please reserve one for me at this time.
- Okay, give me your passport and wait.
- Thank you!
Having considered what a conversational style of speech is, it becomes clear that this is simple arbitrary communication between people, which has its own characteristic features. The functions of the conversational style are to enable members of society to interact with each other in an informal setting.
Historically, functional or, as they also say, speech styles are divided into bookish (among them scientific, official business, journalistic and artistic) and colloquial.
Read more about book styles in previous articles on our website. Look at the analysis of style examples, and. And here we will analyze the conversational style in detail.
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So, the colloquial style of a text is a style that includes linguistic units (words, cliches, set expressions, phraseological units) characteristic of oral speech. This style is a style of relaxed communication, exchange of information in an informal setting. It is generally considered to be oral, but it is often used in written forms.
For example, in artistic speech The dialogues of the characters are often framed in a conversational style, which helps to give the artistic reality of the work more authenticity.
Conversational style traits:
- A common form is dialogue, less often - monologue.
- Lax selection of linguistic means and simplicity (both slang words and professional terms, and dialectisms, and curses), imagery and emotionality.
- Colloquial simplification of words (now - right now, what - what), sentences (one cup of coffee - one coffee). Phrases are often truncated and “tailored” to fit specific situation, in which clarifications and details are not needed (closed the door, stood up and left); Doubling words is common (yes, yes, right, right).
- Unclear adherence to logic and specificity of speech (if the interlocutors lose the thread of the conversation and move away from the initial topic).
- The situation is important verbal communication– facial expressions and gestures of interlocutors, emotional reactions.
- Frequent use of exclamation and interrogative sentences.
Moreover, written forms of conversational style (essays, sketches, notes, stories) are also distinguished by informality and “conversational” presentation of information.
Let's look at examples of analysis of conversational style texts.
Conversational style: case studies
Let us take for analysis an excerpt from K. Paustovsky’s essay.
Excerpt from the essay:
I am sure that in order to fully master the Russian language, in order not to lose the feeling of this language, you need not only constant communication with ordinary Russian people, but communication with pastures and forests, waters, old willows, with the whistling of birds and with every flower that nods his head from under a hazel bush. Every person must have their own happy time of discovery. I also had one such summer of discoveries in the wooded and meadow side Central Russia– summer, abundant with thunderstorms and rainbows. This summer passed in the roar of pine forests, the cries of cranes, in the white masses of cumulus clouds, the play of the night sky, in the impenetrable odorous thickets of meadowsweet, in the warlike crows of cocks and the songs of girls among the evening meadows, when the sunset goldens the girls’ eyes and the first fog carefully smokes over the pools. . This summer I learned anew - by touch, taste, smell - many words that until then, although known to me, were distant and not experienced. Previously, they only evoked one regular, meager image. But now it turns out that every such word contains an abyss of living images.
As already mentioned, this text is written in the essay genre and belongs to the conversational style.
Let us note the signs of this style that are observed in the above passage.
1. Morphology:
- there is some preference for nouns over verb forms;
- participles and gerunds are often used;
- cardinal and ordinal numbers are used and collective numbers are almost completely absent;
- There is a characteristic selective attitude towards pronouns (relative and demonstrative are used primarily).
2. Logical presentation is achieved using the transition of connecting units from sentence to sentence. ( “For complete mastery, communication is needed - a time of discovery - a summer of discovery happened for me - this summer passed - this summer I learned a lot of words again - it turned out that in every such word there is an abyss of living images” and so on.)
- This type of speech corresponds to expanded complex syntacticdesigns (“This summer passed in the roar of pine forests, the cries of cranes, in the white masses of cumulus clouds, the play of the night sky, in the impenetrable odorous thickets of meadowsweet, in the warlike crows of cocks and the songs of girls among the evening meadows, when the sunset gilded the girls’ eyes and the first fog carefully smoked over whirlpools"), filled with descriptions and experiences, expressed in grammatical constructions - first-person narration, frequent use of the pronoun “I”, preference in the use of nouns and adjectives over verbs.
4. Theses of the verb structure are actively used: “I am sure that in order to fully master the Russian language, in order not to lose the feeling of this language, you need not only constant communication with ordinary Russian people”, “every person has his own happy time of discovery”, “every such word contains an abyss of living images". Theses of the nominative system are not marked in the proposed text.
5. Words and phrases related to both book and colloquial vocabulary: abyss, abundant, anew, gilds, girlish, impassable, screaming, whistling. There are no specific terms in the text.
6. Emotionally expressive means of language are used(primarily colloquial vocabulary), which adds emotionality, liveliness, imagery to the text, and conveys the author’s feelings.
7. Frequent means of artistic representation used in the text: personification ( “with every flower that nods its head from under the hazel bush, the play of the night sky”), metaphors ( "sunset turns golden"), adjectives ( "in the white masses of cumulus clouds"), repeat ( “I also had one such summer of discoveries in the wooded and meadow side of Central Russia - a summer full of thunderstorms and rainbows”), epithets ( "warlike rooster crowing").
8. The linguistic features of the text in connection with syntactic constructions are marked by the alternation of complex and simple sentences when one complex sentence is replaced by two simple ones or vice versa.
Let's consider the second example of conversational style text analysis.
Excerpt from the article:
Borovoye was badly damaged during the war. A good half of the huts were burned. There are almost no livestock left. The gardens were cut down. And what gardens there were! Lovely to look at! The village was deserted. When our people arrived, maybe a sixth of the collective farmers remained in the village, or maybe less. Some left on their own - went to the east, some joined the partisans, and some were driven away by the Krauts to Germany. Oh, that was bad! True, in Borovoye the German was not yet as fierce as in the neighboring villages, but still... What can I say - he ruined the village. And now you won’t recognize Borovoy...
The text style is conversational. Signs of style in this passage:
- Lax adherence literary norm(applies to all language levels).
- The use of commonly used vocabulary, against the background of which special words are used that reflect the general mood of the text (The gardens were cut down. And what gardens there were).
- Morphology is characterized by:
- some preference for nouns over verbs and verb forms (Borovoye was badly damaged during the war. A good half of the huts were burned);
- selective attitude towards pronouns (use of relative, demonstrative: such, as, after all, ours);
- Logical presentation is achieved through the transition of connecting units from sentence to sentence (crippled - burned - there was none left - they were cut down - (which ones there were - it’s nice to see) - depopulated - a sixth of them remained - who left - oh, it was bad - though he wasn’t so fierce yet - he ruined the village - you can’t recognize it now).
- Expanded complex syntactic structures (As our people arrived, maybe a sixth of the collective farmers remained in the village, or maybe less. Some left on their own - went to the east, some joined the partisans), filled with descriptions and experiences, which is reflected in grammatical constructions - first-person narration, preference in the use of nouns and adjectives over verbs.
- Words and phrases related to both book and colloquial vocabulary (knocked out, Fritz, he was angry, it was bad). There are no specific terms in the text. The choice in favor of emotionally expressive expressions and figurative means of language adds emotionality, liveliness, imagery, and well conveys the author’s feelings.
- Frequent use of tropes: metaphors (Borovoye was seriously injured) , metonymy and synecdoche (The German has not yet treated Borovoy so fiercely, ruined the village), hyperboles (village deserted), dysphemisms (Krauts, ruined by the Germans).
- The linguistic features of the text in the syntax are marked by the alternation of complex and simple sentences, when one complex sentence is replaced by two simple ones or vice versa (The village became deserted. When our people arrived, maybe a sixth of the collective farmers remained in the village, or maybe less. Some left on their own - went to the east, some joined the partisans. Oh, it was bad!).
Thus, the conversational style in terms of the use of linguistic units and semantic content is sharply different (and in many ways contrasted) book styles.
In the field of morphology, one can note, firstly, grammatical forms that function primarily in a conversational style, and secondly, the use of stylistically unmarked grammatical categories, their relationship here is different compared to other functional styles. This style is characterized by shapes on - and in nominative case plural, where in book styles the normative form is ‑у (bunker, cruiser, searchlight, instructor), the form ‑у in the genitive and prepositional cases(a kilogram of sugar, a glass of tea, a bunch of grapes, in the workshop, on vacation); zero inflection in the genitive plural (five grams, ten kilograms, kilogram tomato, compare book: grams, kilograms, tomatoes).
Specific quantitative distribution case forms nouns: in first place in terms of frequency is the nominative case, the genitive case is rarely used with the meaning of comparison, qualitative characteristic; The instrumental is not used with the meaning of the subject of the action.
Are used possessive adjectives, synonymous with forms indirect cases nouns: Pushkin's poems (Pushkin's poems), brigadier's sister (foreman's sister), Katya's brother (Katya's brother). In the predicative function, it is usually not the short form of the adjective that is used, but the full one: The woman was a woman of few words; The conclusions are indisputable (compare the books: True wisdom is laconic; The conclusions are indisputable). Short forms of adjectives are active only in intensifying constructions, where they are characterized by a pronounced expressive coloring: What a cunning one!; It's too simple; Your business is bad!
One of characteristic features colloquial speech - the widespread use of pronouns, not only replacing nouns and adjectives, but also used without relying on context. For example, the pronoun such can mean positive quality or serve as an amplifier (She is such a woman! - beautiful, magnificent, smart; Such beauty is all around!). A pronoun in combination with an infinitive can replace the name of an object, that is, exclude a noun. For example: Give me something to write; Bring something to read; Do you have something to write about?; Get something to eat. By using pronouns in colloquial speech, the frequency of use of nouns and adjectives is reduced. The low frequency of the latter in colloquial speech is also due to the fact that objects and their signs are visible or known to the interlocutors.
In conversational style, verbs take precedence over nouns. The activity of the personal forms of the verb increases due to the passivity of verbal nouns, as well as participles and gerunds, which are almost never used in colloquial speech. Of the forms of participles, only the short form is active passive participle past tense neuter singular(written, smoked, plowed, done, said). There is a significant number of adjectival participles (a knowledgeable specialist, a hard-working person, a wounded soldier, a torn boot, fried potatoes). A striking feature of colloquial speech is the use of verbs of multiple and single action (read, sat, walked, spun, whipped, fucked), as well as verbs with the meaning of ultra-instantaneous action (knock, clink, jump, skip, fuck, shake).
The spontaneity and unpreparedness of the utterance, the situation of verbal communication and other characteristic features of the conversational style especially affect its syntactic structure. At the syntactic level, more actively than at other levels of the language system, the incomplete structure of expressing meaning by linguistic means is manifested. Incompleteness of constructions, ellipticity is one of the means of speech economy and one of the most striking differences between colloquial speech and other varieties literary language. Since the conversational style is usually realized in conditions of direct communication, everything that is given by the situation or follows from what was known to the interlocutors even earlier is omitted from the speech. A. M. Peshkovsky, characterizing colloquial speech, wrote: “We always do not finish our thoughts, omitting from speech everything that is given by the situation or the previous experience of the speakers. So, at the table we ask: “Do you want coffee or tea?”; When we meet a friend, we ask: “Where are you going?”; Having heard boring music, we say: “Again!”; offering water, we’ll say: “Boiled, don’t worry!”, Seeing that the interlocutor’s pen doesn’t write, we’ll say: “You use a pencil!”, etc.” 1
In conversational syntax, simple sentences predominate, and they often lack a predicate verb, which makes the statement dynamic. In some cases, statements are understandable outside the situation and context, which indicates their linguistic systematicity (I'm at the cinema; He's going to the hostel; I would like a ticket; Tomorrow to the theater), in others - the missing verb-predicate is suggested by the situation: (at the post office) - Please , stamped envelope (give me). Sentence words are used (affirmative, negative, incentive): - Will you buy a ticket? - Necessarily; Can you bring a book? - Of course; — Did you read the note? - Not yet; - Get ready! March! Only colloquial speech is characterized by the use of special words and corresponding sentences expressing agreement or disagreement (Yes; No; Of course; Of course), they are often repeated (- Shall we go to the forest? - Yes, yes!; - Are you buying this book? - No, no ).
Of the complex sentences in this style, compound and non-union ones are more active. The latter often have a pronounced colloquial coloring, and therefore are not used in book speech (If you arrive, call; There are people who do not feel sorry for themselves). Unpreparedness of the utterance and the inability to think through the phrase in advance prevent the use of complex syntactic structures in a conversational style. The emotionality and expressiveness of colloquial speech determines the widespread use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences (Have you really not watched this film? Do you want to watch it? Let's go to "October" now, Why are you sitting at home! In this weather!). Interjection phrases are active (No matter how it is!; Come on!; Well, yes?; Of course!; Oh, is it?; Wow!); connecting structures are used (The plant is well equipped. With the latest technology; He is a good person. Moreover, he is cheerful).
The main indicator of syntactic relations in colloquial speech is intonation and word order, while morphological means of communication are transmission syntactic meanings with the help of word forms - weakened. Intonation, closely related to the tempo of speech, tone, melody, timbre of voice, pauses, logical stresses, etc., in a conversational style carries a huge semantic, modal and emotionally expressive load, giving speech naturalness, ease, liveliness, expressiveness. It fills in what is left unsaid, enhances emotionality, and is the main means of expressing actual articulation. The topic of the statement is highlighted using logical stress, so the element acting as a rheme can be located anywhere. For example, the purpose of the trip can be clarified using questions: Are you going to Moscow on a business trip? — Are you going on a business trip to Moscow? — Are you going on a business trip to Moscow? — Are you going on a business trip to Moscow? The circumstance (on a business trip) can occupy a different position in a statement, since it stands out logical stress. Isolating a rheme using intonation allows you to use question words where, when, why, why, etc., not only at the beginning of a statement, but also in any other position (When will you go to Moscow? - When will you go to Moscow? - When will you go to Moscow?). Typical trait conversational syntax- intonational division of theme and rheme and their design into independent phrases (- How to get to the circus? - To the circus? To the right; How much does this book cost? - This one? Fifty thousand).
The order of words in colloquial speech, not being the main means of expressing actual division, has high variability. It is freer than in book styles, but still plays a certain role in expressing the actual division: the most important, essential element, which has the main meaning in the message, is usually placed at the beginning of the statement: There was heavy snow in the morning; He's strange; The Christmas tree was fluffy; You need to run faster. Often the noun in the nominative case comes first, as it serves as a means of actualization: Station, where to get off?; Shopping mall, how to get?; The book was lying here, didn’t you see it?; The bag is red, please show me!
For the purpose of expressive emphasis, a complex sentence often begins with a subordinate clause in cases where in other styles its postposition is the norm. For example: I don’t know what to do; Well done for not being scared; Who is brave - come out.
The simultaneity of thinking and delivering speech during direct communication leads to frequent rearrangements of the phrase on the go. At the same time, the sentences are broken off, then additions to them follow, then their syntactic structure: But I don’t see any particular reason to worry so much... although, by the way...; They recently bought a cat. So cute, etc.
Note:
1. Peshkovsky A. M. Objective and normative point of view on language // Izbr. works. M, 1959. P. 58.
T.P. Pleschenko, N.V. Fedotova, R.G. Taps. Stylistics and culture of speech - Mn., 2001.
Features of conversational style.
Completed by: Nikitina E.V. student 11a
general characteristics conversational style.
Conversational style is a style of speech that serves for direct communication between people. Its main function is communicative (information exchange). The conversational style is presented not only in oral speech, but also in written speech - in the form of letters, notes. But this style is mainly used in oral speech - dialogues, polylogues. It is characterized by ease, unpreparedness of speech (lack of thinking about the proposal before speaking and preliminary selection of the necessary language material), informality, spontaneity of communication, mandatory transmission of the author’s attitude to the interlocutor or the subject of speech, economy of speech effort (“Mash”, “Sash”, “San Sanych”, etc.). The context of a certain situation and the use of non-verbal means (reaction of the interlocutor, gestures, facial expressions) play a big role in conversational style. Linguistic differences in spoken speech include the use of non-lexical means (stress, intonation, rate of speech, rhythm, pauses, etc.). TO linguistic features colloquial style also includes the frequent use of colloquial, colloquial and slang words (for example, “start” (start), “now” (now), etc.), words in figurative meaning(for example, “window” means “break”). The conversational style of the text is distinguished by the fact that very often words in it not only name objects, their characteristics, actions, but also give them an assessment: “dodgy”, “good fellow”, “careless”, “clever”, “cheerful”, “cheerful” ". The syntax of this style is characterized by the use of simple sentences (most often complex and non-conjunctive), incomplete sentences (in dialogue), the widespread use of exclamatory and interrogative sentences, the absence of participles and participial phrases in sentences, the use of words-sentences (negative, affirmative, incentive, etc.). This style is characterized by interruptions in speech, which can be caused by for various reasons(by the speaker’s excitement, searching for the right word, unexpectedly jumping from one thought to another). The use of additional constructions that break the main sentence and introduce into it certain information, clarifications, comments, amendments, and explanations also characterizes the conversational style. In colloquial speech there may also be complex sentences, whose parts are interconnected by lexical-syntactic units: the first part contains evaluative words(“clever”, “well done”, “stupid”, etc.), and the second part substantiates this assessment, for example: “Well done for helping!” or “Fool Mishka for listening to you!” . Conversational style traits:
A common form is dialogue, less often - monologue.
A loose selection of linguistic means and simplicity (and slang words, and professional terms, and dialectisms, and curses), imagery and emotionality.
Colloquial simplification of words (now - right now, what - what), sentences (one cup of coffee - one coffee). Phrases are often truncated and “tailored” to a specific situation in which clarification and details are not needed (closed the door, stood up and left); Doubling words is common (yes, yes, right, right).
Unclear adherence to logic and specificity of speech (if the interlocutors lose the thread of the conversation and move away from the initial topic).
The environment of verbal communication is important - facial expressions and gestures of the interlocutors, emotional reactions.
Frequent use of exclamation and interrogative sentences.
Scope of application:Household
Functions: Direct everyday communication, exchange of information.
Basic style features : ease, simplicity of speech, specificity.
Genre: friendly conversation, private conversations, everyday stories.
Word formation. Many words of colloquial style are formed using certain affixes (in most cases - suffixes, less often - prefixes). So, in the category of nouns they use the following suffixes with a greater or lesser degree of productivity, giving words a conversational character:
Ak(-yak): good-natured, healthy, simpleton;
An(-yan): rude, old man;
Ach: bearded man, circus performer;
Ash: trader;
Ak-a (-yak-a) - for words throughout the city: reveler, bully, onlooker;
Ezhk-a: sharing, cramming;
En: darling;
L-a: tycoon, thug, crammer;
Lk-a: locker room, smoking room, reading room;
N-I: fussing, bickering;
Relative: running around, getting dirty;
Ty: lazy, sloppy;
Un: chatterbox, talker, screamer, dirty talker;
Wow: dirty, fat;
Ysh; silly, naked, strong, baby;
Yag-a; poor guy, hard worker, hard worker.
Examples of the functioning of the conversational style:
1) As an example, we can cite the statement of one of the characters in A. P. Chekhov’s story “Revenge”:
Open it, damn it! How long will I have to remain frozen in this through wind? If you knew that it was twenty degrees below zero in your corridor, you wouldn’t have made me wait so long! Or maybe you don't have a heart?
This short excerpt reflects the following features conversational style: - interrogative and exclamatory sentences, - colloquial style interjection "damn it", - personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons, verbs in the same form.
2) Another example is an excerpt from a letter from A. S. Pushkin to his wife, N. N. Pushkina, dated August 3, 1834:
It's a shame, lady. You are angry with me, not deciding who is to blame, me or the post office, and you leave me for two weeks without news of yourself and the children. I was so embarrassed that I didn't know what to think. Your letter reassured me, but did not console me. The description of your trip to Kaluga, no matter how funny it may be, is not funny to me at all. What kind of desire is there to drag yourself to a nasty little provincial town to see bad actors playing a bad old opera badly?<…>I asked you not to travel around Kaluga, yes, apparently, that’s your nature.
In this passage, the following linguistic features of a colloquial style appeared: - the use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary: wife, to hang around, bad, to drive around, what kind of hunt, the union yes in the meaning of 'but', the particles are not at all, the introductory word is visible, - the word with evaluative word-formation suffix gorodishko, - inversion of word order in some sentences, - lexical repetition words bad, - treatment, - presence interrogative sentence, - the use of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person singular, - the use of verbs in the present tense, - the use of the plural form of the word Kaluga (to drive around Kaluga) that is absent in the language for convoys. Syntactic features of colloquial speech in combination with expressive vocabulary create a special, unique flavor of colloquial speeches:
Syntactic features of colloquial speech in combination with expressive vocabulary create a special, unique flavor of colloquial speech:
A: Are you cold? B: Not at all! ; A: Did you get your feet wet again? B: Why! What a rain! ; A: How interesting it was! B: Lovely! -, A: The milk has run away! B: Nightmare! The entire slab was flooded //; A: He almost got hit by a car! B: Horrible! , A. They gave him a D again // B: Crazy! . A: Do you know who was there? Efremov // B: Wow! . A: Let’s go to the dacha tomorrow! B: Coming!
4) An example of a conversational style of speech, small text: - Have you tried it? - I glanced at the cheese. - Dad said it was delicious. - Of course it’s delicious, since he devoured it yesterday on both cheeks! - But now you don’t hamster like you’re in last time“You’re having lunch,” I laughed. It clearly highlights slang expressions that are not applicable anywhere else than in everyday dialogue.
5) Dragon Chronicles
“Yulia Galanina in her “Chronicles of Dragons” boasts a unique atmosphere, because she used a conversational style not only in dialogues, but throughout the book. Here are short examples of texts:
“And as always, I need more than everyone else. Besides me, not a single fool climbed the fence.” “And dragons are dangerous things. And harmful, and nasty, and frankly selfish, and also a dragon!”
Introduction
Conclusion
Introduction
Everyday vocabulary is vocabulary that serves non-productive relationships between people, that is, relationships in everyday life. Most often, everyday vocabulary is represented by colloquial speech. Colloquial speech is a functional type of literary language. It performs the functions of communication and influence. Colloquial speech serves a sphere of communication that is characterized by informality of relations between participants and ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, family settings, at informal meetings, meetings, informal anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss and a subordinate, etc.
Next characteristic feature colloquial speech is the direct nature of the speech act, that is, it is realized only with the direct participation of speakers, regardless of the form in which it is realized - dialogical or monological.
The activity of the participants is confirmed by statements, replicas, interjections, and simply sounds made.
On the structure and content of spoken language, the choice of verbal and nonverbal means of communication big influence have extralinguistic (extralinguistic) factors: the personality of the addresser (speaker) and the addressee (listener), the degree of their acquaintance and proximity, background knowledge ( total stock knowledge of speakers), speech situation (context of utterance). Sometimes, instead of a verbal answer, it is enough to make a gesture with your hand, give your face the desired expression - and the interlocutor understands what your partner wanted to say. Thus, the extra-linguistic situation becomes component communications. Without knowledge of this situation, the meaning of the statement may be unclear. Gestures and facial expressions also play an important role in spoken language.
Colloquial speech is uncodified speech, the norms and rules of its functioning are not fixed in various kinds dictionaries and grammars. She is not so strict in observing the norms of literary language. It actively uses forms that are classified in dictionaries as colloquial. “The litter does not discredit them,” writes the famous linguist M.P. Panov. “The litter warns: the person with whom you are strictly official relations, don’t call him darling, don’t offer to shove him somewhere, don’t tell him that he’s lanky and sometimes grumpy. In official papers, do not use the words lo and behold, to your heart's content, back home, penny. Sound advice, after all?" In this regard, colloquial speech is contrasted with codified book speech. Colloquial speech, like book speech, has oral and written forms. Active study of colloquial speech began in the 60s of the 20th century. They began to analyze tape and manual recordings of relaxed natural oral speech Scientists have identified specific linguistic features of spoken speech in phonetics, morphology, syntax, word formation, and vocabulary.
conversational style speech Russian
Features of conversational style
Conversational style - a style of speech that has following signs:
used in conversations with familiar people in a relaxed atmosphere;
the task is to exchange impressions (communication);
the statement is usually relaxed, lively, free in the choice of words and expressions, it usually reveals the author’s attitude to the subject of speech and the interlocutor;
to characteristic linguistic means relate: spoken words and expressions, emotionally-evaluative means, in particular with the suffixes - ochk-, - enk-. - ik-, - k-, - ovat-. - evat-, perfective verbs with the prefix for - with the meaning of the beginning of action, appeal;
incentive, interrogative, exclamatory sentences.
contrasts with book styles in general;
inherent function of communication;
forms a system that has its own characteristics in phonetics, phraseology, vocabulary, and syntax. For example: phraseology - escaping with the help of vodka and drugs is not fashionable these days. Vocabulary - high, hugging a computer, getting on the Internet.
Colloquial speech is a functional type of literary language. It performs the functions of communication and influence. Colloquial speech serves a sphere of communication that is characterized by informality of relations between participants and ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, family settings, at informal meetings, meetings, informal anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss and a subordinate, etc.
The topics of conversation are determined by the needs of communication. They can vary from narrow everyday ones to professional, industrial, moral and ethical, philosophical, etc.
Important feature colloquial speech is its unpreparedness, spontaneity (lat. spontaneus - spontaneous). The speaker creates, creates his speech immediately “completely”. As researchers note, linguistic conversational features are often not realized and not recorded by consciousness. Therefore, often when native speakers are presented with their own colloquial utterances for normative assessment, they evaluate them as erroneous.
The next characteristic feature of colloquial speech: - the direct nature of the speech act, that is, it is realized only with the direct participation of speakers, regardless of the form in which it is realized - dialogical or monological. The activity of the participants is confirmed by statements, replicas, interjections, and simply sounds made.
The structure and content of conversational speech, the choice of verbal and non-verbal means of communication are greatly influenced by extralinguistic (extra-linguistic) factors: the personality of the addresser (speaker) and the addressee (listener), the degree of their acquaintance and proximity, background knowledge (the general stock of knowledge of the speakers), the speech situation (context of the utterance). For example, to the question “Well, how?” depending on the specific circumstances, the answers can be very different: “Five”, “Met”, “Got it”, “Lost”, “Unanimously”. Sometimes, instead of a verbal answer, it is enough to make a gesture with your hand, give your face the desired expression - and the interlocutor understands what your partner wanted to say. Thus, the extra-linguistic situation becomes an integral part of communication. Without knowledge of this situation, the meaning of the statement may be unclear. Gestures and facial expressions also play an important role in spoken language.
Colloquial speech is uncodified speech; the norms and rules of its functioning are not recorded in various kinds of dictionaries and grammars. She is not so strict in observing the norms of literary language. It actively uses forms that are classified in dictionaries as colloquial. “The litter does not discredit them,” writes the famous linguist M.P. Panov. “The litter warns: do not call a person with whom you are in strictly official relations a darling, do not offer to shove him somewhere, do not tell him that he is lanky and sometimes grumpy. In official papers, do not use the words look, to your heart's content, to your heart's content, penny wise, after all?
In this regard, colloquial speech is contrasted with codified book speech. Colloquial speech, like book speech, has oral and written forms. For example, a geologist writes an article for a special magazine about mineral deposits in Siberia. He uses bookish speech in writing. The scientist gives a report on this topic at an international conference. His speech is bookish, but his form is oral. After the conference, he writes a letter to a work colleague about his impressions. Text of the letter - colloquial speech, written form.
At home, with his family, the geologist tells how he spoke at the conference, which old friends he met, what they talked about, what gifts he brought. His speech is conversational, its form is oral.
Active study of spoken language began in the 60s. XX century. They began to analyze tape and manual recordings of relaxed, natural oral speech. Scientists have identified specific linguistic features of colloquial speech in phonetics, morphology, syntax, word formation, and vocabulary. For example, in the field of vocabulary, colloquial speech is characterized by a system of its own methods of nomination (naming): different kinds acquisitions (evening - evening newspaper, motor - motor boat, enroll - in educational institution); non-word combinations (Do you have something to write with? - pencil, pen, Give me something to cover myself with - blanket, rug, sheet); single-word derivatives with transparent internal shape(opener - can opener, rattle - motorcycle), etc. Colloquial words are highly expressive (porridge, okroshka - about confusion, jelly, knucklehead - about a lethargic, spineless person).
Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its use
In the vocabulary of the modern Russian language, from the point of view of the scope of its use, two main layers are distinguished: universal words and words limited in their functioning by dialect and social environment. Popular vocabulary is common vocabulary for all Russian speakers. She happens to be necessary material to express concepts, thoughts and feelings. The bulk of these words are stable and used in all styles of speech (water, earth, book, table, spring, author, alphabet, promise, walk, talk, start, kind, good, red, quickly, beautiful, etc.).
Dialectal vocabulary is characterized by limited use. It is not part of the lexical system of the common language. This or that dialect word belongs to one or more dialects (dialects) of the general national language.
A dialect is a type of language operating in a certain territory and is characterized by specific dialect features(in addition to features characteristic of the entire language).
These features are the result of local changes in the national language at different times. The history of the development of dialects is connected with the history of their speakers. At present, only traces of the distant past have been preserved in dialects.
Dialectal vocabulary is words that are characteristic of one dialect or several dialects: susa"ly "skul" (Smolensk), beckon "to wait, hesitate" (Arkhangelsk), basko "good, beautiful" (Novgorod), pokhleya " “put” (Vladimir), borsha”t “grumble” (Vologda), o”taka “father” (Ryazan), zubi”sha “gums” (Bryansk) and words known to all dialects of North Russian, South Russian dialects and Central Russian dialects. Compare: Northern Russian dialect words: yell “plow the ground”, plow 1) “sweep the floor”,
) “it’s bad to cut bread, in thick slices”, drag “to harrow the ground after plowing”, laney “last year”; South Russian: skorodit “to harrow the ground after plowing”, letos “last year”, paneva “peasant homespun woolen skirt of a special cut (rubbed)”, kachka “duck”; Central Russian: bridge 1) “seni”,
) “steps leading from the entryway to the courtyard”, anadys “recently”, behind the “pop” apron.
The Northern Russian type of residential building is designated by the word izba, and the Southern Russian type by the word hut, but the word izba is known far beyond the borders of the Northern Russian dialect. Probably because in the Old Russian language the word isba meant a heated room.
Based on the nature of the differences in dialect vocabulary, non-opposed and contrasted dialect words are distinguished.
Non-opposed lexical units- these are words that exist in some dialects and are not used in others due to the lack of relevant objects, concepts, etc.
In this dialect vocabulary the following groups of words are distinguished:
- Words associated with the features of the local landscape, with local natural conditions.
For example, Smolensk, Pskov - bachio "swamp, swampy place", harrier "especially swampy place in the swamp." In areas where there are no swamps, such words are absent.
- Words denoting features of the material culture of the region (ethnographic dialectisms), for example, types of clothing that are common in one territory and absent in another. Wed. the already mentioned southern Russian word paneva (panya "va): in the territory of northern Russian dialects, peasants wore sundresses rather than panevas; in the Pskov and Smolensk regions andara"ki ("skirt made of homespun linen canvas"). The Smolensk casing, burka and, accordingly, the Tula fur coat, sheepskin coat are not different names the same object, but denote various items- specific local types of clothing.
This also includes a group of words that denote different household items with the same or similar function. For example, a bucket - tse "bar - a bowl - a tub - the names of objects in which water is stored in the house in winter, but there is a difference between them: a bucket is a metal or wooden vessel with handles in the form of a bow, a tse" bar is a large wooden bucket with ears, only cattle are allowed to drink from it, dezhka is a wooden vessel, but without ears and handles, kadka is a wooden vessel (barrel), different in shape from both the tsebra and the dezhka.
Different types dishes for storing and settling milk in different places are called by different words: stolbu"n - jug (kukshin) - ku"khlik - pot - makhotka - gourlach - jug (zban).
Most of the dialect vocabulary consists of words opposed corresponding names in other dialects. Their oppositions can be expressed by the following differences:
- actually lexical differences, when different words are used to denote the same object, phenomenon, concept in different dialects (adverbs): pole - rubel - stick “an object with which sheaves are held together, hay on a cart”; jelly - well (kolo"dez); grip - rogach - forks "an object used to remove pots and cast iron from the oven"; squirrel - veksha - vave"rka; cloud - gloomy; boring - dreary, etc.;
- lexical-semantic differences, in which, as in the previous case, different words denote similar phenomena, concepts, but these differences are associated here with additional shades in the meaning of words. For example, the word moos (about a cow) in many dialects means general concept, and in some dialects it has the connotation “quietly”; This word is contrasted with the verb roars, which in some dialects denotes a general concept, and in others has the additional connotation of “loudly.” Wed. adjectives sick - sick - kvely, which in some dialects are used to mean “sick in general”, and in others have additional connotations: sick when talking about a person with a cold, kvely when talking about a person with poor health, sick has the general meaning of “sick at all";
- semantic differences, when the same word has different meanings in different dialects: weather - “weather in general”, “good weather”, “ bad weather"; gai - “forest in general”, “young forest”, “young birch forest”, “small area in the forest”, “tall large forest”;
- word-formation differences, when the same-root words of different dialects differ from each other in word-formation structure with the same meaning: scourge - biya"k - bichik - bichu"k - bichovka "scourge, part of the flail"; povet - povetka - subpovetka - povetye - subpovetie "building for agricultural implements"; here - that car "here"; there - that "poppy - that" lobes "there";
- phonetic differences, in which the same root morpheme can differ in different dialects separate sounds, however, this does not depend on the features of the phonetic system of the dialect and does not affect the latter, since it concerns only single word: bathhouse - bathhouse; trouser - hook - rutabaga - belly "rutabaga"; karomysel - karomisel - karemisel “a device on which buckets are carried”; estate - usya "dba; log - berno" - berveno";
- accentological differences in which words of different dialects that are identical in meaning are contrasted according to the place of stress: cold - cold (liter, holodno), studeno - studeno (liter. studeno); morkva - morkva, carrot - carrot (liter, morko "v) ; talk - talk (liter, talk).
Dialects are one of the sources of enrichment vocabulary Russian literary language in different periods of its existence. This process was especially intense during the formation of the Russian national language. The assimilation of dialect words into the literary language was caused primarily by the absence in it of the necessary words to denote certain realities characterizing various aspects of human life and nature.
Slang vocabulary(or jargon) are words and expressions found in the speech of people related by occupation, pastime, etc. In the past, social jargons were widespread ( slang language noble salons, the language of the merchants, etc.). Nowadays, they usually talk about the jargon of people of a certain profession, student, youth, slang words in the speech of schoolchildren; for example, common words among students are; grandmothers “money”, cool “special, very good”, sachkovat “idle”, hut “apartment”. Jargons are conventional, artificial names and have correspondences in the literary language.
Jargons are very unstable, they change relatively quickly and are a sign of a certain time, generation, and in different places the jargon of people of the same category can be different. One of characteristic signs student jargon of the late 70s was the use of distorted foreign words, mainly anglicisms: shoes, label, mafon, etc. A type of jargon is argot - conditional lexical groups, used mainly by declassed elements: feather “knife”, plywood “money”, stand on a nix, etc.
Develops and changes under the influence material production, social relations, level of culture, as well as geographical conditions and has a huge impact on other aspects of people's lives. Everyday vocabulary is vocabulary that names the sphere of non-productive relations between people, that is, everyday life. Everyday vocabulary can exist in both written and oral form. But most often everyday vocabulary is the vocabulary of oral speech.
Like the vocabulary of written speech, the vocabulary of oral speech is stylistically marked. It is not used in special forms of written speech and has a colloquial flavor.
Unlike written speech, in oral speech there is no emphasis on the formality of communication: it is characterized by ease of communication, unpreparedness, situational nature, most often skin-to-skin contact communication, dialogism.
These features of oral speech largely explain the stylistic features of its characteristic vocabulary. The vocabulary of oral speech in comparison with neutral appears as a whole as stylistically reduced.
The scope of its use is the area of everyday everyday, as well as, to a large extent, professional communication of an informal nature.
Depending on the degree of literariness and stylistic decline, two main layers of oral vocabulary can be distinguished: colloquial and vernacular.
Colloquial vocabulary is words that are used in informal, relaxed communication. Being a stylistically colored layer of vocabulary, colloquial vocabulary does not go beyond the vocabulary of the literary language.
Most colloquial words are characterized in one way or another by evaluative use: reveler, neat, crammed, big-eyed, big-nosed, shove (“stuck in”), dumbfounded (“greatly perplex”), fearful (“to avoid something, to get rid of someone— anything"), etc.
Conversational markedness is characteristic of the most various groups this vocabulary.
A significant number of colloquial words are formed by semantic contraction of phrases through suffixal derivation: soda (< газированная вода), зачетка (< зачетная книжка), зенитка (< зенитное орудие), читалка (< reading room), train (< электрический поезд) и мн. др.
The everyday and stylistically reduced nature of such words is well realized when comparing them with compound nominations. The second component of the combinations (nouns) is represented in these words of colloquial vocabulary by the suffix: carbonated water "carbonated water" (a).
With semantic contraction, there may be a complete elimination of one of the components of the phrase, and then the omitted word does not receive any reflection in the structure of the colloquial nomination. Can be eliminated as a defined word (chemistry< химическая завивка, декрет < maternity leave; Wed: She gave herself chemistry; She is on maternity leave), and the defining one (garden, kindergarten< kindergarten, language< foreign language; Wed: Petya stopped going to kindergarten. He is already learning the language). These processes are a characteristic phenomenon of colloquial speech.
Colloquial vocabulary also includes many words of a professional and business nature used in informal communication: steering wheel "steering wheel", brick "no-travel sign", stake out (stake out a topic - "make an application for research"; the direct nominative meaning of the verb - "put up a pillar to designate something: a border, a site, the beginning of some work"), defend "defend a dissertation", settle down "receive an academic degree", sign "register, formalize marriage", etc.
Colloquial vocabulary is stylistically reduced words that, unlike colloquial vocabulary, are outside the strictly standardized literary language.
Colloquial vocabulary is used for a reduced, rude assessment of the denoted. Such words are characterized by a pronounced expression of negative evaluation: big, ugly, dismissive, “go a long distance.”
Spoken and colloquial vocabulary, as already noted, are distinguished by varying degrees of stylistic decline. There is no sharp boundary between them. Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary is important structural element organization of conversational and everyday style.
General characteristics of colloquial speech
Colloquial speech is used in cases where there is unpreparedness of the speech act, ease of the speech act and direct participation speakers in a speech act. The spontaneity of communication excludes the written form of speech, and ease is typical only for informal communication, therefore colloquial speech is oral informal speech.
Philologists discuss the question of which factor in colloquial speech determines its essence, about the boundaries of colloquial speech. But what remains undoubted is that the features of colloquial speech are most clearly expressed when communicating with relatives, friends, close acquaintances and less clearly when communicating with strangers who meet by chance. This property of colloquial speech can be called personal communication (a person addresses personally Ivan or Peter, whose interests, understanding capabilities, etc. are well known to him). The features of colloquial speech also appear more clearly in those cases when the speakers not only hear, but also see each other, those objects from which we're talking about, and less brightly - in conversations on the phone. This property of colloquial speech can be called situational communication (reliance on the situation, the use of not only words and intonation, but also facial expressions and gestures to convey information).
In cases where a conversation takes place between little-known or completely unfamiliar people or the use of facial expressions and gestures is excluded (talking on the phone), colloquial speech loses a number of its characteristic features. This is like the periphery of colloquial speech.
Peripheral spoken language and non-spoken spoken language are often difficult to distinguish. Colloquial speech has much in common with non-literary speech (dialectal speech, various jargons), since they are united by oral form, unpreparedness, informality and spontaneity of communication. But dialects and jargons (as well as vernacular) are outside the boundaries of the literary language, and colloquial speech is one of its functional varieties.
Colloquial speech, unlike other varieties of literary language, is uncodified speech, therefore, when using colloquial speech, the question of the admissibility or inadmissibility of using this or that does not arise. grammatical form, designs, etc. The speaker is free to invent new formations (Poems cannot be read in a whisper; Is there something on TV today?), to use inaccurate designations: We arrived with these. spacesuits or something (instead of gas masks), “Seda” (the second dish made from chicken with onions and tomatoes according to the recipe of a woman named Seda). He can sometimes use a non-literary word because of its expressiveness (mura) and rearrange the phrase on the fly (He had nothing to do with linguistics; Bagrin had nothing to do with linguistics).
However, all this does not mean complete freedom. Colloquial speech is an uncodified but standardized variety of literary language. The norms of colloquial speech are based on those features that are widespread in the speech of cultural native speakers of the Russian language and do not cause condemnation in conversational conditions. The use of jargon (Where are you going?), expressions unacceptable in a literary language (expletive), illiterate phrases like I didn’t hold you back a bit violates the norms of colloquial speech; She's skinny all the way. Of course, outside the norms of colloquial speech there are dialect errors pronunciation (s "aster"), word usage (chapelnik instead of frying pan), etc. These are the norms of colloquial speech as a type of literary language.
But there are certain norms inherent in colloquial speech that distinguish it from other varieties of literary language. Thus, incomplete answers are normative for colloquial speech, and complete answers are non-normative (although they can occur); a normatively collectively closed designation of objects, institutions, city districts, etc. He lives behind Sharik, i.e. further than where the ball bearing factory is located). II the official expanded designations (universal steam juice cooker, stationery glue, casein glue) and names (Saratov Order of the Red Banner of Labor State University named after N.G. Chernyshevsky) are non-standard. Let us consider sequentially the phonetic norms of colloquial speech, as well as the lexical, morphological and syntactic features inherent in it.
Unlike the phonetic norms of the official literary speech conversational speech is characterized by significantly less clarity of pronunciation. Due to the fact that, as a rule, facts that are familiar and known to the interlocutor are reported, the speaker does not strain his speech organs. Every teacher knows very well from his own experience that if he has a sore throat or cough, it is much more difficult for him to speak in class than at home. Formal speech for a whole class causes a sore throat and cough, as it requires greater clarity of pronunciation, i.e. tension of the corresponding muscles. The same is observed when talking on the phone (the lack of visual perception of the interlocutor also requires greater clarity of pronunciation). In an informal home environment, when the interlocutors understand each other literally, there is no need for special strain on the speech organs. Sounds are pronounced unclearly, the ends of words and especially phrases are swallowed, the pronunciation of many words is so simplified that entire syllables are dropped out (tery instead of now, gar"t instead of says). Such unclear pronunciation can lead to mishearings and incompleteness: What salary did they give her? ( was heard as “How much sugar should I put”), I have an apron here (was heard as “I’m having a heart attack”), etc. Such facts of incorrect perception of what was said are rare, not because the clarity of pronunciation is usually sufficient (when listening to tape recordings of spoken language). mishearings occur all the time), and not because there is little in the language similar words(tape recordings are transcribed), but because the interlocutors know what is being discussed.
The rhythm of spoken speech arises not only due to the unstressed nature of those words that are not important or informative for the interlocutor (in the given phrase today they were), but also due to words that are superfluous from the point of view of written speech. These are the endless, well, this, this, in general, there, the use of the same introductory words in the speech of some people (that means, so to speak, you know, you understand, etc.).
The intonation of phrases in colloquial speech differs sharply from official speech. Usually, being in the next room without seeing those who are talking and without understanding the words, only by intonation can one determine with whom the conversation is taking place: with loved ones, relatives or with a guest (especially if the relationship with him is official). Official speech is less rhythmic and contains fewer unstressed words.
In colloquial speech, intonation is rhythmic, but varied: stressed word occupies the initial, then the middle, then the final position: Now vaccinations will begin. There will be a temperature. I do not know. Children are flowers. I don't know what to do with him anymore. Then this is such a problem, the same gas and no.
Colloquial speech differs from all other varieties of literary language in its relative lexical poverty. In conditions of direct communication, on the one hand, there is no possibility of “sorting through thousands of tons of verbal ore,” and on the other hand, there is no need for this. The fact is that gestures, facial expressions, and the objects themselves that are in the speaker’s field of vision will help to understand what is being said if the expression is inaccurate. And most importantly, the speaker does not care about the form of expression of thoughts, since he is confident that there will be no misunderstanding: if they do not understand, they will ask again.
This lack of concern for the form of expression can develop into linguistic and spiritual laziness, leading to tongue-tiedness. But even in the recordings of conversations of cultured people, known for their excellent oral official speech, there are frequent repetitions of the same words, “extra” words, and very inaccurate expressions.
As we have already noted, only an insignificant part is used in colloquial speech vocabulary wealth Russian language. A person often uses words that are quite unintelligible to an outsider, but quite understandable to the interlocutor, albeit insignificant.
Usually, the synonymous capabilities of the Russian language are hardly used in conversation. Often, not only book synonyms are missing, but also “colloquial” synonyms: many appeared 90 times, and quite a few, beyond counting, never even once; stupid was recorded 5 times, and stupid, narrow-minded, headless, empty-headed, brainless - not once.
Colloquial speech is characterized by the use of the most common, most common words. The fact that these words are too general in meaning, and sometimes do not even accurately reveal the essence of what is being communicated, is explained by the fact that speakers use additional means: intonation, gestures, facial expressions, pointing to the objects in question.
The vocabulary poverty of spoken language is, of course, its disadvantage. In Russian language lessons, it is necessary to expand the active vocabulary of schoolchildren and help them master the synonymous richness of the Russian language. Of course, colloquial speech can never achieve the variety and accuracy of word use of prepared speech. But expanding a person's vocabulary is very important.
So, forced by the conditions of use of colloquial speech and acceptable under these conditions, vocabulary poverty and inaccuracy of colloquial speech outside of it interfere with the understanding of what is said.
The second feature of the use of vocabulary in colloquial speech is the potential freedom of word use. We have already talked about the possibilities of using words with imprecise, approximate momentary meaning. But in colloquial speech it is also possible to use words created in given cases(cunning), words whose meaning changes as the conversation progresses.
The conditions of colloquial speech give rise to designations (nominations) of objects that are unusual for official speech. In official speech, subject nominations must include a noun, for example house: red house; the house that stands on the corner; house on the corner. In colloquial speech, designations without nouns are also used.
The bulk of words in colloquial speech are the most ordinary, general literary neutral ones, and not at all special “colloquial” words. The abuse of book vocabulary is also a violation of the norms of spoken language. Although modern colloquial speech over the past decades has been significantly replenished with book words (objects, details, perspective, food, inform, contact, personnel, etc.), many of which have ceased to be perceived as something alien to colloquial speech, still with the possibility of choosing a book or colloquial, bookish or neutral variants, non-bookish variants should be preferred.
One of the characteristic features of colloquial speech is active use pronouns. On average, for every 1000 words in spoken language there are 475 pronouns (130 nouns, and only 35 adjectives). Wed. in scientific speech: 62 pronouns with 369 nouns and 164 adjectives.
Pronouns in colloquial speech not only replace already used nouns and adjectives, but are often used without reference to context. This is especially true for the pronoun such. Thanks to intonation, this pronoun acquires a special increased emotionality and either serves simply as an amplifier. The generality of the meaning of the pronoun, as can be seen from the examples, is preserved. But colloquial speech is characterized by situational, rather than contextual, specification of this generality. The decline in the proportion of nouns and adjectives in spoken language is not only due to the widespread use of pronouns. The fact is that in colloquial speech, as already mentioned, a huge number of insignificant words and various kinds of particles are used. On the one hand, due to their unstressed nature, they are a means of creating a colloquial wave-like rhythm of speech. On the other hand, they are forced pause fillers. Conversational speech is relaxed speech, but since a person is forced to think and speak at the same time, he pauses, looking for the necessary word.
In addition to obvious pause fillers, insignificant or insignificant words that signal inaccuracy of expression and approximation are widely used in colloquial speech. Approximation in conveying the meaning of what is being said, an attempt to find the right word signaled also with the help of pronouns this, this is the most. In conversational speech, all these signals of approximation, inaccuracy and simple pause fillers are necessary. It is no coincidence that they also appear in speech characters in films, television and radio shows. The fight against clogging speech with “unnecessary” words must be carried out carefully.
Colloquial speech knows almost no participles and gerunds. Their use in Russian is limited by a number of conditions, which are almost impossible to observe in conversation. Even in the speech of very cultured people, the use of gerunds in oral speech, as a rule, leads to a violation grammatical rules. Colloquial speech is also not characterized by the use short forms adjectives. The use in colloquial speech of not full, but short forms of adjectives of this type is explained by their proximity to the verb (they do not form degrees of comparison, qualitative adverbs on o, have no antonyms with the particle not).
In addition to differences in the frequency of use of different parts of speech, colloquial speech is characterized by a peculiar use of case forms. This is manifested, for example, in the fact that for written speech the predominant use of the genitive case forms is typical, and for colloquial speech - the nominative and accusative. These features of colloquial speech are a consequence of the conditions of its existence: forms that are difficult to perceive in oral communication (gerunds, participles, chains of the genitive case) are not used in colloquial speech; nouns and especially adjectives are used relatively little in oral speech, since objects and their signs are more often are generally visible or known to the interlocutors, pronouns and particles are widely used, which is due to the direct contacts of the speakers and the spontaneity of their speech.
The syntactic originality of colloquial speech is especially great. First of all, it is due to the fact that colloquial speech is often used in conditions where the subject of speech is in front of the eyes.
The inability to think through phrases before pronouncing them prevents the widespread use of detailed and complex sentences in conversation. As a rule, speech consists of a chain of short messages, as if strung on top of each other. In conditions of direct personal communication, such speech is natural and normal. On the contrary, it is difficult organized offers violate the norms of colloquial speech, making it bookish, clerical, and somewhat artificial.
The use of colloquial style in a literary work
In literary works, the use of a colloquial style of speech is widely used. Writers and poets introduce a work of fiction into the text colloquial vocabulary with various tasks: more capacious creation of an image, the ability to more accurately characterize a character using his speech characteristics, convey the national flavor of speech, everyday life, etc.
In the process of development of the Russian nationality, and then the nation, everything vital, typical, and necessary for language as a means of communication was selected from the dialect vocabulary.
Thus, the literary language includes the words balka, taiga, foliage, roadside, fishing, ushanka, very, annoying, roach, particulate (type of fish), doha, strawberry, strawberry, spider, plowman, plowing, upper reaches, smile, etc. In In agricultural terminology, the use of dialect words as terms continues in our time: stubble, stubble, harvested field, pull, collect, pull out flax by the roots, etc.
The meanings of many words found in the Russian literary language can only be explained with the help of dialect words. For example, the word careless “stupid, disorderly” becomes understandable if it is compared with the dialect Kalinin alabor “order, arrangement” and the dialect word alaborit “to move things around, turn over, redo, puts in order in one’s own way.”
Dialect words are introduced by writers into the language of works of art for various stylistic purposes. We find them in the works of N.A. Nekrasova, I.S. Turgeneva, I.A. Bunina, L.N. Tolstoy, S. Yesenin, M.A. Sholokhova, V.M. Shukshina and others. Northern Russian dialect vocabulary is used by N.A. Nekrasov in the poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'." Dialectisms are introduced by the author not only into the speech of the characters, but also into the author’s speech. They perform a nominative-stylistic function and are used to describe the morals and customs of the people, to reproduce local color: at ease, strained, from there, pokudova, voster, picuga, ochep, vesmo, blizzard, muzhik (in the meanings of “husband” and “peasant”) and others. South Russian dialect vocabulary is widely represented, for example, in “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev. The writer knew the Kursk, Oryol and Tula dialects well, and from there he drew material for his artistic works. Using lexical dialectisms, I.S. Turgenev often gave them explanations, for example: He was built awkwardly, “sbitem,” as we say (“Singers”). They immediately brought us riding horses; we went to the forest or, as we say, to the “order” (“Burmist”). The author's speech is dominated by words that name things, objects, phenomena characteristic of the life of the characters depicted, i.e. ethnographic vocabulary: He was wearing a rather neat cloth tunic, worn on one sleeve (“Singers”) (chuika - “long cloth caftan”); Women in checkered coats threw wood chips at slow-witted or overzealous dogs (“Burmistr”). In the language of the characters I.S. Turgenev dialect elements serve as a means of socio-linguistic characteristics. “Let him sleep,” my faithful servant remarked indifferently (“Yermolai and the Miller’s Wife”). Jargons are expressive, so they are sometimes used in fiction as a means of creating an image, mostly negative (see the works of L.N. Tolstoy, N.G. Pomyalovsky, V. Shukshin, D. Granin, Yu. Nagibin, V. Aksenov, etc. .).
Conclusion
Everyday vocabulary is vocabulary that serves non-productive relationships between people, that is, relationships in everyday life. Most often, everyday vocabulary is represented by colloquial speech. Colloquial speech is a functional type of literary language. It performs the functions of communication and influence.
Colloquial speech serves a sphere of communication that is characterized by informality of relations between participants and ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, family settings, at informal meetings, meetings, informal anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss and a subordinate, etc., that is, in non-production situations.
The topics of conversation are determined by the needs of communication. They can vary from narrow everyday ones to professional, industrial, moral and ethical, philosophical, etc.
Conversational style is a style of speech that has the following characteristics: used in conversations with familiar people in a relaxed atmosphere; the statement is usually relaxed, lively, free in the choice of words and expressions, it usually reveals the author’s attitude to the subject of speech and the interlocutor; characteristic linguistic means include: colloquial words and expressions, emotional - evaluative means, addresses; is opposed to book styles in general, it has an inherent function of communication, it forms a system that has its own characteristics in phonetics, phraseology, vocabulary, syntax
Conversational style is widely used in literary works.
List of used literature
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