Jargons and speech culture. Jargon and speech culture

1. Basics of speech culture

The Russian national language is a collection of various phenomena, such as a literary language, territorial and social dialects (jargon), and vernacular. Literary language is the historically established highest form national language, having a rich lexical fund, ordered grammatical structure and a developed style system. This is an exemplary language, standardized, described by grammars and dictionaries. Territorial dialects (local dialects) are the language of a limited number of people living in one territory. Jargon is the speech of individual professional, class, and age groups. Vernacular is the language of poorly educated, mostly non-urban residents, characterized by deviation from literary norms.

Literary language serves such areas of human activity as politics, culture, science, office work, legislation, official and unofficial communication, and verbal art. A person can equally master two or more forms of language (for example, a literary language and a dialect, a literary language and a vernacular), and use them depending on the conditions. This phenomenon is called diglossia.

The main feature of a literary language is normalization. A norm is a uniform, generally accepted use of language elements, the rules for their use in a certain period. Norms are not invented by scientists, but reflect natural processes and phenomena occurring in language and are supported by speech practice. The main sources of the norm include the works of writers, the language of means mass media, generally accepted modern usage, Scientific research linguists.

Norms help the literary language maintain its integrity and intelligibility, protect it from the flow dialect speech, social jargons, vernacular. However, language norms are constantly changing. This is an objective process that does not depend on the will and desire of individual language speakers. According to researchers, this process has intensified in last decades in connection with social transformations. During a turning point, the logosphere changes significantly, i.e. speech-thinking area of culture, which, in turn, indicates changes in the social consciousness of the linguistic community. The changes are determined by the new attitude: “In democracy, everything is possible!” However, emancipation as a feature of modern linguistic taste is carried out in parallel with the desire for “learning”, for sophistication of speech, which is expressed, first of all, in the widespread use of borrowed special vocabulary (leasing, holding, realtor, etc.). Within the literary norm, there are options (book, colloquial), one of them is preferable. These objective fluctuations in the norm are usually associated with language development. Options are transitional steps from an outdated norm to a new one. Norm - central concept theories of speech culture.

2. Basic understanding of slang

Let's touch our speech and find out why it is sick. The real misfortune of our society and our language is foul language.

For some native language has already turned into a fusion of jargon and obscenities. "Jargon" ( French) -spoiled tongue . Jargon is spoken by people connected by the same profession and social stratum. These are a kind of password words in order to distinguish “one of our own”.

Jargon is a type of speech used primarily in oral communication by a separate, relatively stable social group that unites people based on profession (programmer jargon), interests (philatelist jargon) or age (youth jargon). Jargon differs from the common language by specific vocabulary and phraseology and special use word-forming means.

Part slang vocabulary- belonging not to one, but to many social groups. Moving from one jargon to another, the words of their “common stock” can change form and meaning: “to obscure” - to hide prey, “to be cunning” in modern youth jargon - to speak unclearly, to evade an answer. The vocabulary of jargon is replenished by borrowing from other languages (“dude” is a guy from the Gypsy language), but most of it is created through redesign (“basket” — basketball), more often by rethinking commonly used words (“jerk” — go, “car” — automobile). The ratio of vocabulary, as well as the nature of its reinterpretation in jargon - from playfully ironic to grossly vulgar - depends on value orientation and the nature of the social group: is it open or closed, organically included in society or opposed to it. In open groups (youth) the jargon is “collective game”. In closed groups, jargon is a signal that distinguishes between “us” and “them,” and sometimes a means of conspiracy. The vocabulary of jargon flows into the literary language through vernacular and the language of fiction, where it is used as a means speech characteristics. The fight against jargon for the purity of language and culture of speech reflects the rejection of linguistic isolation by society as a whole. The study of jargon is one of the tasks of sociolinguistics. Sometimes the term "jargon" is used to refer to distorted, incorrect speech. Therefore, in the actual terminological sense, it is often replaced by terms such as “student language”, “argot”, “slang”.

3. Sources of slang replenishment

For a long time the basis of common slang was student slang. But at present this is far from the case. In the last decades of the twentieth century, the main source of slang became argot (thieves' language). This is largely due to the fact that the language of the Soviet prison became public: the taboo on prison topics in literature and cinema was lifted, and this was immediately reflected in the press. Many words have passed into general jargon from thieves' argot. Let's give some examples: "grandmothers" - money, "mochit" - kill, "cop", "garbage" - a policeman, "shchipach" - a petty swindler, "raspberry" - a den of thieves, "strelka" - a meeting of thieves.

The general jargon did not escape the influence of the jargon of drug addicts, but this vocabulary in the general jargon is not numerous: the jargon of drug addicts retains a certain caste, it is limited to a narrow circle of speakers, and only individual words go beyond this scope. These are words and expressions such as: “dope”, “grass” - marijuana, “get on a needle”, “joint” - a cigarette with marijuana, “glitches” - hallucinations.

Some words of common jargon in their origin are professional expressions, for example, police ones: “bytovukha” - a crime committed on domestic grounds, “dismemberment” - a dismembered corpse, “snowdrop” - a corpse found under the snow. Miners, for example, call a pile of overturned carriages a “wedding,” while pilots call the frontal part of an airplane a “muzzle.” Dentists often use the word "freezing" instead of the word "anesthesia." Hospital patients, not knowing medical terminology, come up with names for procedures and instruments themselves. A flexible probe inserted into the stomach is called “intestine”, fluoroscopy is called “candling”... Similar words fall into the language of doctors and become their professional jargon. Army - “grandfathers”, “demobilization”, “mow” (from the army); names borrowed from the jargon of intelligence agencies - “misinformation” - disinformation, and businessmen - “cash” - cash, “non-cash” - non-cash payment. Among the argotisms, one can distinguish intraprofessional elements that do not go beyond the boundaries of one argot, and pronounced interargotisms, i.e. argotisms serving a whole range of argots. For example, the first include words such as “imperishable” - a work created not for commerce, but for the soul (for artists), “dollar” - a hook for hanging a pot over a fire (for tourists), “charge a client” - to make a promise for payment a certain amount money, and then deceive (from speculators, resellers), etc. To the second - a word like “teapot” - an unprofitable visitor in an establishment (for waiters), a beginner, a bad driver (for chauffeurs), an amateur athlete (for athletes) etc.

Throughout its existence, common jargon actively interacts with vernacular (the language of the uneducated part of society, which does not have sufficient knowledge of the norms of the literary language). In many cases, we can talk about a zone of slang-colloquial vocabulary: it is colloquial in origin (and sometimes dialectal) and continues to be used in the vernacular, but at the same time it is firmly “settled” in the jargon. This is predominantly a stylistically reduced vocabulary with a connotation of rudeness or familiarity, for example: “to get drunk”, “to get drunk”, “to get drunk”, “to whistle” - to get drunk, “with a hangover” - with a hangover, “to hit”, “to hit” - to hit, “ kumpol" - head. Neutral colloquial nominations such as “master” - husband, “play” - indulge in a game, “lay down” (instead of the lit. “put down”) are not used in slang.

Thus, there is currently a very active process of integrating common jargon with all areas profanity Russian language.

Common jargon is constantly influenced by other languages. And in previous years, he enriched the jargon more than others English language. Currently, due to the facilitation of contacts with the United States, the influx of Americanisms into the general jargon has noticeably intensified. Let us give examples of English (more precisely, American) borrowings that fall into the general jargon in different time: "girl" - girl, "pop" - pop music, "face" - face. There are significantly fewer borrowings from other languages in the general jargon. Compare: “ksiva” - passport (Yiddish), “kayf” - pleasure (Arabic or Turkish), “hacienda” - country house, country plot with a house (Spanish).

The replenishment of jargon constantly occurs as a result of semantic and word-formation processes.

4. Youth slang

Youth slang is a means of communication for a large number of people united by age, and even then it is very conditional. Slang speakers are, as a rule, people aged 12 - 30 years. Slang covers almost all areas of life, describes almost all situations, except boring ones, since a slang word is born as a result of the speaker’s emotional attitude to the subject of conversation. Slang is a constant creation of words, which is based on the principle of language play. Often it is the comic, playful effect that is the main thing in a slang text. To a young man It is important not only “what to say”, but also “how to say it” in order to be an interesting storyteller. Slang is a living organism in a process of constant change and renewal. He constantly borrows units from jargons and other subsystems of the Russian language, and also becomes a supplier of words of colloquial, colloquial use - this is the fate that awaits popular slangism, which, due to repeated repetition, loses its expressive coloring.

In the use of jargon by young people, there is a tendency to use familiar vocabulary in relation to socially significant phenomena that are traditionally respected in society: parents (ancestors, skulls); the dead and the very fact of death (blind man's buff, fresh meat - dead, grunt, inflate flippers, etc. - die); relationships between a man and a woman (glue, remove - get to know each other, become ringed- get married, get married), etc. Phenomena that are significant from the point of view of social norms are often interpreted by young people as the values of their “fathers” and are therefore perceived with skepticism.

Gives a great contrast to youth slang informal group Mitkov. Mitki is an informal association of St. Petersburg artists who paint in the pseudo-Russian popular print style, forming a new mass youth movement, including not only artists, but also people associated with them. Mitkas are distinguished by a special manner of behavior - deliberate goodwill and affectionateness in address, expressed in particular in a predilection for diminutive forms. They have their own limited set of words and expressions; They dress in whatever they like, in the style of the beatniks of the 50s. (most often in vests), wear beards. Mityok, like Ivanushka, is associated with the hero of a Russian folk tale, inclined to lie on the stove as a clumsy, but in fact savvy.

5. Schoolchildren’s slang as a component of youth slang

The carriers of school slang are exclusively representatives younger generation- respectively, schoolchildren. Despite the absence of any crypto-personality in this slang and the obvious intelligibility of most of its units to representatives of other social and age groups, the vocabulary of this slang subsystem is realized only in the speech of the specified contingent of speakers due to its irrelevance for the rest of the Russian speakers. Thus, school slang can be qualified as corporate youth slang. The vocabulary of schoolchildren's jargon includes words thematically related to the following four areas: the school sphere, the leisure sphere, the everyday sphere, and the assessment sphere.

School slang includes names of academic subjects (matesha - mathematics, geos - geometry, physical education - physical education, liters etc.), school grades(bowl, Twix - rating "2", trendel - rating "3", etc.), some school premises (canteen - dining room, tubzik, tubarkas - toilet, etc.), individual school employees (teacher - teacher, sackcloth - director schools), types of educational activities (homework - Homework, kontrosha - test work), etc. This lexical group can be considered as the “core” of school jargon - the units included in it are implemented in the speech of most schoolchildren without any (for example, territorial) restrictions. Adjacent to this group are units representing the names of teaching staff in the subject taught (physicist - physics teacher, biology - biology teacher, Englishwoman - English teacher, hysterical - history teacher, algebroid etc.) or by type of professional activity (for example, head teacher - head of the educational department).

Separate consideration deserves such a specific part of school slang as slang names for teachers and other school employees according to their specific signs. This group is quite extensive, but its constituent lexemes, even in the case of abstract naming of teachers of different subjects (for example, Flask - a chemistry teacher, Brush - a drawing teacher, Pencil - a drawing teacher, Molecule - a physics teacher, Printer - a computer science teacher, etc. ), have a pronounced “local” character and are realized in the speech of students only at the school (or even within several classes of the school) where they were developed. Most of the units in this group nominate quite specific, specific people and already, therefore, cannot be relevant for all schoolchildren in general. Otherwise, these lexemes fully correspond to the concept of jargon - they are expressive, reduced in familiarity, and are realized only during intra-group communication among schoolchildren. Words in the sphere of evaluation can be divided into two groups: vocatives and evaluative vocabulary proper. Vocatives are included in the sphere of evaluation because slang addresses are always expressive and express an attitude towards the person being named. Curious appeal as Lohidze is the face of Caucasian nationality, it is also black, black -haired. The popular appeal among young people is Nike. , by the name of a company that produces sportswear with stripes of this word in English: nike. Addresses such as: kents, peppers, dude, stick, brother, brother are used by schoolchildren when communicating with each other and therefore are used most often.

The development of slang names for specific people is a specific feature of school slang, which is not typical for other slang formations. For example: by appearance (Exclamation Mark (tall), Torpedo Boat (lush bust), Two-story building (high hairstyle), Glass ( a slim body) etc., as well as numerous names based on their external resemblance to the characters of books, films, cartoons, television programs - Boniface, Lady Zosya, Kolobok, Leopold, Nils the Hedgehog, Commissioner Cattani, Postman Pechkin, etc.), gait features (Ballerina (graceful gait), Broom (as if covering her tracks), Paralytic (twitching gait), Goose (slow, waddling gait), etc.), temperament (Cavalrywoman (stormy temperament), Pliers ("clings" everyone), Wolfhound (evil disposition), etc.), manner of speaking (Kishka (draws out words), Nasty (nasty voice), Camel (splashes saliva in conversation), etc.), habits, behavioral characteristics (Shchukar (likes to talk about his hiking trips), Brick (physical education teacher, comes to school on a bicycle, with a backpack containing bricks), Jumper (physical education teacher, likes to beautifully jump over a “horse” in the presence of girls), etc.) , various funny incidents, episodes (Vatrushka (took away the cheesecakes that the students ate in class), Marya the Artisan (wrote “artificial” instead of “skillful”), etc.) and other signs; morphonological deformation of personal names (Michael Makaronovich (Mikhail Mironovich), Lyaks Lyaksych (Alexander Alekseevich), Oreh Varenievich (Oleg Valerievich), Toad (Zhanna), Arkan (Arkady), Drozd (Andrey), etc.), abbreviations, addition basics, abbreviation (Beef (Boris Fedorovich), ESS (Svetlana Stepanovna), Mu (Marina Yuryevna), Tazikha (initials T.A.Z.), UAZ (initials U.A.Z.), Vasgav (Vasily Gavrilovich ), etc.), a combination of several techniques at once (Microphone (tall, thin, stooped + name “Mitrofan”), Kagorych (patronymic “Egorovich” + likes to drink), Meridiashka (geography teacher + wears dresses with longitudinal stripes) , Lzhedmitrievna (patronymic "Dmitrievna" + history teacher), etc.), etc.

As for the evaluative vocabulary itself, it is characterized by the presence of lexemes with a pronounced positive or negative evaluation.

Expressive vocabulary is represented in schoolchildren's jargon mainly by adverbs, words of the state category and, to a lesser extent, by adjectives. For example: chic, shine, awesome, cool, super, crowning, brutal, cool, monstrous, amazing, nice - positive assessment; primato, figovo, pazarno, left, dregs, mura - negative assessment.

. Student slang

The opinion that student slang is a general formation and “absorbs” the slang of schoolchildren is not confirmed. Only two jargons - spur (crib sheet) and bomb (a type of crib sheet containing the full text of the answer) - are presented (with the same meaning) simultaneously in both jargons, while the remaining units of these subsystems are quite clearly demarcated from each other. In literature, youth, especially student, argot is often identified with the argot of the city. Indeed, the speech creative activity of students, youth, and various youth associations is a kind of core of the urban argot. The vast majority of examples of student argot are borrowed from or from other languages through professional argot, or taken from "thieves' music". Youth, in particular student, jargon does not have a more or less stable composition.

More stable argotisms: equator - time after the winter session in the third year, stipuh, step, stip - scholarship, automatic - automatic test, technician - technical school. Sometimes school and children's jargon can be traced, often used by students as a kind of primitive game, in childhood (then the university becomes a school, teachers become teachers, couples become lessons, etc.)

7. Synonymy in youth slang

Synonymy in youth slang is represented quite widely (316 synonymous rows). The number of jargons included in the synonymous series is over 1300 units, which significantly exceeds the number of jargons that do not enter into synonymous relations. It seems that the active creation of synonyms by speakers of youth slang is dictated by the need for a variety of expressive means: the increased frequency of individual slang units in speech reduces their expressiveness, while a significant quantitative supply of synonyms helps to avoid too frequent use of the same units. Thus, it can be assumed that between the number of synonyms that realize any meaning and relevance given value for slang speakers (activity, frequency of implementation in speech) there is a direct relationship. Based on this, let's consider synonymous series.

The longest synonymous chain is a series of adjectives of positive evaluation: cool, cool, cool, cool, etc. (23 units in total). Adjectives follow emotional assessment(atomic, freaky, cool, etc. - 19 units in total) and adjectives of negative evaluation (gloomy, rotten, creepy, etc. - 18 units in total). Then there are rows containing 16 units each - these are positive emotional exclamations (nishtyak, shook, kle, etc.), verbs with the meaning “to get bored, tire” (zamumukat, get, finish, etc.) and nouns with the value " human face"(face, sign, tambourine, etc.). A row of 15 units are synonyms for the general name of money (grandmothers, bashli, cabbage, etc.). 14 units each have two rows: verbs with the meaning “tired, tired” ( hesitate, swing, butt, etc.) and nouns with the meaning “fool, crazy” (fofan, dolbak, dodik, etc.) Further, in accordance with the number of units, synonymous rows are arranged as follows: containing 13 units. . - “to leave, run away” (dump, skip, run away, etc.), “die” (hoof, grunt, inflate flippers, etc.), “child, baby” (speckled, kinder, baby, etc.), “ good, excellent" (cool, clear, zykansky, etc.), containing 12 units - "fight" (makhach, makhla, mochilovka, etc.), "something bad" - negative evaluation units (bullshit, bullshit, crap, etc. .), “failure, bad luck” (joint, bummer, flight, etc.), “marijuana” (plan, grass, gange, etc.), containing 11 units - “feeling depressed, depressed” (loop, down, depressed etc.), “funny, funny incident” (joke, joke, joke, etc.), containing 10 units. - “girl, woman” (lady, gerla, woman, etc.), “get drunk” (get drunk, drive off, go to the pampas, etc.), “madness, abnormality” (croeza, shiza, zadvig, etc.). Next come the rows containing less than 10 units in their composition.

Concepts nominated by more than ten synonyms cover significant amount the most relevant topics of communication for most young people, which explains such a developed synonymy. Let us pay attention to three more significant points. Firstly, the above rows clearly indicate the predominantly “male” nature of youth slang, the content of an attitude towards the implementation of meanings that are relevant primarily for the male part of the speakers (in this sense, the rows “girl” and “having sex” are especially indicative (about man), falling into the category of the largest). Secondly, it should be noted that the synonymous series of jargon with the meaning “child, baby” fell into the group of series with the maximum number of units, in general, by accident: 11 units of this series are word-forming or phonetic variants of the jargon baby (babik, baby, baby, baby, etc.). Thirdly, noteworthy is the significant number of synonyms associated with the designation of the drug “marijuana” (12 units). The prevalence of this drug among young people (not only in groups of drug addicts) determines the use of these words and, in connection with this, the multiplicity of slang synonyms with this meaning (note that the designations of other drugs do not have such developed synonymy)

Often, phonetic or word-formative variants of a slang unit act as synonyms, for example: fan / fan - a fan, adherent of something, someone; hangover / budun - hangover; pogonalo/pogonalka - nickname; academician / academician - academic leave at the university; zapodlo/zapodlyak/zapodlyanka/podlyanka/podlyak - deliberate meanness, etc. And one more important point: a significant part of slang synonyms are absolute synonyms, that is, having no differences in their meanings, for example: mouth - mitten, beak, bread-maker, havalnik; to go - to saw, to dawdle, to row, to ditch, to heel, to chug; food, food - gluttony, grub, gobble, sharp. A total of 284 synonymous chains were identified, consisting of absolute synonyms (the number of the latter is about 800 units). By the presence of such a large number of synonymous series consisting of absolute synonyms, youth slang differs significantly from the literary language, in which different synonyms, “denoting one concept, characterize it with different sides"and the number of absolute synonyms in which is extremely small.

Specific part synonymous pairs and rows of jargon arose due to intra-jargon social stratification, heterogeneity of the composition of youth slang speakers. It's about about those cases when different designations were developed in parallel for the same concept in different groups of young people, which can also be considered as a special case of synonymy. Examples of this kind can be the following rows: hip / hippan (general mol.) - people (self-name) - hippie guy; drug addict (general) - junkie (self-described) - drug addict; depressnyak (general mol.) - down (hip.) - feeling of oppression, depression, depression; ancestors, rodaki (general mol.) - olds, prants (hip.) - skulls (punk.) - laces (school) - parents, etc.

Another interesting feature of slang synonymy manifests itself when considering synonymous rows of jargon in the temporal aspect. As observations show, some series of synonyms are characterized by the fact that their constituent units came into use at approximately the same point in time, while another part of the synonyms demonstrates a sequence in the appearance of their units. In this regard, it seems legitimate to us to use the definitions “synchronic synonyms” (i.e., synonyms that came into use at approximately the same time) and “diachronic synonyms” (i.e., those that arose alternately, at different times) in relation to the indicated categories of synonyms. periods). An example of synchronic synonyms is a number of jargons vidik / vidak / vidyushnik (video recorder, video player), all units of which arose simultaneously. An indicative diachronic series is formed by synonyms with the meaning “a thousand rubles” (piece, piece, ton, oblique / mower), which appeared in youth slang one after another in the order of listing.

With the growing popularity of bodybuilding (bodybuilding) among young people, jargon almost simultaneously appears that means “a person with a powerful, muscular figure” - jock / jock, kulek (the first two are derived from the verb “pump up” (“pump up”) muscles), the latter being a derivative of the word "bodybuilder" - their synchronicity does not raise much doubt. And in synonymous series ancestors - parents / parens / prants - olds - rodaki - chelny - skulls - laces (parents) the "oldest" is obviously the jargon "ancestors" (1964), while “skulls” and “laces” appeared already in the 90s. This is a case of diachronic synonymy.

It is advisable to consider youth argot in the context of youth culture. Researchers of youth culture are increasingly inclined to think that it is a significant factor in the cultural process. For example, I. Kon writes that “young people are not an object of education, but a subject of social action.”

Youth culture and youth argot is not something complete and monolithic, it is not advisable to consider it as something separate, specific, the topic itself is not relevant here, the kinetic-youth complex is relevant - one of the strongest “fermentative enzymes” in culture and language.

Speaking about slang, I would like to superficially touch upon the problem of swearing.

Swear last words Now it is considered almost “good” form. Many can no longer explain their thoughts without resorting to abusive expressions, but a swear word is unvarnished, petty muck, a sign of a wild, most primitive culture.

With the use of profanity, not only the language, but also the consciousness becomes more primitive. From bad thoughts to bad deeds. After all, it all starts with words... And when you can’t stand for a minute at bus stops without hearing a rotten word, when swear words and jargon burst from television screens, it’s difficult to understand what “is good and what is bad.” But the fact is that even an innocent passion for jargon bears fruit. And they taste bitter. Firstly, the jargon is simply impossibly stupid and takes everything to the point of absurdity. Have you heard Rozovsky's parody of the fairy tale about "Little Red Riding Hood"? Here she is. “All the way, walking through the forest with terrible force, the Gray Wolf was glued to the colossal chick - Little Red Riding Hood. She immediately realized that the Gray Wolf was a weakling and suffocated, and began to tell him about his sick grandmother.” And here’s what the description of the Dnieper from Gogol’s work looks like in jargon: Terrible revenge": "Cool Dnieper in cool weather, when, wandering and showing off, it saws its cool waters through forests and mountains. It won’t whoop, it won’t cover itself. You hatch your eyes, open the mitten and don’t know whether he’s sawing or not. A rare bird with a snout will scratch to the middle. And if he finishes scratching, he will whoop and throw away his hooves." This is simply nonsense, devoid of not only poetry, but, alas, of any meaning, which only causes fair laughter. And if the author of the immortal lines had risked writing this, then his name would never have been known Sometimes it is almost impossible to understand what is said in jargon.

Imagine a man who walks up to a taxi driver and says, “Shake him to death.” “Shake it” - you can still guess. What is a “stuffed animal”? Turns out - local history museum.

How long can you decorate your speech by inserting into it these universal words that mean absolutely nothing? What, for example, is the meaning of the word “to go crazy”? Enjoy reading, take a steam bath, watch TV...?

Bibliography

1. Elistratov V.S., Dictionary of Russian Argo: Materials, M., "Russian Dictionaries", 2000

2. Ermakova O.P., Zemskaya E.A., Rozina R.I., Words we met: Explanatory dictionary of general jargon, M., "Azbukovik", 1999

Mokienko V.M., Nikitina T.G., Large dictionary of Russian jargon, St. Petersburg, "Norint", 2000

Nikitina T.G., This is what the youth says, St. Petersburg, "Foliopress", 1998

Nikitina T.G., Explanatory dictionary of youth slang, M., "Astrel: AST: Transitbook", 2005

Russian language jargon youth slang

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1. Basics of speech culture

The Russian national language is a collection of various phenomena, such as a literary language, territorial and social dialects (jargon), and vernacular. Literary language is the historically established highest form of the national language, which has a rich lexical fund, an ordered grammatical structure and a developed system of styles. This is an exemplary language, standardized, described by grammars and dictionaries. Territorial dialects (local dialects) are the language of a limited number of people living in one territory. Jargon is the speech of individual professional, class, and age groups. Vernacular is the language of poorly educated, mostly non-urban residents, characterized by deviation from literary norms.

Literary language serves such areas of human activity as politics, culture, science, office work, legislation, official and unofficial communication, and verbal art. A person can be equally proficient in two or more forms of language (for example, standard language and dialect, literary language and vernacular), and use them depending on the conditions. This phenomenon is called diglossia.

The main feature of a literary language is normalization. A norm is a uniform, generally accepted use of language elements, the rules for their use in a certain period. Norms are not invented by scientists, but reflect natural processes and phenomena occurring in language and are supported by speech practice. The main sources of the norm include the works of writers, the language of the media, generally accepted modern usage, and scientific research by linguists.

Norms help the literary language maintain its integrity and general intelligibility, protect it from the flow of dialect speech, social jargon, and vernacular. However, language norms are constantly changing. This is an objective process that does not depend on the will and desire of individual language speakers. According to researchers, this process has intensified in recent decades in connection with social transformations. During a turning point, the logosphere changes significantly, i.e. speech-thinking area of culture, which, in turn, indicates changes in the social consciousness of the linguistic community. The changes are determined by the new attitude: “In democracy, everything is possible!” However, emancipation as a feature of modern linguistic taste is carried out in parallel with the desire for “learning”, for sophistication of speech, which is expressed, first of all, in the widespread use of borrowed special vocabulary (leasing, holding, realtor, etc.). Within the literary norm, there are options (book, colloquial), one of them is preferable. These objective fluctuations in the norm are usually associated with language development. Options are transitional steps from an outdated norm to a new one. Norm is the central concept of the theory of speech culture.

2. Basic understanding of slang

Let's touch our speech and find out why it is sick. The real misfortune of our society and our language is foul language.

For some, their native language has already turned into a mixture of jargon and obscenities. "Jargon" ( French) -spoiled tongue . Jargon is spoken by people connected by the same profession and social stratum. These are a kind of password words in order to distinguish “one of our own”.

Jargon is a type of speech used primarily in oral communication by a separate, relatively stable social group that unites people based on profession (programmer jargon), interests (philatelist jargon) or age (youth jargon). Jargon differs from the common language by its specific vocabulary and phraseology and the special use of word-formation devices.

Part of the slang vocabulary belongs to not one, but many social groups. Moving from one jargon to another, the words of their “common stock” can change form and meaning: “to obscure” - to hide prey, “to be cunning” in modern youth jargon - to speak unclearly, to evade an answer. The vocabulary of jargon is replenished by borrowing from other languages (“dude” is a guy from the Gypsy language), but most of it is created through redesign (“basket” — basketball), more often by rethinking commonly used words (“jerk” — go, “car” — automobile). The correlation of vocabulary, as well as the nature of its reinterpretation in jargon - from playfully ironic to grossly vulgar - depends on the value orientation and nature of the social group: whether it is open or closed, organically included in society or opposed to it. In open groups (youth) the jargon is “collective game”. In closed groups, jargon is a signal that distinguishes between “us” and “them,” and sometimes a means of conspiracy. The vocabulary of jargon flows into the literary language through vernacular and the language of fiction, where it is used as a means of speech characterization. The fight against jargon for the purity of language and culture of speech reflects the rejection of linguistic isolation by society as a whole. The study of jargon is one of the tasks of sociolinguistics. Sometimes the term "jargon" is used to refer to distorted, incorrect speech. Therefore, in the actual terminological sense, it is often replaced by terms such as “student language”, “argot”, “slang”.

3. Sources of slang replenishment

For a long time, the basis of common slang was student slang. But at present this is far from the case. In the last decades of the twentieth century, the main source of slang became argot (thieves' language). This is largely due to the fact that the language of the Soviet prison became public: the taboo on prison topics in literature and cinema was lifted, and this was immediately reflected in the press. Many words have passed into general jargon from thieves' argot. Let's give some examples: "grandmothers" - money, "mochit" - kill, "cop", "garbage" - a policeman, "shchipach" - a petty swindler, "raspberry" - a den of thieves, "strelka" - a meeting of thieves.

The general jargon has not escaped the influence of the jargon of drug addicts, but this vocabulary in the general jargon is not numerous: the jargon of drug addicts retains a certain caste, it is limited to a narrow circle of speakers, and only a few words go beyond this sphere. These are words and expressions such as: “dope”, “grass” - marijuana, “get on a needle”, “joint” - a cigarette with marijuana, “glitches” - hallucinations.

Some words of common jargon in their origin are professional expressions, for example, police ones: “bytovukha” - a crime committed on domestic grounds, “dismemberment” - a dismembered corpse, “snowdrop” - a corpse found under the snow. Miners, for example, call a pile of overturned carriages a “wedding,” while pilots call the frontal part of an airplane a “muzzle.” Dentists often use the word "freezing" instead of the word "anesthesia." Hospital patients, not knowing medical terminology, come up with names for procedures and instruments themselves. A flexible probe inserted into the stomach is called “intestine”, fluoroscopy is called “candling”... Such words find their way into the language of doctors and become their professional jargon. Army - “grandfathers”, “demobilization”, “mow” (from the army); names borrowed from the jargon of intelligence agencies - “misinformation” - disinformation, and businessmen - “cash” - cash, “non-cash” - non-cash payment. Among the argotisms, one can distinguish intraprofessional elements that do not go beyond the boundaries of one argot, and pronounced interargotisms, i.e. argotisms serving a whole range of argots. For example, the first include words such as “imperishable” - a work created not for commerce, but for the soul (for artists), “dollar” - a hook for hanging a pot over a fire (for tourists), “charge a client” - to make a promise to pay a certain amount of money, and then deceive (from speculators, resellers), etc. To the second - a word like “teapot” - an unprofitable visitor in an establishment (for waiters), a beginner, a bad driver (for drivers), an amateur athlete (among athletes), etc.

Thus, there is currently a very active process of integration of general jargon with all areas of profanity in the Russian language.

Common jargon is constantly influenced by other languages. And in previous years, the English language enriched jargons more than others. Currently, due to the facilitation of contacts with the United States, the influx of Americanisms into the general jargon has noticeably intensified. Let us give examples of English (more precisely, American) borrowings that fell into the general jargon at different times: “girl” - girl, “pop” - pop music, “face” - face. There are significantly fewer borrowings from other languages in the general jargon. Compare: “ksiva” - passport (Yiddish), “kayf” - pleasure (Arabic or Turkish), “hacienda” - country house, country plot with a house (Spanish).

The replenishment of jargon constantly occurs as a result of semantic and word-formation processes.

4. Youth slang

Youth slang is a means of communication for a large number of people united by age, and even then it is very conditional. Slang speakers are, as a rule, people aged 12 - 30 years. Slang covers almost all areas of life, describes almost all situations, except boring ones, since a slang word is born as a result of the speaker’s emotional attitude to the subject of conversation. Slang is a constant creation of words, which is based on the principle of language play. Often it is the comic, playful effect that is the main thing in a slang text. It is important for a young man not only “what to say,” but also “how to say it” in order to be an interesting storyteller. Slang is a living organism in a process of constant change and renewal. He constantly borrows units from jargons and other subsystems of the Russian language, and also becomes a supplier of words of colloquial, colloquial use - this is the fate that awaits popular slangism, which, due to repeated repetition, loses its expressive coloring.

The informal group of Mitkov gives a great contrast to the youth slang. Mitki is an informal association of St. Petersburg artists who paint in the pseudo-Russian popular print style, forming a new mass youth movement, including not only artists, but also people associated with them. Mitkas are distinguished by a special manner of behavior - deliberate goodwill and affectionateness in address, expressed in particular in a predilection for diminutive forms. They have their own limited set of words and expressions; They dress in whatever they like, in the style of the beatniks of the 50s. (most often in vests), wear beards. Mityok, like Ivanushka, is associated with the hero of a Russian folk tale, inclined to lie on the stove as a clumsy, but in fact savvy.

5. Schoolchildren’s slang as a component of youth slang

The carriers of school slang are exclusively representatives of the younger generation - accordingly, schoolchildren. Despite the absence of any crypto-personality in this slang and the obvious intelligibility of most of its units to representatives of other social and age groups, the vocabulary of this slang subsystem is realized only in the speech of the specified contingent of speakers due to its irrelevance for the rest of the Russian speakers. Thus, school slang can be qualified as corporate youth slang. The vocabulary of schoolchildren's jargon includes words thematically related to the following four areas: the school sphere, the leisure sphere, the everyday sphere, and the assessment sphere.

School slang includes names of academic subjects (matesha - mathematics, geos - geometry, physical education - physical education, liters etc.), school grades (parasha, twix - grade "2", trendel - grade "3", etc.), some school premises (canteen - canteen, tubzik, tubarkas - toilet, etc.), individual school employees ( teacher - teacher, sackcloth - school director), types of educational activities (homework - homework, kontrosha - test), etc. This lexical group can be considered as the “core” of school jargon - the units included in it are realized in the speech of the majority schoolchildren without any (for example, territorial) restrictions. Adjacent to this group are units representing the names of teaching staff in the subject taught (physicist - physics teacher, biology - biology teacher, Englishwoman - English teacher, hysterical - history teacher, algebroid etc.) or by type of professional activity (for example, head teacher - head of the educational department).

Such a specific part of school slang as slang names for teachers and other school employees according to their specific characteristics deserves special consideration. This group is quite extensive, but its constituent lexemes, even in the case of abstract naming of teachers of different subjects (for example, Flask - a chemistry teacher, Brush - a drawing teacher, Pencil - a drawing teacher, Molecule - a physics teacher, Printer - a computer science teacher, etc. ), have a pronounced “local” character and are realized in the speech of students only at the school (or even within several classes of the school) where they were developed. Most of the units in this group nominate very specific, specific people and therefore cannot be relevant for all schoolchildren as a whole. Otherwise, these lexemes fully correspond to the concept of jargon - they are expressive, reduced in familiarity, and are realized only during intra-group communication among schoolchildren. Words in the sphere of evaluation can be divided into two groups: vocatives and evaluative vocabulary proper. Vocatives are included in the sphere of evaluation because slang addresses are always expressive and express an attitude towards the person being named. Curious appeal as Lohidze is the face of Caucasian nationality, it is also black, black -haired. The popular appeal among young people is Nike. , by the name of the company that produces sportswear with stripes of this word in English: nike. Addresses such as: kents, peppers, dude, stick, brother, brother are used by schoolchildren when communicating with each other and therefore are used most often.

The development of slang names for specific people is a specific feature of school slang, which is not typical for other slang formations. For example: by appearance (Exclamation Mark (tall), Torpedo Boat (lush bust), Two-story building (high hairstyle), Ryumochka (slender figure), etc., as well as numerous names based on their external resemblance to the characters of books, films, cartoons , TV shows - Boniface, Lady Zosya, Kolobok, Leopold, Nils the Hedgehog, Commissioner Cattani, Postman Pechkin, etc.), gait features (Ballerina (graceful gait), Broom (as if covering her tracks), Paralytic (twitching gait ), Goose (slow, waddling gait), etc.), temperament (Cavalrywoman (stormy temperament), Pliers ("pinches" everyone), Wolfhound (evil disposition), etc.), manner of speaking (Guts (pulls words), Nasty (nasty voice), Camel (splashes saliva when talking), etc.), habits, behavioral characteristics (Shchukar (likes to talk about his hiking trips), Brick (physical education teacher, comes to school on a bicycle, with a backpack , in which there are bricks), Poprygun (physical education teacher, loves to beautifully jump over a “horse” in the presence of girls), etc.), various funny cases, episodes (Vatrushka (took away the cheesecakes that the students ate in class), Marya- Artificial (wrote “artificial” instead of “skillful”), etc.) and other signs; morphonological deformation of personal names (Michael Makaronovich (Mikhail Mironovich), Lyaks Lyaksych (Alexander Alekseevich), Oreh Varenievich (Oleg Valerievich), Toad (Zhanna), Arkan (Arkady), Drozd (Andrey), etc.), abbreviations, addition basics, abbreviation (Beef (Boris Fedorovich), ESS (Svetlana Stepanovna), Mu (Marina Yuryevna), Tazikha (initials T.A.Z.), UAZ (initials U.A.Z.), Vasgav (Vasily Gavrilovich ), etc.), a combination of several techniques at once (Microphone (tall, thin, stooped + name “Mitrofan”), Kagorych (patronymic “Egorovich” + likes to drink), Meridiashka (geography teacher + wears dresses with longitudinal stripes) , Lzhedmitrievna (patronymic "Dmitrievna" + history teacher), etc.), etc.

As for the evaluative vocabulary itself, it is characterized by the presence of lexemes with a pronounced positive or negative evaluation.

. Student slang

The opinion that student slang is a general formation and “absorbs” the slang of schoolchildren is not confirmed. Only two jargons - spur (crib sheet) and bomb (a type of crib sheet containing the full text of the answer) - are presented (with the same meaning) simultaneously in both jargons, while the remaining units of these subsystems are quite clearly demarcated from each other. In literature, youth, especially student, argot is often identified with the argot of the city. Indeed, the speech creative activity of students, youth, and various youth associations is a kind of core of the urban argot. The overwhelming majority of samples of student argot are borrowed either from other languages through professional argot, or taken from “thieves’ music.” Youth, in particular student, jargon does not have a more or less stable composition.

7. Synonymy in youth slang

Synonymy in youth slang is represented quite widely (316 synonymous rows). The number of jargons included in the synonymous series is over 1300 units, which significantly exceeds the number of jargons that do not enter into synonymous relations. It seems that the active creation of synonyms by speakers of youth slang is dictated by the need for a variety of expressive means: the increased frequency of individual slang units in speech reduces their expressiveness, while a significant quantitative supply of synonyms helps to avoid too frequent use of the same units. Thus, it can be assumed that there is a direct relationship between the number of synonyms that implement any meaning and the relevance of this meaning for slang speakers (activity, frequency of implementation in speech). Based on this, let's consider synonymous series.

The longest synonymous chain is a series of adjectives of positive evaluation: cool, cool, cool, cool, etc. (23 units in total). This is followed by adjectives of emotional assessment (atomic, crazy, cool, etc. - 19 units in total) and negative assessment adjectives (gloomy, rotten, dumb, etc. - 18 units in total). Then there are rows containing 16 units each - these are positive emotional exclamations (nishtyak, shook, kle, etc.), verbs with the meaning “to get bored, tire” (zamumukat, get, finish, etc.) and nouns with the meaning “human face” (face, sign, tambourine, etc.). A series of 15 units are synonyms for the general name of money (granny, bashli, cabbage, etc.). There are 14 units in two rows: verbs with the meaning “tired, tired” (hesitate, swing, gored, etc.) and nouns with the meaning “fool, crazy” (fofan, dolbak, dodik, etc.). Further, in accordance with the number of units, synonymous rows are arranged as follows: containing 13 units. - “to leave, run away” (to dump, skip, run away, etc.), “to die” (to hobble, grunt, inflate fins, etc.), “child, baby” (pestrunets, kinder, baby, etc.), “good , excellent" (cool, clear, zykansky, etc.), containing 12 units. - “fight” (makhach, makhla, mochilovka, etc.), “something bad” - negative evaluation units (bullshit, bullshit, crap, etc.), “failure, bad luck” (jamb, bummer, flight, etc.), "marijuana" (plan, grass, ganj, etc.), containing 11 units. - “a feeling of depression, oppression” (crowbar, down, depression, etc.), “funny, funny incident” (joke, joke, joke, etc.), containing 10 units. - “girl, woman” (lady, gerla, woman, etc.), “get drunk” (get drunk, drive off, go to the pampas, etc.), “madness, abnormality” (croeza, shiza, zadvig, etc.). Next come the rows containing less than 10 units in their composition.

The concepts nominated by more than ten synonyms cover a significant number of the most relevant topics of communication for most young people, which explains such a developed synonymy. Let us pay attention to three more significant points. Firstly, the above rows clearly indicate the predominantly “male” nature of youth slang, the content of an attitude towards the implementation of meanings that are relevant primarily for the male part of the speakers (in this sense, the rows “girl” and “having sex” are especially indicative (about man), falling into the category of the largest). Secondly, it should be noted that the synonymous series of jargon with the meaning “child, baby” fell into the group of series with the maximum number of units, in general, by accident: 11 units of this series are word-forming or phonetic variants of the jargon baby (babik, baby, baby, baby, etc.). Thirdly, noteworthy is the significant number of synonyms associated with the designation of the drug “marijuana” (12 units). The prevalence of this drug among young people (not only in groups of drug addicts) determines the use of these words and, in connection with this, the multiplicity of slang synonyms with this meaning (note that the designations of other drugs do not have such developed synonymy)

Often, phonetic or word-formative variants of a slang unit act as synonyms, for example: fan / fan - a fan, adherent of something, someone; hangover / budun - hangover; pogonalo/pogonalka - nickname; academician / academician - academic leave at the university; zapodlo/zapodlyak/zapodlyanka/podlyanka/podlyak - deliberate meanness, etc. And one more important point: a significant part of slang synonyms are absolute synonyms, that is, having no differences in their meanings, for example: mouth - mitten, beak, bread-maker, havalnik; to go - to saw, to dawdle, to row, to ditch, to heel, to chug; food, food - gluttony, grub, gobble, sharp. A total of 284 synonymous chains were identified, consisting of absolute synonyms (the number of the latter is about 800 units). By the presence of such a large number of synonymous series consisting of absolute synonyms, youth slang differs significantly from the literary language, in which different synonyms, “denoting one concept, characterize it from different sides” and the number of absolute synonyms in which is extremely small.

A certain part of synonymous pairs and rows of jargon arose due to intra-jargon social stratification, the heterogeneity of the composition of youth jargon speakers. We are talking about those cases when different designations were developed in parallel for the same concept in different groups of young people, which can also be considered as a special case of synonymy. Examples of this kind can be the following rows: hip / hippan (general mol.) - people (self-name) - hippie guy; drug addict (general) - junkie (self-described) - drug addict; depressnyak (general mol.) - down (hip.) - feeling of oppression, depression, depression; ancestors, rodaki (general mol.) - olds, prants (hip.) - skulls (punk.) - laces (school) - parents, etc.

With the growing popularity of bodybuilding (bodybuilding) among young people, jargon almost simultaneously appears that means “a person with a powerful, muscular figure” - jock / jock, kulek (the first two are derived from the verb “pump up” (“pump up”) muscles), the latter being a derivative of the word "bodybuilder" - their synchronicity does not raise much doubt. And in the synonymous series ancestors - parents / parens / prants - olds - rodaki - chelny - skulls - laces (parents) the "oldest" is obviously the jargon "ancestors" (1964), while “skulls” and “laces” appeared already in the 90s. This is a case of diachronic synonymy.

Speaking about slang, I would like to superficially touch upon the problem of swearing.

Swearing with the last words is now considered almost “good” form. Many can no longer explain their thoughts without resorting to abusive expressions, but a swear word is unvarnished, petty muck, a sign of a wild, most primitive culture.

With the use of profanity, not only the language, but also the consciousness becomes more primitive. From bad thoughts to bad deeds. After all, it all starts with words... And when you can’t stand for a minute at bus stops without hearing a rotten word, when swear words and jargon burst from television screens, it’s difficult to understand what “is good and what is bad.” But the fact is that even an innocent passion for jargon bears fruit. And they taste bitter. Firstly, the jargon is simply impossibly stupid and takes everything to the point of absurdity. Have you heard Rozovsky's parody of the fairy tale about "Little Red Riding Hood"? Here she is. “All the way, walking through the forest with terrible force, the Gray Wolf was glued to the colossal chick - Little Red Riding Hood. She immediately realized that the Gray Wolf was a weakling and suffocated, and began to tell him about his sick grandmother.” And here’s what the description of the Dnieper from Gogol’s “Terrible Revenge” looks like in jargon: “The cool Dnieper in cool weather, when, wandering and showing off, saws its cool waters through forests and mountains. you don’t know whether he’s sawing or not. A rare bird with a shnobel will scratch it all the way to the middle. And if it finishes scratching, it will whoop and throw off its hooves.” This is just nonsense, devoid not only of poetry, but, alas, of any meaning, which only causes fair laughter. And if the author of the immortal lines had risked writing this, his name would never have been known. Sometimes it is almost impossible to understand what is said in jargon.

Imagine a man who walks up to a taxi driver and says, “Shake him to death.” “Shake it” - you can still guess. What is a “stuffed animal”? It turns out that it is a local history museum.

Bibliography

1. Elistratov V.S., Dictionary of Russian Argo: Materials, M., "Russian Dictionaries", 2000

2. Ermakova O.P., Zemskaya E.A., Rozina R.I., Words we met: Explanatory dictionary of general jargon, M., "Azbukovik", 1999

Mokienko V.M., Nikitina T.G., Large dictionary of Russian jargon, St. Petersburg, "Norint", 2000

Nikitina T.G., This is what the youth says, St. Petersburg, "Foliopress", 1998

Nikitina T.G., Explanatory dictionary of youth slang, M., "Astrel: AST: Transitbook", 2005

Russian language jargon youth slang

Russian youth slang is an interesting linguistic phenomenon, the existence of which is limited not only by certain age limits, as is clear from its nomination itself, but also by social, temporal and spatial boundaries.

It exists among urban student youth - and certain more or less closed reference groups.

Jargon or slang are both colloquial words and expressions accepted among native speakers of a literary language, since the everyday speech of even the most refined intellectual (and this has been proven today) differs very significantly from his own pre-prepared, verified, strictly codified speech. In addition, the colloquial speech of the city also includes the vernacular that we hear every day from the lips of ordinary citizens in queues and transport, in the factory floor and on the construction site, in the hospital and in the office. This also includes, further, a variety of professional and social jargons: school, youth, criminal, etc. Finally, these are those remnants of rural dialects that, to one degree or another, continue to exist in the city, especially in the “private sector”. Nowadays, numerous (albeit most often unprofessionally made) dictionaries of jargons, the same obscenities, have appeared, but there is still no dictionary that would cover all the many varieties of urban colloquial speech- but they constantly interact with each other, and this interaction to a very large extent, perhaps to a decisive extent, determines the future of our language and linguistic culture. It goes without saying that through language, more objectively than through any other social institution, the worldview of the people, their attitudes, aesthetic and ethical preferences are highlighted - their, as they say now, mentality.

Like all social dialects, it is only a lexicon that feeds on the juices of the national language and lives on its phonetic and grammatical soil.

The flow of this vocabulary never dries up completely; it only becomes shallow at times, and at other times it becomes full-flowing.

This is connected, of course, with the historical background against which the Russian language develops.

Currently, the ability to speak correctly, express one’s thoughts clearly and beautifully is important for various spheres of social life. That is why we can talk about the connection between the literary language and the concept of speech culture. There are 3 main aspects of the concept of speech culture: communicative, normative, ethical. Speech culture is, first of all, correct speech, compliance with the norms of the literary language. The task of speech culture is to ensure that these norms are recorded and controlled in order to monitor their changes in the future. One of the most important components of speech culture is the normative component. However, determining the “correctness” or “incorrectness” of speech culture is not the main thing. Another function of speech culture is to determine the communicative tasks of language. The importance of the communicative side can be considered the main category of speech culture. Here we can consider such qualities of speech as its diversity, richness, accuracy and clarity of speech, expressiveness. Another aspect of speech culture is etiquette as the outer shell of a statement. Etiquette implies the correct use of lexical units and compliance with a particular style. Emotionally charged vocabulary is not compatible with a scientific or formal business style. When choosing a particular word, it is necessary to take into account not only its lexical meaning, but also its stylistic fixation, as well as expressive coloring. People of different age and professional categories perceive and use the ethical side of speech culture in different ways. Etiquette also monitors the use of specific vocabulary (for example, obscene language). It is unacceptable that certain, special lexical units of one style were mixed with units of another style. The normativity of speech culture connects the communicative function and the ethical component of speech culture. Language is a constantly changing system. Vocabulary that was non-normative can change its position over time, becoming more or less used in accordance with the norms of the literary language. Thus, the task of the theory of speech culture is to record any changes in the language. Also, the culture of speech should draw attention to the use of words that are partly incomprehensible to the general public. These include the use of professionalism.

But this connection cannot be interpreted too straightforwardly, explaining the noticeable revival and intensive word formation in slang only by historical cataclysms. The beginning of the century saw three stormy waves in the development of youth slang.

The first reason for such a rapid emergence of new words in youth slang is, of course, the rapid, “jumping” development of life. If we look at numerous magazines covering new products on the market, we will see that almost every week they appear more or less significant events.

The first dates back to the 20s, when the revolution and civil war, having destroyed the structure of society to the ground, gave birth to an army of street children, and the speech of teenage students and youth, who were not separated from the street children by impassable partitions, was colored by many “thieves” words;

The second wave occurred in the 50s, when “hipsters” took to the streets and dance floors of cities.

The appearance of the third wave is associated not with an era of turbulent events, but with a period of stagnation, when the suffocating atmosphere public life The 70s and 80s gave rise to various informal youth movements, and “hippie” young people created their own “systemic” slang as a linguistic gesture of opposition to the official ideology.

In the fight against jargon and “black” words, the environmental approach itself is very important. Just as in nature there are limiting levels of radiation, atmospheric gas pollution, and water pollution, above which irreversible processes of destruction can begin, so in language there are limits to its distortion, coarsening and stylistic decline, beyond which we can speak of it as “ the most important means communication” is simply not possible. Evil and an evil, rude word give rise to new evil, accumulate (like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere) in the general “linguistic atmosphere”, becoming destructive for their speakers (who naively believe that they simply “rejected” this evil from themselves, directing the arrow at others) . Clogging of the language environment is similar to air pollution, an increase in toxicity, poisoning, when they become dangerous to human life.

Beregovskaya E.M. identifies more than 10 ways of forming functional units of slang, thereby confirming the thesis about the constant updating of the vocabulary of slang.

First place in terms of productivity foreign language borrowings(dude - guy (from the gypsy language), mostly English-speaking.

This method is organically combined with affixation, so that the word immediately appears in Russified form.

The flow of borrowings from English has increased sharply. The largest number of borrowings occurs in new areas where a system of Russian terms or names has not yet developed. This happens, for example, in modern economics or computer technology. In a situation where there is no word for a new concept, this word can be created from old means, or it can simply be borrowed. The Russian language as a whole has followed the second path. If we talk about specific words, then, say, the printer defeated the printing device. In such areas, borrowing is quite appropriate and, in any case, does not pose any threat to the language.

For example: thank you (thank you) - Senka; parents (parents) - parents, prants; birthday (birthday) - bum, bum.

Having appeared in such a grotesque guise, borrowed slangism immediately actively enters the system of inflection: street (street) - on the street, luknut (look) - lukni, etc. And the derivation mechanism is immediately activated:

Drink ( alcoholic drink) - drinker, drinker, drink - command, get drunk, get drunk.

Some foreign words, long assimilated by the Russian language, seem to have been re-borrowed in a different meaning:

rally (meeting), ring (telephone), speech (conversation), etc.

Affixation as a means is very productive.

And following E.A. Zemskaya we will consider this type of word formation step by step.

Modern Russian language and social change in society. Shaking traditional literary norms. Modification of language: the emergence of new and revival of old words; foreign borrowing; active “introduction” of slang words. A culture of speech.

Features of youth slang and the main sources of its formation. Functioning of slang units in journalistic text. Characteristics of the borrowing process. Determining the specifics of borrowing as a source of youth slang formation.

Jargonization as special language game in the name, which is determined by the desire to create “your own” language of communication. Basic techniques of representation. Classes of slang vocabulary. Groups of words with an emotional component of meaning. Aspects of the expression of feelings and emotions.

Noun:

Uh(a) is used to form words with an expression of rudeness, disdain, irony: nickname - klikuha, order - order, show - showing off, calmness - calmness.

In this case, the basis of a complex, usually foreign language base word is subject to truncation: presentation - presentuha, pornography - porn, scholarship - stipukha.

The suffix is also used as a means of universalization, i.e. reduction of combinations “adjective + noun” into one word -

noun: wet case (murder) - mokrukha, everyday crime - everyday life.

But this suffix does not always contain the same combination.

The bases of adjectives are used as the basic ones, conveying the semantics of the new word: black - chernukha, cheerful - veselukha.

Speech is called correct if the speaker pronounces words correctly, uses word forms correctly, and constructs sentences correctly. Although this may not be enough. Speech may be correct, but not meet the goals of communication. Good speech contains at least following signs: variety, richness, expressiveness, as well as accuracy in the use of words. The richness of speech is characterized by the use of a huge vocabulary, various morphological forms. The use of complex syntactic structures also indicates the diversity of speech. Expressiveness of speech is achieved by searching and selecting linguistic means that correspond to the goals and conditions of communication. The choice of means that help best reflect the content of the statement, which reveal its main idea, characterizes the accuracy of speech. A cultured person is distinguished by a high level of speech culture. You need to improve your speech. Nowadays the media is gaining immense popularity. For many, this is the primary source of information. Radio announcers and TV presenters should be a kind of example, because to some extent they are responsible for the cultural level of the broad masses. The spiritual component of human culture is associated with speech in its various forms. The inner world of an individual is manifested in speech: it is intellect, feelings, emotions, imagination, fantasy, moral attitude, faith. All diversity is associated with internal and external speech, with the culture of speech. The leading position in speech has always been occupied by linguistic material. The choice of words and phrases, grammatically and logically correct construction of sentences, a variety of linguistic means and techniques are characteristic of both the speaker’s speech and scientific reports. The main indicator of the level of education and culture was correct speech.

Ag(a) produces modification nouns, i.e. words that differ from the basic ones in expressive assessment. As a rule, such a suffix conveys rude mockery: journalist, hostel, prison;

Ar(a) forms expressive modification nouns that have a rude and humorous character: nose - nose, cat - cat.

-on is unique, with the help of which nouns are derived from the stems of verbs, denoting actions or states related to drinking and snacking: drink - drink, snack - snack, throw - zakidon.

The production of names of persons is carried out by many suffixes.

L(a) produces from verbal stems rudely derogatory names for persons by action: drove (from driver), threw (from throw - deceiver);

Shchik, -nik, -ach are active in different areas of the language: freeloader - freeloader, hang out - partygoer, joke - joker, knock - snitch;

Ak is more active in the production of nouns denoting any object or phenomenon, by action or attribute: impudence - nagliak, depression - depresnyak, prohodnyak (a work that can be published or a passing grade at a university).

It generates not only nouns, but also a specific class of words - evaluative adverbial predicates: sure, dead (sure thing), acting as an interjection with the meaning: for sure, for sure.

Among the less expressive suffixes that act in the word formation of nouns, we will name the following:

Lk(a), with the help of which nouns of different semantics are formed from verbal stems, for example, naming types of children's folklore and children's games: horror stories, shooters (like the well-known ones: counting rhymes, teasers);

Ota is used to produce nouns with a collective meaning: drug (from drugs);

Hedgehog forms from verbal stems names of actions and states of the type: baldezh (from baldet), gudezh (from buzzing);

Derivatives that have a local meaning are not very typical for the general jargon.

For example, noun. bomzhatnik (from bum), modeled after the names of premises for animals (calf barn, chicken coop), noun. rocking chair (sports club) is modeled after the conversational reading room, smoking room.

Neutral suffixes, which are productive in literary language, are also widely used to supplement slang vocabulary.

To produce nouns denoting actions or the result of an action, the following suffixes are used:

O: collision, rollback, gain;

K(a): cheating, washing, excuse, exposure, promotion, tension;

Neither (e): washing, welding, simmering.

The word formation of the verb is less rich.

It has no specific suffixes.

The development of this linguistic phenomenon and its spread among an increasing number of Russian language speakers is determined by the introduction of “foreignness” into life modern society. And youth slang is being used not only by young people, but also by people who have nothing to do with them at all. One day one grandmother in a store said to another: “Look, what HACKED apples they sell!” The only thing is that with the advent of slang, the language level sharply decreased. Slang penetrates into all areas of activity, and even into literature. For a separate example, you can take the now famous and popular author Viktor Pelevin. In his works, jargon can be traced: stalemate, sharpening, slangisms: uncool business, bespont, and even vulgarisms. But, despite all this, Pelevin is considered a serious author. Almost all young people and middle-aged people read his works. All his works are abstract - that is, the whole meaning is hidden, and you need to understand it yourself.

Derivatives with -nu, -anu are especially active, denoting instantaneous, one-time action: to slow down, burst, break. But the main role is played by prefixation and prefixes, which are also productive in literary colloquial speech:

s- with the meaning of removal: fade away, dump (leave, leave);

roll away, roll away, shovel away (lit. move away);

from - with the meaning of destroying the result of another action: launder (dirty money), smear (s), rewind.

Adjective:

The word formation of adjectives is even less ramified than the word formation of verbs. It does not contain specific prefixes and suffixes. The most active ones are the same as for the literary language: -ov, -n-, -sk-: lom - dray, plague - chumova, goon - goon.

In slang, there is a specific variety of words like: banter, crazy, correlative with verbs ending in -anuty. Derivatives of anuty resemble in form passive participles(bend - bent), however, their semantics and nature of use (inability to control dependent nominal forms (bent by whom...)) shows that they should be considered as a special type of adjectives.

3. The second place after suffixation is taken by such a method as truncation. With its help, names of various kinds are easily generated, as a rule, from a polysyllabic word: shiza - schizophrenia; demobilization - demobilization; cash cash;

4. The next powerful source of formation of the lexical composition of slang is metaphorics.

Metaphors: aquarium, monkey bar - “a police bench for detainees”, golyak - complete absence of anything, extinguish - hit, fly away - feel great.

In metaphorics there is often a humorous interpretation of the signified:

shaggy - bald, basketball player - a short man, Mercedes pedal - bicycle.

Metonymies: hairy - hippie, crusty - diploma.

Metonymies like: grass - drugs for smoking, puff - smoking drugs, sniffing glue are euphemistic in nature, obscure negative essence named denotations.

5. Development of polysemy: throw: 1) steal something from someone; 2) take something from someone and not give it back; 3) cheat when making a transaction; 4) fail to keep a promise, deceive; nishtyak: 1) everything is in order; 2) it is not important, not significant; 3) not bad, tolerable; 4) please; hang around: 1) be under the influence of a drug; 2) receive great pleasure, both physical and spiritual;

Borrowing thieves' argotisms: lawlessness - complete freedom, revelry; cool - good; wet - beat, kill;

Synonymous or antonymic derivation (one of the components of a phraseological unit is replaced by a word of similar or opposite meaning from a national language or slang): get on the needle - start using drugs regularly - get hooked on the needle - get someone used to using drugs - get off the needle - stop using drugs ; hammer a joint - fill a cigarette with a drug for smoking - nail a joint, hammer a joint;

Abbreviation, full or partial: KPZ: 1) pre-trial detention cell; 2) a room with a pleasant smell; 3) Kyiv brewery; Zosia - alcoholic drink” Golden autumn”;

Telescopy: cerebellum - go crazy (cerebellum + cerebellum);

Pun stand: Bucharest - youth party (from “bukh” - alcohol), bezbabie - lack of money (from “granny” - money); Zhoporozhets, constipation - a Zaporozhets brand car.

Jargons are words used by certain social or interest groups that carry a secret meaning that is incomprehensible to everyone.

Jargon is a kind of language within a language. Strictly speaking, jargon is a type of speech of a group of people united by a single profession (jargon of pilots, miners, sailors), occupation (jargon of athletes, collectors), etc. Youth slang is often called slang (from the English slang) or argo (from the French argot).

Jargon has been around for a long time among young people (the jargon of high school students, seminarians). The main thing in this linguistic phenomenon is a departure from everyday life, play, irony, a mask. Uninhibited, laid-back youth slang seeks to escape the boring world of adults, parents and teachers. They say: Okay! And we: Cool! Cool! That's funny! They: That's bad luck! Us: What a bummer! Them: It's too difficult! We: Don't burden me! They admire, we stick out and trudge.

Youth slang is similar to its speakers - it is harsh, loud, impudent. It is the result of a peculiar desire to change the world in a different manner, as well as a sign of “I am mine.” The language here reflects the inner aspiration of the young brighter and stronger than clothes, hairstyles, or lifestyle. Students usually reinterpret the names of academic subjects in their own way: not colloid chemistry, and sorcery; Not linear algebra, and ruler; not the structure of molecules, but structuremol; not mathematical analysis, but math. Academic leave called academician (or academician).

Youth jargon easily incorporates words from different languages (from English - shuz, beg, man, haer; from German - kopf “head”), from different dialects (berlyat “drink”, uhaydokhat “to tire”), from the criminal language - cool, trouble, chaos.

Generations of young people change after five to seven years, and with them the jargon changes. Nobody now remembers the ratings Awesome!, Iron! “good” or ratings like Millet! “bad”, so widespread in the 60-70s of the twentieth century. New or old, jargon remains with young people as an indispensable condition for an indispensable game, as an island of naturalness and freedom in the strictly regulated world of adults, like a bauble on the arm or a hairratkin on the head. A striking feature of youth slang is its rapid updating. During the youth of grandparents, money could be called tugriks, rupees, in the times of parents - coins, mani, today's youth use babka, bucks.

For example, this: “chicks”, “dudes”, “girls” are a thing of the past. Now young people call girls “bees.” If a girl is strange or drunk, then they may say that she is “out of her mind.” Girls call young people “uncles.” There are some young people who are “extremely tough,” but there are also “twisted” ones, i.e. not very "cool". In light of the above, it is probably worth quoting the now fashionable saying: “Only eggs are cooler than you, only stars are higher than you.” If a company gathers, it is called a “get-together.” The “party” may turn out to be “crazy”, i.e. |unsuccessful or successful - “freaky”” (MK. 1992. No. 10).

Another feature of youth jargon is its limited subject matter. There are about a dozen semantic classes of names, within which there are many synonyms. These are the names of faces (dude, forehead, small, horses), body parts (lanterns, switch, claws), clothes and shoes (shoes, swinger, outfit), money (bucks, grandmas, piece, lemon), positive ratings (cool, cool, cool, awesome, out), names of some actions and states (passed out, pinned, trudged), etc.

Full communication among young people is impossible without proficiency in their language.

Moreover, in the right place and time, a swear word used by a teenager (naturally, in an appropriate setting) may turn out to be more effective than lengthy reasoning and long conversations.

Modern technologies are expanding the boundaries of communication. For example, the advent of the Internet allowed modern youth to “hang out” in chat rooms (from English word chat - chatter) and thereby significantly expand your social circle. And since the bulk of people who communicate in this way are young people, it is not surprising that the corresponding norms of speech are learned.

The element that feeds this youth language is everything new, unconventional or rejected: the speech of music fans, music television, in particular MTV, and the speech of drug addicts, computer jargon and urban vernacular, English and thieves' argot. Each of these components has its own sphere, its own subject and at the same time represents a wide field for borrowing (don’t burden me - from the jargon of computer scientists; I’m dragging, sticking out from Decl - from the jargon of drug addicts). Elements borrowed from the literary language are reinterpreted in a playful, ironic way: this is absolutely parallel to me, purely violet, I don’t care.

In addition to alienation, youth slang is characterized by an emotional and playful beginning.

Gaming technique, used in youth slang, is a convergence of words based on sound similarity, sound transfer: for example, lemon instead of million, soap, emelya instead of e-mail (from the English word e-mail).

So, a joke, a game is a positive element youth speech. It is unlikely that anyone can seriously fight this.

Another important characteristic of youth speech is its “primitiveness.” An association with the language of some primitive society arises when teachers observe the instability and constant change of jargon in both the temporal and spatial dimensions. Not having time to gain a foothold, some forms of speech give way to others: for example, the not so long ago slang mani (from the English word money) was replaced by bucks and grandmas.

Another sign of the “primitiveness” of youth slang is the uncertainty and blurred meanings of the words included in it. Cool, cool, I'm sorry can be both a positive and negative assessment of the situation. They treat me like hell here! and ate-fire!, used in slang only as emotional exclamations, and words like korka (crusts), prikol, krutnyak, ult, plague. Being used as emotional interjections, they almost completely lose their meaning, which is replaced by a strongly accentuated emotional component of meaning in a certain situation. This group also includes the phrases complete atas, complete paragraph,

There are also jargons separate groups of people.

Jargons of conscript soldiers and sailors: “litekha” - lieutenant, “spirit” - a soldier who serves for the first six months; schoolchildren's jargons: "teacher" - teacher, etc.; student jargons: "war" - military training classes; common youth slangs: "bottleman" - bottle; slangs of informal youth groups: "hair" - hair (the word is borrowed from the English "hair" - hair), "pop music" - popular music (only the concept is borrowed from English: "popular music" ").

APPLICATION

GLOSSARY OF YOUTH SLANG

Alkofunk - booze alkonaut - drunkard cormorant - young man tower - blows the mind off the tower - go crazy boolkshaking - disco bunker - basement boots - any shoes bottleball - see alkofalk plump - drink booze - booze get into it - understand pass out - 1) stop understanding; 2) fall asleep from fatigue cackle - have fun for some reason gopnik - punks humanizer - police baton scurry - 1) go; 2) to run away while fighting - about a vehicle located in poor condition drol - 1) a person who does everything wrong; 2) not too much clever man give (catch, grab, grab) an oak - 1) die; 2) to freeze very much to move ideas - to give ideas engine - an incentive, a reason to move - see drive a tree - a stupid person to hold (derived from the word "to jerk") - to host, to lead a holiday to make a fuss - to drink rowdy - see to rowdy to make legs - to run away Bastille Day is an extra holiday (an excuse to drink)

day of the cut glass - see Bastille Day; day of beeps - see Bastille Day Jerry Lee Lewis - 1) a person who plays keyboard instruments well; 2) a person who can quickly type a DJ console - a wild teapot - a terrible disco player - a disco well-intentioned - an attacker to catch up - to guess, to understand to get - to get tired of to get at - see run into do haste - an incentive to action - "Let's go!"

du hast nikht - refusal to offer du hast dope - marijuana dubak - cold muzzle - see stuffy trunk - boring no brainer understandable - very obvious the fir trees are green - an expression of dissatisfaction to whine - see rip up the yellow house - a madhouse asshole - a dance in which the back part of the body is most involved to score - to throw something to fall over - to come rattle - to be in an uncomfortable position to load - see. fill up drive - sell up - tired suppressed - sleepy, sleepy ass - a person who is always lucky squeeze - hide, be greedy with something heal - see squeeze leaven - the beginning of a drinking session become inbred - make friends with someone mow down - see kill a snack - snack snack - see snack get knocked up - 1) see thunder, 2) get pregnant lay - betray hostage - a person who betrays all the time sink - get carried away refuel - manage harness - see fill up steam - bother run - see sandal light up - discover , to give oneself away to detect - to catch someone at an inconvenient moment to stock up - to prudently purchase something stuck - tormented to check out - to evaluate stars to give (to hang) - to beat someone green - dollars green - see teapot zykansko - see cool raisin - handsome teenager individual - a person out of the ordinary tester - a person who, during a feast, drinks first konty - see pipe press (spin) pedals - move frame - funny or strange person get high - enjoy kaliki - blinkers - any pharmacological drugs used not for treatment, but out of need, like two fingers... - very simple, light as panties without elastic - a free, unencumbered state to lean over - wait, waste time in vain cabbage - see grandmothers roll - laugh roll a barrel - show aggression in in relation to someone to cough - to catch a cold skiff - see pipe to ferment - see to drink cyborg drunkard - an alcoholic with an impressive appearance, a drunk boxer or a bodybuilder is in full swing - scandal, noise, vanity pussy - a very beautiful girl to sour - to be sad is cool - great, excellent cool - good, excellent cool - see Jim Morrison's cool cocktail - a cocktail consisting of 50% vodka and 50% Coca-Cola

corefan - friend sidekick - see corefan jamb - imperfection mow - pretend to pick one's brains - think sausage, wobble - a state in which a person is having fun, enjoys it to the fullest wheels - car rumbling - see walking kolotun - see dubak commander - see drove comics - vacation composter - a person who has a boring, moral influence composting his brains - boring, moral influence kondybat - far to go kondybat - go throw away your skates - die to dig - 1) slowly get ready; 2) look for something throw back the hooves - see skates throw away roam - make excuses stoker - a person who watches the fire, a fire roofer - psychiatrist kranty - sad result of the Kuril Islands - a place intended for smoking kumar - a large number of there is a lot of smoke in the room - see tusa laver - lover, beloved crap - not true, nonsense screw up - see fly left - bad, superfluous Battle on the Ice- a big booze sucker - a worthless person to rush - to leave the place to screw up - see fly over raspberry - happiness matilda - affectionate name beloved girl mahach - fight loom - flash before your eyes event - booze slow medical care - irritate run into - find yourself in a dangerous position heat up - see prick load - see overwhelm nadbat - find hit - making a claim, threat, use of violence, infringement of someone - then it’s right to get drunk - to get drunk to cover yourself - to break down to drip - see lay to dash - write to prick - deceive to lather up to get ready; mean; the tension goes away - difficult situation strain - force to do something push - come across knock - see lay snort - see get drunk get drunk - do something with interest off topic - not on time not fortit - unlucky immeasurably - a lot not weak - good, interesting knockout - loss consciousness, a sudden fall into sleep while drinking knockdown - continuation of drinking after a knockout duck - hide little - secluded place stupefy - fool get stoned - get high, drink a bummer - don’t want to, too lazy to break off - see fly over - slobber on a stub - a young man of unattractive appearance , stupid and awkward to christen - 1) to name; 2) hit die - die knock over - see jabber swell - get tired, get tired morally quickly - quickly throw away your skates - die pass out - see pass out have a blast - see cut off fall off - leave me alone lean back - 1) relax; 2) die pass out - see to pass out to pick off - see to get rid of - see to wander around to soak off - to do something very original to sell - to hit to have a blast - to have fun sucks - whatever, something bad to have fun - to have a good rest otkhodnyak - a state of hangover to unhook - to leave behind dumpling - see cormorant joke - 1) object of curiosity; 2) something or someone worthy of attention outfit - clothes to cling to - to adapt to to cling to - to fawn to adhere to - see to cling to attach - to attach something to something to attach to - see to cling to to cling to - see to cling to something - drawn to something (to laughter, etc.)

banish the topic - make a joke let's go - please forget this or that phrase project - miss the project - miss the moment fly by - experience a strong feeling of dissatisfaction from unfulfilled expectations register - spend a lot of time somewhere squander - spend money enlighten - report something catch - 1 ) to know; 2) understand the carrot - 1) greeting; 2) circulation steam locomotive - railway means of transportation herd - follow shepherd - noun. from the mouth to move the arrows - to make excuses to fight - to go very far pearls - see the topic dumplings - see the cormorant kick the bulldozer - do nothing, do nothing, engage in nonsense peshkarus - saw on foot - 1) walk; 2). come up to tease - to mock someone to make a fuss - see to overwhelm to tease - see to tease to get into - see to rattle to get into - see to run into halves, equally - anyway hang out in the vestibule - stand with friends on the stairwell pus - cat or dog gun - see barrel nickel - nose

swindle for money - demand money

crush - see soak

rant - tell

gouge - see soak

smear on the wall - hit very hard

soak - break, break

spread - see soak

shred - cut

cut through - drive carelessly

dissect - see play

rasp - see slow-witted

play cards - play cards

turnip - see tower

tears a turnip - see demolishes a tower

speech push - tell something

cackle - see cackle

ancestors - see skulls

fishing - catching fish and drinking at the same time

roar - scream, yell

soap washer - see moydodyp

to struggle - to twitch

growl - swear relatives, ancestors - parents fall from the oak tree - go crazy sansei - teacher dump - leave pig - litter hang - 1) steal; 2) call the holy sausages - an exclamation expressing strong surprise drive - run for something make a goat's face - show your face separator - about a device, a device of unknown origin cigar - smoke jump - jump from something high CD - CD player

draft in the attic - wind in the head compose - collect, unite into a single whole fly - see drive fly off the rails - completely loose the cream of society - about the group bad people savor - see the buzz catch relish - see cool snoop - hide the scoop - a poorly understanding person send away - carry out a lifebuoy - melt any vessel with water after a drinking session - see drive away calm - calmly dumb - bad age - shake the old barrel - gun chest - see slow-witted play the box - die troubles - horror squander money - spend money uselessly chatter - gossip chatter - talk pipe - 1) kinescope; 2) cellular telephone; 3) unfavorable ending pipes are burning - hangover difficult water - vodka, any other drink rattle - talk ramble - stand and wait to no avail scoreboard - face herd - crowd vestibule - stairwell topic - anything interesting, funny slowdown - see slow-witted hang around - have fun push - see drive a push - clothing market push - toilet stomp - go to stomp - 1) fail an exam; 2) go fuel - see booze exactly - definitely a vomiting place - a diner where the food is tasteless slow-witted - a poorly and slow-thinking person party - company get drunk - see cackle leave - get drunk sting 1. drink 2. take a drug smart - good, useful jump - 1) leave; 2) hide far har - For her (for her)

fire - see flame firsty - first fenya - something uninteresting trick - see topic format your brain - get yourself in order after drinking bullshit push - lie eat - eat hawk - free food - something you get for free hayushki - greeting hva - that's enough ponytail - a small-sized animal cheromancy - see fenya home - teapot house - a person ignorant of something swagger - kiss attic - brains chernukha - anything related to dark sides universe skulls - parents clean water- clearly fumble - understand something, roll balls - talk, roll balls - play billiards shaman - 1) magician; 2) a person who reads minds; 3) astrologer shampoo - champagne champagne - see shampoo schizoid - a person with mental disorders closet - 1) elevator; 2) big scoundrel - see nonsense laces - see skulls laces in a glass - parents at home laces dumped parents left rubbish - nonsense plaster - heavily made-up girl now - now you'll get it - the threat is vigorous - strong clear pepper - see a no brainer box - TV

Notes

The reality denoted by the word is characteristic only of youth slang.

The word is recognized by slang speakers as “their own,” that is, specific to young people.

The word is unknown to the “control” informants, who are representatives of different social strata, but do not consider themselves to be in the specified age category.

The word has a significantly higher frequency of use in this environment compared to other social groups of people.

The word was used to form new derivative words, the specificity of which is beyond doubt.

The word acquired a special semantic or communicative connotation in the environment under study.

There are a number of words that are on the border of youth slang and other lexical layers. Since the question of their inclusion in slang seems controversial, it seems natural to cite some of them (meanings are given approximately): get in "understand", get in "understand", get out "stop thinking", gopnik "punk", "get off" "have fun", fall “get carried away”, mow “simulate”, goof “worthless person”, lunar rover “police car”, tension “difficult situation”, lean back “die”, chernukha “anything connected with the darkest sides of the universe”.

Sometimes there are words that are not widely used in slang or belong to other lexical layers, as well as proper names necessary for understanding the examples (the meanings are given in context): to cut (someone into something) “to explain (to someone something) )", just "as soon as", get (someone) "to get tired of (someone)", fall down "come in, come"", laver "lover, beloved", lazovy "bad", fall down "come up", hom "house", fersty "first".

Etymological dictionary

Very often, young people borrow words from the etymological dictionary. Such as:

The bathysphere is the sphere of father's intervention in family affairs.

The breach is a lie.

Volnushka is a melodrama.

Goofy is an executioner.

Ready room - dining room.

A rake is a thief's tool.

Drap - escape.

The dungeon is a neighbor.

The Fiend is an active volcano.

Chicken coop is a smoking room.

Malaria - whitewashing and painting works.

Bloodless - having lost a roof over your head.

Industry - beard.

Papier-mâché - parents.

Shorthand - writing on the walls.

Sing - sing along, participate in the choir.

Yarrow is a thick novel.

Chimera - the era of chemistry.

The drawing is the underworld.

Quarter - give grades for the quarter.

The bookcase is a neighbor in the stairwell.

The language of any people is its historical memory, embodied in words.

The native language is the soul of the nation. In language and through language, the national psychology, the character of the people, the way of thinking, and identity are revealed. artistic creativity, moral state and spirituality, general culture people.

IN last years We, unfortunately, are unlearning the beauty of words, the culture of language. In the modern Russian language, there is an intensive convergence of traditional book-written and oral means with everyday colloquial speech, vernacular, professional and social dialects. Oral and written speech is stylistically reduced and coarsened. The Russian language needs protection and careful treatment. That is why we turned to the problem of the purity of the Russian language in modern stage development of our society.

The word "jargon" was used in French from the mid-12th century to mean "chirp", then it came to mean "obscure language", and even later it came to mean "corrupt language".

Jargon came into Russian speech with the meaning “incomprehensible language.” There were a lot of jargons in the Russian language. For example, since the 16th century there has been a jargon of ophens - small wandering traders. The Ofen language used Russian grammar, distorting the forms and words of the literary Russian language, altering words according to some models.

For example: kuloto - “gold”. Kustra - “sister”.

For the first time, the conventional language of Ofenei was recorded by P.S. Pallas’s “Comparative Dictionary of Languages and Adverbs” at the end of the 18th century.

The word "jargon" also has another meaning: rude and vulgar speech. This is argot. Unlike professional and corporate jargon, argot is the property of closed groups. Argo is typical primarily for the lower social classes and the criminal world.

Professional and corporate jargons, due to their expressive and stylistic coloring, turn into everyday speech, not bound by strict literary norms. For example: freshman, chief, toss and others. From thieves' jargon: drip, haza, ditch.

Jargons penetrated not only into colloquial speech, but also onto the pages of Russian literature. Gogol was a great connoisseur of jargon among writers of the 19th century. He had an excellent knowledge of official, social, professional and other jargons and masterfully used them in his works. Here is an example from the poem “ Dead Souls": "...there will be quarrels, heckling, agitation...". Petrovich’s language in “The Overcoat” is filled with expressions characteristic of the tailor’s profession: “... the matter is ... rotten,” “put a marten on the collar,” “put on a capishon” and others.

Like other varieties of spoken language, jargon is used in fiction for a more vivid image of the described environment, for the linguistic characteristics of the hero, as a means of creating an image.

N. Pomyalovsky in “Essays on the Bursa” used the slang vocabulary of the students to more clearly show the life of students in such closed educational institutions as the Bursa. “Right there, Nonsense played the belendryas.” “Omega stuck out his lupette (face).

V.V. Krestovsky in the novel “Petersburg Slums”, with the help of jargon, showed the rapid stratification of society into rich and poor, doomed to ignorance and poverty, vice and crime.

The history of the flourishing of conventional languages began at the early stage of the development of industrial and commodity production and continues today.

Linguists note moments of weakening and strengthening of the use of jargon in speech.

The history of our state is the clearest confirmation of this. Linguists noted three waves of jargonization of speech in the twentieth century:

Since the 90s (the period of perestroika and the beginning of capitalization), the fourth wave of jargonization of speech began.

The first wave of penetration of jargon into spoken Russian was noted after the revolution of 1917. Some linguists have elevated the language of the poor and street children to the rank of “the language of the future.” But at the same time, jargon was not perceived by society in the same way: some considered it a “proletarian language”, opposed to the language of the intelligentsia, others considered it a conductor and bearer of thieves’ ideology, threatening the purity and integrity of the Russian language.

The events of this alarming time, which dramatically changed the fate of many hundreds of thousands of people, are reflected in literature.

An excellent expert on his era and Moscow in the 1920s was V.A. Gilyarovsky. For many years he studied the slums of the city, the life of the inhabitants of the “Moscow bottom”, Khitrovka, and in his works he used slang vocabulary and argot: “...we worked together, and slammed in half...”, “... you, back of the head, I’m on the screen, you’re a shovelman "

The second wave of jargonization of speech dates back to the mid-30s and post-war 40s. The influence of "thieves' music" on spoken language is associated with mass repressions, with rampant banditry in the first post-war years.

Linguists call the 60s - 70s the 3rd wave of speech jargon. During the hippie period, cultural values, norms of behavior, and social ideology were rejected. All this manifested itself in the desire to create their own “counterculture”.

During perestroika, there was a real “boom” in the use of slang vocabulary. This was due to the explosion of civil and linguistic freedoms. Swift social processes significantly changed the style of oral and writing. Speech becomes coarser.

These changes again affected literature. If jargon was used quite justifiably in the works of writers of the 19th and first half of the 20th century, then the use slang speech in modern children's literature is difficult to explain. For example, in Eduard Uspensky’s book for primary school age about Uncle Fyodor, the following words are used: “boiled”, “put on the counter”.

We are witnessing the use of slang vocabulary not only in print, but also on television, radio, and the stage. Justified alarm is caused by the argotic elements that have poured into print and song lyrics, used to “revive the texts.” For example: “pump up your rights”, “powder your brains”, “political parties”, “acid outfit”, “youngsters in decline” and others.

IN special group youth jargon - slang - is highlighted. The basis of this linguistic phenomenon is not social cause, but the desire to make speech bright. The main thing in slang is a departure from everyday life.

The peculiarity of slang is its rapid updating. Nowadays no one remembers the assessments “amazing”, “iron”, so widespread in the 60s-70s. 20th century, but a new word appeared - “cool”. This expansion of jargon has distorted the Russian language. The language that young people speak now cannot be called either colloquial, much less literary.

The word 'argo' comes from the French 'argot' - the speech of certain, closed groups, which is created for the purpose of linguistic isolation. This is basically a special or uniquely mastered common vocabulary.

'Jargon' - from the French 'jargon' - is the speech of a social or professional group, which differs from the general spoken language in a special composition of words and expressions. This is a conventional language, understandable only in a certain environment, it contains many artificial, sometimes conventional words and expressions.

The so-called 'slang' is opposed to the official, generally accepted language and, according to lexicographers, is fully understandable only to representatives of a narrow circle of people belonging to a particular social or professional group that introduced this word or expression into use.

The gap between ‘classical’ speech and slang is widening every day due to not just democratization, but also the ‘vulgarization’ of public life. The media play a significant role in the emergence of new words, especially television, which is watched by everyone. Jargon is crowding out respectable speech and, thanks to popular culture, is leaving its mark on the language of the entire nation.

Over time (especially in the 20th century), the pace of life has accelerated. Accordingly, the vocabulary grows, because each new concept must correspond to at least one word. The slang dictionary is expanding accordingly. With the explosion of mass communications, thousands of new words were added to reflect political and social changes. New words also arise in order to refresh old concepts.

Linguistic innovations are reflected in the media; naturally, they are reflected in jargon. It contains a challenge to the ‘correct’ life.

Slang, faster than other linguistic layers, reflects the tendency for “compression” in a word. This tendency is observed quite strongly in colloquial speech. For example, the expression 'Restaurant universitaire' in France is already pronounced 'Resto-u', the word 'sympathique' is pronounced 'sympa'. Even the terms 'argot' and 'jargon' themselves are becoming obsolete, giving way to the shorter, monosyllabic 'slang'.

Social dialects of the Russian language are divided into 3 large groups: argot, jargons and conventionally professional languages (M.A. Grachev)

There are class-stratum jargons, industrial jargons, youth jargons, and jargons of groups of people based on interests and hobbies. Industrial jargons include 'slang' of any profession, it is very difficult for the 'uninitiated' to understand them, for example, the slang of programmers and office equipment dealers: 'mother' - motherboard, 'red assembly' - equipment made in Russia, 'pent' - computer with Pentium processor (by the way, the 'compressed' trend mentioned above is also present here).

Youth jargons are divided into industrial and household ones. Students’ production vocabulary is closely related to the learning process, soldiers military service. The general everyday dictionary is much wider than the industrial one; it includes words not related to the process of study, work or service. For example, the addiction to drugs introduced into the language such words as “machine” - syringe, “wheels” - tablets (originally containing a drug, but now this word can be called any tablet), expand - inject, etc. The fact that everyone knows these words speaks of the increasing activity of drug addicts, of an increase in their number. Jargons of conscript soldiers and sailors: ‘liteha’ - lieutenant, ‘spirit’ - soldier who serves for the first six months; schoolchildren's slang: 'teacher' - teacher, etc.; student jargon: ‘war’—military training classes; common youth slangs: ‘bottleman’ - bottle; jargon of informal youth groups: ‘hair’-hair (the word is borrowed from the English ‘hair’-hair), the slang of musicians is very closely intertwined with the latter jargon, because the entire 'informal' culture is built on music.

Young people are attracted to jargon by its unusual sound and emotional and expressive coloring.

The vast majority of musicians' slang words are borrowed from the English language: 'doom' is one of the trends in music (from the English 'doom' - fate), 'pop' is popular music (only the concept 'popular music' is borrowed from English) , musicians associated with the criminal world have their own slang: “pull the blind eye” - play at a funeral.

The most common jargons for groups of people based on interests are among domino lovers: ‘kill a goat’ - play dominoes, etc.

Most often, jargons are used for fun. Their occurrence is not associated with a special need for this; there is no secrecy or convention in them (M.A. Grachev)

In addition to jargons, there is the so-called. ‘Fenya’. This term denotes the speech of declassed elements, “to talk about a hairdryer” - to speak in a thieves’ language. Initially, this expression had the form: ‘to chat in the office’ i.e. speak the language of the Ofeni, small traders. Ofeni had their own conventionally professional language, which they used when deceiving customers or in dangerous situations when they needed to hide their intentions and actions. Nowadays, the word ‘fenya’ is used outside phraseological turn and denotes the vocabulary of declassed elements.

The reasons for the creation of conditionally professional languages are as follows:

People want to communicate with each other in the presence of strangers, while remaining misunderstood.

The desire to hide the secrets of one's craft and trade.

The need for isolation from hostile forces.

Striving for verbal expressiveness .

Conventionally professional languages of artisans and traders functioned before the 1917 revolution. They are not used in modern speech.

Special A place among social dialects is occupied by the argot of declassed elements, which existed in ancient times. Some researchers consider argot to be an artificial and secret language, others (D.S. Likhachev) believe that this is a reaction of declassed elements to environment(hostile).

Basic functions of argo :

Conspiratorial. Argo is developed spontaneously, many words can pass from argot into ordinary spoken language (there are words that came to us from the argot of 17th century robbers), moreover, in our time more and more 'declassed' words are penetrating into the language (evidence of their increasing activity ). However, the argot is incomprehensible to the ‘uninitiated’, and the underworld uses this for its own purposes.

Identification. Argo is a password by which declassed elements recognize each other (V.M. Zhirmunsky). When the thief is brought into a new cell, he asks: ‘Are there people?’ (people are thieves who follow thieves’ rules). If the answer is negative, he can hit the guard and thereby end up not in the cell where his enemies are, but in a punishment cell (J. Rossi, 'Handbook of the Gulag').

Nominative. In argot there are a large number of words and phraseological units that are used to designate those objects and phenomena for which there is no equivalent in the literary language. For example: ‘katran’ is a gambling house where cheaters ‘work’, ‘loch’ is a victim of a crime.

Worldview. The lowness and vulgarism of a thief’s speech is a feature of our perception, and in the perception of the thief himself, it has a heroic, upbeat character (D.S. Likhachev).

However, this 'heroic' character depends on the situation. At

communication between declassed people, many ‘bad’ people

From our point of view, the words are neutral.

A significant number of argotisms by the underworld

perceived differently than by law-abiding people.

For example, the argotisms ‘garbage’ and ‘krasik’ do not mean

only a police officer, but also a social enemy. For

for an honest person ‘khaza’ is a den, and for a thief it is a secret place

a place where you can relax.

Argot contains words that quite clearly reflect objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality. That is why many argotisms have passed into common parlance and even into literary language, for example: “goneer” is a weak, emaciated person.

The imagery of argotisms differs from the imagery of words in the literary language. The names of animals and other foreign objects can be used to characterize a person and his actions

('cormorant' - hooligan, 'gas' - drink alcoholic beverages).

In argot, as in literary language, synonymy is widespread. To denote the concept of ‘getting caught’ it is used: to get burned, to get caught, to get caught. The largest number of synonyms have the words that are most common among the declassed.

Argo closely interacts with other subsystems of the Russian language: jargons, colloquial language, even literary language. Some argotisms pass without change, others partially or completely change the lexical meaning.

To penetrate the literary language, argotism must be frequently used in speech, have a bright emotional and expressive coloring, give a successful description of an object or phenomenon and not be rude and vulgar. For example, the word ‘lawlessness’, originally a violation of the laws of thieves, but now it expresses a different concept and everything is moving towards the fact that it will become literary.

Currently, argot is used in the press and even in literature to add liveliness to speech, because even the president uses colloquial words in conversation, therefore, one cannot treat argot as something that pollutes the Russian language, it is the same integral part of the language as with vernacular.