Perfect and imperfect verbs in Russian. Perfective verbs: concept, formation, aspect pairs

A verb is a part of speech that occurs to us almost more often than all others. It has a number of constant and changing characteristics, which include species. Each of us has encountered this category back in school times. She often puzzled and raised questions.

This article will help you remember what it is and learn how to identify it. Examples of tasks you will encounter will help you practice your acquired knowledge.

The view is one of permanent signs belonging to the verb. It reflects how the speaker sees the flow of action in time: ended, ongoing, repeating, one-time.

A species can be regarded both as a category that modifies words and as one that classifies them. In modern Russian, this group includes only two options.

Let’s answer the question: “What types of verbs are there?” The answer of modern linguists to this question consists of two positions: perfect and imperfect.

Imperfect view

We found the answer to the question: “What is the aspect of a verb?” Now let's move on to getting to know each of them.

Verbs are not perfect form convey the meaning of an action without indicating its completion. There are three types of words that fall under this category:

1. Denoting long-term action. For example: “He looked into her eyes for a long time,” “She walked down the street for an endlessly long time.”
2. Conveying the meaning of a repeating action. Example: “She gets on the bus every morning,” “He goes to school every day.”
3. Characterizing constant action. Consider an example: “The city is located on a hill.”

Verbs imperfect form in many cases they are accompanied by the adverbs “long”, “often”, “usually”, conveying the frequency with which the action is performed.

Words of this type can be expressed in three tenses: present, past, future.

Now you know what it is. The next paragraph will talk about words belonging to the second type.

Perfect look

Verbs related to the perfect form convey the meaning of completeness of an action. Limit it to a time frame. Words of this type can express:

1. An action that ends in achieving some result. For example: “Marina painted a beautiful picture,” “Dad hammered a nail into the wall.”
2. An action whose boundary is determined by its beginning. For example: “Wonderful music began to play in the hall,” “The girl sang a beautiful romance.”
3. A one-time action, provided that the word is formed using the suffix “well”: “He accidentally pushed me in the corridor,” “Out of anger, he kicked the briefcase.”

Perfective words appear only in the past and future simple forms. We remembered what a perfective verb is. Let's move on to more complex material.

Species pairs

Verbs of both types sometimes form aspectual pairs. This category includes homonymous words that have the same meaning, but with different shades of meaning. Let's look at examples:

1. Justify and justify. In the first case we see a completed action, in the second - a long-term one.
2. Double and double. The first word conveys the meaning of the action that ended when the result was achieved. The second shows the duration.

Most often, such verbs are formed from the same stem. But there are exceptions, such as “take and take” or “catch and catch.”

What other types of verbs are there?

In modern Russian there are one-type and two-type verbs. The first type includes words that have the form of only one of the types. Imperfect verbs fall into this category according to the following criteria:

1. Action does not strive to achieve any result. Most often it expresses emotions. For example: hate, regret, expect.
2. The verb expresses the human state: cry, dream, remain silent, chat.
3. The word means movement. Examples: run, jump, dance.
4. The verb conveys an action with the meaning “slightly”: shout, keep up.
5. A word has the meaning of an action accompanying another, as in the case of “smacking” or “dancing.”
6. The verb has a meaning associated with professional activity. For example: carpentry, teaching.
7. The action is reciprocal. Example: whispering, exchanging glances.

Perfective verbs also belong to this type:

1. Containing several prefixes: forget, dial.
2. Denoting an action that happened instantly. For example: gushed, blazed.
3. Which show that the action has reached its logical conclusion. For example: call back, make noise.
4. Indicating the beginning of the process: jump, cry.
5. Expressing excess meaning. Example: watch enough, spoil yourself.

Bi-aspect verbs

Verbs come in forms without formal expression. Depending on the context, they can be classified as perfect or imperfect.

Such words can be divided into three groups:

1. Words with a long history. Some of them: promise, wound, marry, execute.
2. Some verbs ending in "ova". For example, let's take: promote, investigate, investigate.
3. Verbs, mostly foreign language origin, containing the suffixes “ova”, “irova”. Examples: store, codify, telegraph.

Exercises

To determine what types of verbs are found in tasks, you need to follow the following algorithm:

1. See if the word fits the criteria for a one- or two-aspect verb.
2. If there is a prefix, in most cases it will be a perfect look.
3. In order to accurately determine what type of verb it is, you need to ask a question about it. "What to do?" - imperfect appearance. “What should I do?” - perfect look.

Let's move on to a little training. Determine what type the words belong to:

• to say (two-species verb);
• cook;
• begin (non-sov. view);
• consider (non-sov. view);
• find(owl.species);
• walk (single-type verb of non-type);
• to command (one-type verb of non-type);
• writes (non-sov. view).

Indicate what kind of verb appears in the sentence:

1. He deeply regretted what happened (one-aspect imperfective verb).
2. I got used to sleeping until lunch (the first is a perfective verb, the second is a single-type imperfective verb).
3. He asked me a tricky question (perfect).
4. Every day he looks out the window waiting for something (imperfect view).
5. He loved to teach in company (single-aspect imperfective verbs).
6. The first died down spring thunderstorm(one-aspect perfective verb).
7. He got a job as a salesman in a clothing store to earn a little extra money (the first verb is perfective, the second is of the same type, but at the same time it is of the same type).

From this article you learned what the aspect of a verb is. We got acquainted with words of one-type and two-type. We looked at examples of exercises with explanations. And we received recommendations that will help you easily determine the type of verb.

When you come across a task related to identifying a type, you can easily indicate what type the word belongs to, even if the words initially seem difficult.

The aspect of the verb is the lexico-grammatical category of the verb, expressing the relation of the action to its internal limit. The internal limit is the point in the course of an action when action turns into inaction.

History of the verb aspect category

Until the 20th century In linguistics, 3 types were distinguished:

1. An indefinite appearance, coinciding with the modern imperfect appearance.

2. Multiple view. Examples are: sat, walked.

3. One-time appearance, matching the modern perfect appearance.

How to determine the type of a verb?

IN modern linguistics grammatical types It is customary to differentiate the verb on the basis of semantics, i.e. meanings.

In Russian grammar, there are perfect and imperfect forms.

This can be determined based on the following grounds:

1) Based on semantics.

Perfective verbs denote an action that has reached an internal limit (for example: , did). Imperfective verbs denote an action that has not reached an internal limit (for example: looked, did).

2) For questions.

Perfective verbs answer the question “what to do?”, and imperfective verbs answer the question “?”. For example: (what did you do?) looked, (what did you do?) looked.

3) Based on word formation.

The perfect is formed with the help of prefixes, the imperfect with the help of suffixes. Thus, verbs of the perfect form “looked, did” have prefixes, but verbs of the imperfect form “looked, did” do not.

4) By compatibility.

Imperfective verbs are combined with adverbs “long”, “slowly”, with the words “every day” and others, but perfective verbs do not have this option. So, you can say “I looked for a long time,” but you cannot use the expression “I looked for a long time.”

5) By difference in the set of word forms.

Perfective verbs cannot be in the present tense, and imperfective verbs cannot have 3rd tense forms.

Good afternoon, dear student! Today we will look at types of verbs. Very often my students wonder why there are so many different verbs, how to determine their tense and why some verbs are used with prefixes and others without. To understand all these issues, let's look at perfect and imperfect verbs.

You will find the form of imperfective verbs in the dictionary, the verb in in this case denotes an action, and from this form perfective verbs are formed. It should be noted that there are quite a lot of these methods, here are some of them:

With the help consoles, compare:

With the help of different suffixes:

So, if we want to say that an action happens regularly, we need an imperfective verb. If the action occurred 1 time at some point or day/hour, etc. and we know about its result, then we are dealing with a perfect verb. Such verbs answer the question " what to do?"

If we are talking about repeated actions, then we not only use imperfective verbs that answer the question " what to do?", but we also use different additional information in the person of adverbs, which precisely show this repetition. For example,

Anastasia can't cook ( what to do?), she's cooking rarely. Anastasiya cannot cook, she cooks rare.

I bought (what did?) beautiful dress, it's for me goes very well! (the result is visible) I bought a new dress, it suits me much.

To correctly determine the aspect of a verb, you can remember some adverbs that will help you correctly decide whether a particular verb exactly refers to a certain type:

Imperfect view
What are they doing? When? How often?

1. Nikita watches the film Every morning/evening/day, regularly, often, rarely, sometimes, usually.
2. Vitaly buys newspapers
3. We are playing volleyball

1. Nikita watched the movie "Titanic" Yesterday, in the evening, in the morning, today, once, on Friday, 2 days ago, already, not yet.
2. Vitaly bought the newspaper "Izvestia"
3. We played volleyball very well

I finished my porridge and went for a walk.
The students were delayed at the university, but still mastered the material.
She took a very long time to redo the report.
Tanya cried a lot and did not calm down.
The children laughed a lot and the teacher decided to play with them some more.

Remember, please, that imperfective verbs have 3 forms: past, present and future:

Perfective verbs have only 2 tense forms: past and future

Watched and will watch (What did they do and what will they do?)

The past tense form changes according to numbers:

ran ( singular) and ran ( plural) He ran and they ran.

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Slide captions:

Types of verb

Dear guys! Today in class we will get acquainted with a new grammatical category- type of verb. You will learn that verbs can be perfective or imperfective, and you will learn to identify the aspect of a verb.

How to sign pictures? Grandma was knitting a scarf. Grandma knitted a scarf. B

From the sentence Grandmother knitted a scarf, we learn that the scarf is ready. The sentence Grandma knitted a scarf does not tell us whether Grandma finished her work or not. Perfective verbs indicate that the action has been completed, has reached (will reach) its limit: tied. Imperfective verbs denote an action in its flow: knitted.

Linguistic scientists use a special term - the limit of action. The limit of action is any moment, any point from which the action must stop. For example: to arrive - “to finish the flight”, to wake up - “to stop sleeping”.

How to determine the type of a verb? The first way is a question. Imperfective verbs answer the questions what to do? what does it do? what did you do? etc. Fly, draw, chose Perfect verbs answer the questions what to do? what will he do? what did you do? etc. Return, write, come

How to determine the type of a verb? The second way is the word “I will”. You can substitute the word “will” for imperfective verbs, for example: sing - I will sing (imperfective). The word will not be substituted for perfective verbs, for example: sing - you cannot say will sing (perfective).

We learn by playing. Question with prefix. It's easy to remember: perfective verbs answer only those questions that have the prefix s-.

Club of experts. Accidental shot. Compare two sentences and determine in which of them the shot was accidental. The boy pulled the slingshot and fired. The boy pulled the slingshot and fired.

Tense and aspect Guys, look at the table very carefully to understand in what tense perfective and imperfective verbs can be used. What kind of verbs have only two tenses - past and future? Why?

Types of verb Question Time Attended classes Attended classes Past I attend classes - Present I will attend classes I will attend classes Future

So, perfective verbs can only be used in the past and future tenses; they do not have a present tense form. This is due to the fact that perfective verbs denote an action that has already happened, achieved a result (drew, came), or will definitely happen, i.e. will have a result in the future (will draw, will come). It is impossible to put such verbs in the present tense form, because in the present tense verbs denote an action taking place in at the moment, which has not yet achieved a result (I’m drawing, I’m walking - it looks unbearable).

The tense of a verb does not matter in determining its aspect. For example, in the phrase taught yesterday, the action ended, and the verb taught (what did?) is imperfect. We don't know if he has finished teaching or is still teaching. In the phrase I will learn tomorrow there is no action yet, but the verb I will learn (what will I do?) is perfective. We know that tomorrow the action will definitely end.

Fun break. Have you ever tried playing with words? Just recently, my friend and I were walking in the park. stood last days summer, but it was cool like autumn. A friend says: “But autumn has already arrived!” “I don’t know about autumn, but you definitely stepped on my foot,” I answer.

Club of experts. Is it possible to fall but not fall? The imperfect verb fall means “to fly from top to bottom under the influence of one’s own gravity.” It will be paired with the verb to fall, that is, “to find yourself at the bottom.” The verb to fall denotes an action that must eventually cease: that which falls must eventually fall. It turns out that this is not always the case. There is a building in Italy, in the city of Pisa, that has been “falling” for more than seven hundred years. Many of you know its name - the Leaning Tower of Pisa. The fact is that back in 1173, when construction began, the foundation of the tower was laid unevenly. And since then the tower has been “falling”, leaning to the south

Exercise machine. Types of verb What type of action do the pictures represent? Imperfect Perfect

Imperfect Perfect

Fun break. Pancakes. Pavlik is honored everywhere: Pavlik bakes pancakes. He held a conversation at school - He said, opening a notebook, How much soda, how much salt, How much butter should I take. He proved that you can use margarine instead of butter. Resolved unanimously: He spoke beautifully. Whoever said such a speech can bake pancakes! But, comrades, hurry up - We need to save the house quickly! Where is your fire extinguisher? Smoke is pouring out from under the doors! And the neighbors say: “These pancakes are on fire!” Oh, when it came down to it, our hero was disgraced - Nine pancakes burned, And the tenth was raw! It's not difficult to speak, but it's hard to bake pancakes! (A. Barto)

Test yourself. How to determine the type of a verb Write questions next to the verbs. crawling (?) brought (?) will fly out (?) are under construction (?)

Determine the type of verb. stopped cutting overslept doing dyeing lying down blooming help loves loved disappearing buy came up with

Important conclusion. Perfective verbs indicate that the action has been completed, has reached (will reach) its limit: arrived, thrown away. Imperfective verbs denote an action in its flow: knitting, walking, etc. Imperfective verbs answer the questions what to do? what does it do? what did you do? etc. Run, looks, raised. Perfective verbs answer the questions what to do? what will he do? what did you do? etc. Wash, buy, win.