In Moscow it passes through the Resurrection Gate. Until 1535, there was a Neglinnaya Tower, instead of which the entrances of Kitay-Gorod were built in the form of two arches. These gates were called different times in different ways: Kuretny (or Chicken), Neglinny and Karetny. In the 16th century they began to be called Lions in honor of the gift Spanish king Philip II to Tsar Ivan the Terrible. The gift was a lion “family”, the cage with which was placed for public viewing in a moat next to the passage.
Kitai-Gorod had seven gates, but the Resurrection gates were always the most beautiful. IN late XVII century, two towers were added to the building, decorated double headed eagles. The gate retained this appearance until 1931. Then it was called the Holy Gate, and in its chambers there was a department of the Mint, a university printing house, the Main Pharmacy or the premises of a book publisher.
Until 1820, in front of the gate there was a bridge across the Neglinka and to the Iverskaya Chapel, along which they entered Red Square after military victories troops. The sovereigns and their retinue, arriving in the capital, first of all went along the same route to the Iveron Chapel. In 1931, the structure was demolished as it interfered with the passage of equipment during military parades. And only in 1995 the entrance was recreated according to the model of 1920, along with the Iveron Chapel. The passage under the gate became pedestrian again, and military equipment can no longer enter Red Square through them.
During the restoration, enormous scientific and restoration work was done, and the ancient foundation was strengthened at a depth of more than 20 meters. Now the Resurrection Gate is an arched entrance to Red Square, spanned between two buildings and. Nearby is a shopping and souvenir area where you can see living doubles of Lenin, Stalin and Brezhnev.
A symbolic sign of the zero kilometer of Russian roads was installed in the passage. It is a slab on the sidewalk in the form of a quadrangular stylized Garden of Eden, cast from bronze. It is almost impossible to see Kilometer Zero empty in the middle of the day. This is due to the belief that all wishes made on the sign will surely come true if you stand with your back to the entrance. It is unknown where this legend came from, but some tourists also throw coins over their shoulders - this is another sign associated with the Resurrection Gate.
North, Jonathan.
H82 Soldiers of the First World War 1914-1918. Uniforms, insignia, equipment and weapons / Jonathan North; [transl. from English M. Vitebsky]. - Moscow: Eksmo, 2015. - 256 p. ISBN 978-5-699-79545-1
"Soldiers of the First World War" — complete encyclopedia stories military uniform and equipment of armies fighting on the fronts " Great War" Its pages show the uniforms of not only the main Entente countries and Triple Alliance(England, France, Russia, Germany and Austria-Hungary), but in general all the countries involved in this terrible conflict.
Generals and staff officers of the RIA.
Generals and staff officers of Great Britain.
Generals and staff officers. France.
Generals, staff officers, Guard. Germany.
RIA Guard. North Jonathan.
British Guard.
Elite infantry, RIA infantry. .
British Infantry. Western Front.
French infantry. .
Infantry and Marines USA.
German infantry.
Infantry. Austria-Hungary.
Landwehr, Honved, Technical Troops. Austria-Hungary.
Jaegers and alpine arrows. France.
Foreign units. France.
RIA Cavalry.
Cossacks and foreign units of the RIA.
French Cavalry.
Cavleria. Austria-Hungary.
Colonial troops. France.
Colonial units, rangers, mountain riflemen. Germany.
Assault troops, Landwehr. Germany.
British Cavalry. .
German cavalry.
RIA artillery.
British Artillery
Artillery and technical forces of France.
Artillery and technical troops. Germany.
UK Aviation
Technical troops RIA. North Jonathan.
US technical troops.
Troops from Australia and New Zealand
Troops from Canada and Newfoundland.
Troops of Portugal and Belgium.
Troops of Italy, Serbia and Montenegro.
Troops of Romania, Greece, Japan.
Troops Ottoman Empire.
French Air Force.
Indian troops. Great Britain.
African troops. Great Britain.
States - participants in the Great War. North Jonathan.
BULGARIA 1914-1918 . Page 246
Bulgaria lost the Second Balkan War in 1913. Finally, in 1915, she decided to join in Germany.
Infantry
Bulgarian infantrymen predominantly wore uniforms Brown(uniforms and trousers). Most regiments had red shoulder straps (with the regiment number embroidered with yellow thread or painted with yellow paint), a red stand-up collar and cuffs, and trousers also had red piping. However, in ten royal regiments, the cuffs, shoulder straps and edging differed from the standard: in the 1st they were scarlet, in the 4th - yellow, in the regiment of Tsar Ferdinand (6th) - white, in the 8th - blue, 9 -m - blue, 17th - bright red, 18th - white, 20th - royal blue, 22nd - light green and 24th - orange. In these regiments they wore the chiefs' monograms on their shoulder straps, and they wore braid on their red stand-up collars. The caps had blue crowns and red bands (which could also be of the above colors). Most often, brown covers were put on caps. The officers wore a green uniform and a Russian-style cap. The cap and shoulder straps had a characteristic edging. The latter were lined with galloons, on which the regiment number or encryption was placed. The rank was denoted by metal stars in the form of rhombuses. The cap had a green visor and a Bulgarian white-green-red cockade inside a white metal oval was attached to the front. Officers sometimes wore a ceremonial belt, but more often they preferred black or brown belts. The officer's coat was light gray with a dark blue collar and red buttonholes. Across the shoulder straps of non-commissioned officers were gold or yellow stripes. In 1915 most The infantrymen were dressed in feldgrau-colored uniforms with red piping on the collar and shoulder straps and sometimes on the front edge of the uniform. Regimental numbers were now also red; the original colors of the chief regiments were also a thing of the past. In the summer, infantrymen wore light blue tunics and brown trousers. The equipment was made of genuine brown leather and included a waist belt with pouches, a German-style satchel and a canteen. Before the war, there was an acute shortage of overcoats in the army, so in 1913 the military placed an order in Russia for 300,000 overcoats and 250,000 pairs of boots. German helmets in limited quantities began to be used in 1916-1917. As a rule, they were painted brown or steel gray. They wore no insignia or emblems. By the end of the war, the Bulgarian infantry used a variety of uniforms, in particular in the militia and in the irregular units formed from Macedonians. Even the troops at the front suffered from general shortages and were forced to fight barefoot and in rags.
Cavalry and artillery
Cavalrymen wore green uniforms (although there were also blue and brown colors) and blue breeches. The uniforms had red piping. Privates and officers had silver buttons. In the Bulgarian cavalry, there were four patron regiments, in which they wore caps with a red band and shoulder straps (with different codes for members royal families), but with different piping: in the 1st regiment (Tsar Ferdinand) they wore white piping, in the 2nd regiment - scarlet, in the 3rd - yellow and in the 4th - white. On the collar of the overcoat (usually gray for both officers and privates) there were colored buttonholes.
The Life Guards Cavalry Regiment was stationed in Sofia. The regiment's soldiers and officers wore blue uniforms with epaulettes, blue breeches and red caps. As a rule, cavalrymen used white leather equipment. The artillerymen wore brown uniforms with a black collar edged in red and caps with a black band also edged in red. The shoulder straps were usually black with red edging; yellow the regiment number was indicated (in the 3rd and 4th regiments the boss's codes were indicated - the 3rd regiment had the letter B (in Cyrillic), the 4th had the letter F - also in Cyrillic). In the regiments of the fortress artillery, the letter K was located on the shoulder straps, in the mountain artillery - the letter P, in coastal artillery- letter B. Officers wore green uniforms and breeches and green caps with a red band trimmed with black piping.
The engineering units wore the same uniform, but with silver buttons. Breeches, as a rule, were blue for officers and brown for lower ranks. In all artillery units, crossed gun barrels were stamped on buttons. In specialized units they wore the same uniform as in engineer units. But in the bridge construction companies there was an emblem on the shoulder straps in the form of an anchor, and in the communications companies there was a lightning bolt.
A good military uniform is a whole science. It should be comfortable, practical and concealing. And the form should be relevant and modern. It's hard to imagine a soldier modern army in a bright red camisole or a light blue jacket. On the battlefield, such a soldier would immediately turn into live target. The portal talks about military uniforms different countries and its evolution.
Ukraine
The history of our country is rich in various episodes of the national liberation struggle. But the fighters who took part in these episodes often did not have a single uniform, because this for the most part there were rebel groups. If you don't take into account Soviet army, then, besides the modern army of independent Ukraine, only the .
It is immediately noticeable that this uniform is very different from the uniform of soldiers and officers of the army of the Russian Empire, although the UPR troops were formed on its base. From European armies of that time, the form is perhaps closest to the British and Polish, but with its own characteristics. There was also a national flavor, for example, in the uniforms of the Haidamaks and “Sinezhupanniks” from the Sich Riflemen division.
Naturally, with the arrival Soviet power, Ukrainian army lost its unique identity for a long time. But now, along with the introduction new form in 2016, I received it again. A Ukrainian soldier can no longer be confused with any other.
Britannia
Famous redcoats from the British regular army appeared in 1707. The original concept was that the red uniform was, firstly, prestigious and pretentious. And secondly, blood is not visible on a red uniform, which means that soldiers will be able to endure wounds more easily and fight longer.
So-so arguments. Prestigious, of course, but during the American Revolutionary War, British “red-bellies” became excellent targets for well-aimed American hunters in the green forests. The red coat was finally abandoned during the Boer War at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, because the Boers were very good shooters. Now, of course, they don’t wear any red uniforms, but rather dress the soldiers in camouflage that is quite pleasing to the eye.
Germany
German armies different eras always looked beautiful and stylish. And in, and even in the Second, German armies were original legislators military fashion. The current Bundeswehr camouflage is also widely used throughout the world.
But there was a period in the history of Prussia when beautiful shape played with German soldiers a cruel joke. During Seven Years' War, which flared up between Prussia and Austria, the Prussians had problems with the textile industry, and there was a shortage of fabric. Therefore, they saved money on uniforms for Prussian soldiers.
But instead of making clothes simpler, they were simply made smaller in size. As a result, it also got wet, “sat down,” and the soldiers found themselves extremely constrained in their movements. Although in the end the Anglo-Prussian coalition won the war, many soldiers died precisely because of their uncomfortable uniform.
France
Modern French soldiers, like the soldiers of any other self-respecting army, have their own camouflage. But in general, throughout the twentieth century, the French often lagged behind in terms of uniforms.
They entered wearing a red cap and pants of the same color, as well as a dark blue overcoat. The overcoat was still all right, but the cap and trousers played the same cruel joke on them as the red uniforms of the British did in the 19th century. They became living targets. Therefore, already by 1915 in French army They introduced a gray-blue uniform, without bright elements and insignia. High boots replaced low shoes and windings.
With the outbreak of World War II, France was quickly occupied, so that the French served almost all the years of the war in American and British uniforms, but, of course, with their own insignia.
Bulgaria
An interesting story came out with the army uniform. The fact is that throughout its history, Bulgaria has been under the influence of different powers. She also left her mark on the uniform of Bulgarian soldiers. Russian empire, and Ottoman. During socialism, the uniform was, of course, indistinguishable from the Soviet one. But now the Bulgarians have returned to their roots, so their troops are in full dress uniform rather like a hussar.
