What the Ottoman Empire achieved in culture. Achievements of the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire is one of the strongest powers in Europe and Asia, which existed for more than 6 centuries. In this lesson you will get acquainted with the history of this state: you will learn about the place and time of the creation of this empire, its internal structure, landmarks in foreign policy. Period of the XVI-XVII centuries. - this is the period of greatest prosperity and power Ottoman Empire, in the future this state will gradually weaken, and after the First World War the Ottoman Empire will cease to exist.

The first big victory of the Europeans over the Turks.

1672-1676- Polish-Turkish war. The Turks have established control over the Right-to-be-rezh-noy Ukraine, near-the-lying Rech Pospo-ly. The first clashes between the troops of the Ottoman Empire and Russia took place over the Left-Bank Ukraine .

1683-1699 gg.- The Great Turkish War.

1683- the siege of Vienna, the Austrian capital; defeat of the Turks near Vienna by the troops of the Polish king Jan So-bes-ko. Formation of a new Holy League, directed against the Ottomans. It included Austria and the Commonwealth (1683), Venice (from 1684), Russia (from 1686).

1699- Karlovits' world. Austria took over most of Hungary, Trans-sil-va-nia, Hor-va-tia and part of Slovenia. Speech Pospo-li-taya regained its Ukrainian power. For the first time, the Ottoman Empire received neither new territories nor con- tri-bu-tions. A breakthrough has been reached in the struggle between the Ottoman Empire and the Christian states.

Conclusion

XVI-XVII centuries were at one time the eco-no-mi-che-sko-go and cultural color of the Ottoman Empire . Spread out on three continents, the empire has continuously expanded its dominion since the 14th century. and right up to the settlement near Vienna in 1683. From that moment on, the Ottomans began to lose previously acquired territories.

The decline of the military power of the Ottoman Empire was associated with its eco-no-mi-che-che and tech-no-lo-gi-che -skim from the hundred-va-ni-em from the countries of Europe. But even in the next two centuries, Turkey remained strong against any Christian states, incl. Russia. .

Pa-ral-le-li

The Ottoman Empire is moving to the is-ho-de of Sred-ne-ve-ko-vya; He was a great Muslim named after the early Middle Ages. The Arab ha-li-fat also arose in the re-zul-ta-th str-mi-tel-nyh for-e-va-niy, for a long time no one could talk about the Arabs -ti-vi-sya. Ara-mu-sul-mane also tried to unite all the people under the banner of is-la-ma, on-me-re-va-ya under-chi -all Christian countries. The Arab pre-di-te-li also strived for the ob-la-da-niy of Kon-stan-ti-no-po-lem. And in ha-li-fa-te pro-is-ho-di-lo co-eating the Greek an-tich-no-go, Greek-ko-vi-zan-tiy- sko-go, Per-sid-ko-go kul-tur-no-go na-sled-diya and tra-di-tions. Having reached the peak of its power, ha-li-fat began to weaken and lose lands - such is the lot of all empires.

On this lesson we will talk about the development of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th-17th centuries.

The Ottoman Empire appeared in the 14th century. It was founded by a tribe of Ottoman Turks on the territory of the peninsula Asia Minor. During the first two centuries of their history, the Ottomans managed not only to repel the attacks of the Crusaders, but also to significantly expand their territories.

In 1453, Constantinople, the capital, was captured Byzantine Empire. From then until today it has a Turkish name - Istanbul (Fig. 1). In the 15th century, the territories of the Balkan Peninsula, Crimea, most of Arab East, territories northern Africa. IN mid-16th century century, during the reign of the Sultan SuleimanI(Fig. 2), the Ottoman Empire reached the pinnacle of its power. Its territory was 8 million km 2. The population reached 25 million people.

Rice. 2. Sultan Suleiman I ()

Consider the device Ottoman state that period.

The Ottoman Empire was led Sultan. The Sultan appeared not only political leader state, but also military, and also, partly, religious. Thus, the fate of the country largely depended on the personal qualities of a particular ruler. There were also special separate religious communities in the country - millets(a community of people of the same faith, with a certain autonomy and located in a specially designated quarter of the city).

Millet communities in the Ottoman Empire:

Armenian-Gregorian

Greek Orthodox

Jewish

The entire society of the empire was divided into two main categories of population: askers(military personnel and government officials) and raya(tax-paying class, townspeople and peasants).

An important and unique part of Ottoman society was Janissary Corps ( regular infantry of the Ottoman Empire) (Fig. 3). It consisted of Turkish slaves, and in the era of the developed empire it consisted of Christian youths who were early childhood taught in the spirit of radical Islam. Fanatically believing in Allah and their Sultan, the Janissaries were a formidable military force. The Janissaries were considered the personal slaves of the Sultan. Their living conditions were very specific. They lived in special half-barracks, half-monasteries. They could not marry or run their own household. They had the right private property, but after the death of the Janissary, all his property was at the disposal of the regiment. In addition to the art of war, the Janissaries studied subjects such as calligraphy, law, languages and much more. This enabled the Janissaries to achieve significant success in the civil service. Many Turks dreamed of their children joining the Janissary Corps. From the 17th century, children from Muslim families began to be accepted into it.

Ottoman rulers dreamed of conquering Europe and converting its population to Islam. In the XVI - XVII centuries. The Turks faced a number of wars, with such states as Austria, Hungary, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and others. The successes of the Ottomans were so great that at times it seemed that this grand plan Let's really do it. The European powers, bogged down in their internal strife, could not provide worthy resistance to the Turks. Despite temporary successes, by the end of the wars it turned out that the Europeans were losing. A striking example this will serve Battle of Lepanto (1571) (Fig. 4). The Venetians were able to inflict a devastating defeat Turkish fleet, however, by the end of the war the Venetians had received no help from any of their European neighbors. They lost the island Cyprus and paid Turkey an indemnity of 300 thousand gold ducats.

Rice. 4. Battle of Lepanto (1571) ()

In the 17th century, signs of the decline of the Ottoman state began to appear. They were called nearby internecine wars for the throne. In addition, at this time, relations between the empire and its eastern neighbor - Persia. Increasingly, the Turks have to fight on two fronts at once.

The matter was aggravated by a number of major uprisings. The uprisings were especially strong Crimean Tatars(Fig. 5). Moreover, in the 17th century political arena comes out new enemy- This Cossacks (Fig. 6). They constantly carried out predatory raids on Turkish territories. There was no way to cope with them. IN late XVI I century took place biggest war, during which the Ottomans had to face a coalition European countries. INthis coalition included countries such as Austria, Poland, Venice and Russia. In 1683 Turkish army was able to reach the Austrian capital - Vienna. The Polish king came to the aid of the Austrians IanIIISobieski (Fig. 7), and the Turks had to lift the siege of Vienna. At the Battle of Vienna Turkish army suffered a crushing defeat. The result was the Treaty of Karlowitz, signed in 1699.. Under its terms, Türkiye for the first time received neither territories nor indemnities.

Rice. 5. Crimean Tatars ()

Rice. 6. Cossack army ()

Rice. 7. Polish king Ian III Sobieski ()

It became obvious that the days of unlimited power of the Ottoman Empire were over. On the one hand, XVI-XVII centuries. in the history of the Ottoman Empire, this is the time of its greatest prosperity. But on the other hand, this is the time when passionate foreign policy the empire began to lag behind the West in its development. Internal turmoil shook the Ottoman Empire, and already in the 18th century the Ottomans would not be able to fight the West on equal terms.

Bibliography

1. Vedyushkin V.A., Burin S.N. Textbook on the history of modern times, grade 7. - M., 2013.

2. Eremeev D.E., Meyer M.S. History of Turkey in the Middle Ages and modern times. - M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1992.

3. Petrosyan Yu.A. Ottoman Empire: power and death. Historical essays. - M., Eksmo, 2003.

4. Shirokorad A.B. Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and his empire.

5. Yudovskaya A.Ya. General history. History of modern times. 1500-1800. -M.: “Enlightenment”, 2012.

Homework

1. When did the Ottoman Empire appear and in what territories was it formed?

2. Tell us about the internal structure of the Ottoman Empire.

3. Which states did the Ottoman Empire most often fight with? What were the causes of the wars?

4. Why in late XVII centuries, the Ottoman Empire begins to gradually weaken?

Kazan researcher and columnist for Realnoe Vremya Bulat Nogmanov continues to acquaint readers with his observations about how the culture of the ancient Ottoman Empire penetrated into the life of modern Turkey. In today's column, he talks about the bathing tradition that used to be an important part of the traditional lifestyle of urban Turks.

Traditions

It's no secret that body culture begins with purity of thoughts and purity of the body. The holy hadith of the Messenger of Allah (SAW) says that cleanliness is half of faith, so hamams in the Ottoman Empire had the same great importance, like mosques. They were an inseparable part architectural ensemble mosque-madrassah-hamam-market, where most of the public life Ottomans

The word "hammam", having similar meanings in Turkish, Arabic and Hebrew, is translated as "bath", "to be hot" and "hot place". The famous Turkish traveler Evliya Celebi, who left behind detailed descriptions the places he visited, and which is a bottomless source of inspiration for many domestic and foreign researchers, wrote that in the 17th century there were 168 large market hammams in Istanbul alone. Unfortunately, of the 237 hammams in Istanbul built during the Ottoman Empire, only 60 are functioning today.

It is known that Fatih Sultan Mehmet built 19 market hammams, Rustem Pasha - 32, and the famous Muslim architect Mimar Sinan left about 20 market and private hammams.

Hamams, along with performing cleanly application function, had great value in the life of Ottoman society. Here mothers looked closely at their future daughters-in-law, women led small talk, discussed the latest city and palace news and gossip, which were sometimes twisted several times as they passed from one ear to the other. Women also used a trip to the hammam to show each other their new jewelry and outfits. In the Turkish language there is still a saying “to be the owner of a khan’s hamam,” which means that a person has great fortune and glory.

Women also used a trip to the hammam to show each other their new jewelry and outfits. Photo lib-art.com

Usually the hammam was visited on Thursday evening, so that the next day, already cleansed, one could go to Friday prayer. Before the holiday of sacrifice, the hammams were open until the morning.

In addition to the usual ones, there were also special days visits to the hammam, which are timed to coincide with special dates, such as a wedding, the birth of a child, the end of mourning, religious ceremonies, leaving and returning from the army, etc. All these customs are still preserved in many cities of Anatolia.

Hamams were divided into public and private, for men and women. For example, the most famous women’s hammams in the capital of the Ottoman Empire were considered “Bayezid hammams”, “Hurrem Sultan hammams”, “Chaal oglu hammams” and “Cemberlitash hammams”.

Learning the Hamam language

Roman baths are rightfully considered the ancestors of Ottoman hammams, but most people associate hammams with Turkey, and the Turks, as in ancient times, make a lot of efforts to popularize and preserve this culture. Thus, in some hammams in Istanbul and Ankara, proficiency in the Ottoman language is a prerequisite for staff.

Traditionally, hamams consist of three parts - “jamegah” (a place for changing clothes), “soukluk” (a place for drying, changing the peshtemal - loincloth) and “sydzhaklyk” (the place where the washing actually took place). I suggest you familiarize yourself with the language of hamam in more detail:

Hammam. Exposition. Photo arttravelblog.ru

“Jamegah” was a wide sofa, divided into several parts, where people changed clothes and rested after drying off in soukluk.

“Syjaklyk”, in turn, was divided into several parts:

“Kurna bashi” - a place where everyone took turns washing,

“halvet” - a closed cell for individual washing,

“gobek tashi” - a small marble elevation, made in the form of a polygon, heated from below by hot air, on which people lay and warmed themselves,

“jehennem” - a place for göbek tashi, which was very hot,

“kyulhan” is a firebox that is located under the hammam. Typically, firewood and olive pits were used as kindling.

"tyuteklik" - chimney,

“tellak”, or in Ottoman “dellac” - a person who rubs, does kese and massage,

“kese” is a special washcloth used to remove rough skin.

From time immemorial

The Ottoman writer Abdulaziz ibn Jemaleddin, who lived in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, left behind a manuscript of 14 daftars entitled “Traditions, holidays and customs of the peoples of the Ottoman state,” where he gives very interesting and valuable information about the culture of the Ottoman hamam. There is an opportunity to familiarize yourself with some parts of this unique work. Here is his description of a private hammam, which was located in one of the mansions in Istanbul:

“There was a special hammam in the mansion, which belonged to the owner of the house and his family. None of the other residents of the mansion could enter here. In front of the hammam there was a spacious room with large glass windows that opened onto beautiful view or at courtyard. Behind this room there was a soukluk with simple upholstery, where you could change clothes and sit, wrapped in a towel. Behind it was the entrance to the hammam itself. The hammam had a kurna and a shower room, decorated with marble. There was also separate place to perform ablution. The ablution area, the soukluk and the hammam itself had a high, glass, domed ceiling. There were at least three qurnas in the hammam. The stone bowls on the walls were decorated with marble and floral designs. Each bowl had an elegantly decorated yellow hot and cold water, which was called “deweboynu” (camel neck). The walls and dome are decorated with plaster inserts and multi-colored tiles.”

According to custom, the bath set, which was brought from home, included two large towels decorated with white silk threads, two towels for the head or shoulders, two silk peshtemals, kese, and a change of linen. Photo territa.ru

Abdulaziz Bey describes the visit of the hammam by government officials and representatives of high society no less interestingly:

“Many mid-level government officials and respected merchants living in Dersaadet (Gate of Happiness is the old name of Istanbul, - approx. translator) despite the fact that they had hammams at home, they visited market hammams. Dear gentlemen from the mahalla also preferred to wash not at home... Those who visited market hammams either brought a towel with them or used a local towel. According to custom, the bath set, which was brought from home, included two large towels decorated with white silk threads, two towels for the head or shoulders, two silk peshtemals, kese, and a change of linen. All this was placed in a black satin bag, which the servants took to the hammam in advance. The gentleman, who arrived a little later, was met by some of the hammam employees and escorted to his chair.”

In the hammam itself, respected clients were escorted to special rooms, helped to change clothes, and offered to smoke a pipe and narghile or drink coffee. Then the tellak came and stretched the master’s knees and arms for half an hour. This is how Abdulaziz Bey himself describes the continuation of the bath ritual:

“The same tellak put nalyn (special wooden shoes) on the gentleman’s feet and escorted him to the halvet... The gentleman was seated in a place prepared by the sernyobet (hamam employee), the shoes were removed and they slowly began to rub him with yellow pumice, pressing on his knees. After sweat began to appear, tellak was diluted in hot water white clay from Aleppo, infused with flower water, and smeared this mixture on the head, body and feet of the master. After a quarter of an hour, the mixture was washed off and the procedure was repeated. Next, the tellak washed the gentleman’s head with soap four or five times, then thoroughly wiped his body with a kese bath sponge, and then filled the basin hot water and, having soaped another washcloth, washed the master’s entire body. The procedure was repeated twice."

After the washing procedure was completed, the gentleman changed his peshtemal, he was wrapped in towels and escorted to the soukluk. Four or five sweet apples and a knife were served on a plate. Now they offer a variety of soft drinks and tea. The author of this article strongly recommends trying a drink called “atom” after the bath procedure - a mixture of ayran and apple or lemon soda mineral water. After the master left the hamam, the caretaker of his mansion paid the cost of the hamam and left a tip for the caretaker of the hamam, sernyobet, tellak and others.

Strengthening the empire. IN early XVI century, the entire Ottoman Empire was divided into provinces, and the provinces into sanjaks. Provinces were governed get out(governors general), sanjaks - sanjakbey.

The empire had a military-feudal system of land tenure. Military captives - landowners who received large and small estates from the Sultan (zeametes And timars), They themselves formed and supplied the feudal army. The big landowners were called loans And beys, owners of small lands - timariotes And sipahi. The military system freed the state from most of the costs of maintaining the army and ensured the rapid mobilization of troops. But there were also government troops - the Janissaries (Turkish infantry) and other military corps. All this ensured the military power of the Ottoman Empire, allowing it to wage wars of conquest. From the textbook " World history"For 7th grade it is known that such wars contributed to the creation of the Turkish state huge empire. In the 16th century wars of conquest The Ottoman Empire did not stop. During this period, its main rival in Asia was Iran. In 1514 Turkish Sultan Selim I defeated the army of the Iranian Shah Ismail Safevi. This victory opened the way to the conquest of Egypt. In 1516, on the way to Egypt, Syria and Palestine were captured. In 1517, Cairo, the capital of Egypt, was taken.

The expansion of Turkey's borders allowed it to take possession of important trade routes and strategic positions, which contributed to strengthening central government and the military power of the empire. As a result, Türkiye has taken a decisive place in the world and in the destinies of the countries of Europe, Asia and Africa.

Internal position. Turkey achieved incomparable power and military might not only thanks to the reasonable policies of the Sultan.

The merciless exploitation of peasants forced them to flee en masse to the city or even outside the empire.

To prevent such cases, the Sultan was forced to issue a special decree - firman, giving landowners the right to forcefully return peasants back. According to this decree, even those who had lived less than 15 years in the place where they fled and less than 20 years if the fugitive lived in the city were subject to forced return. It was very reminiscent serfdom, which reigned in Europe at that time.

In 1519, exhausted by hard work and bondage, the peasants rebelled, led by Sheikh Jalal. The uprising was brutally suppressed by Sultan Selim I. Since then, in Turkey, all rebels began to be called “Jalalists,” and the uprisings themselves “Jalalism.” The most major uprising occurred in 1526 under the leadership of Qalandar. This uprising was also suppressed, albeit with difficulty. The ruin of the peasants and their flight led, in the middle of the 16th century, to the fall of Agriculture in the country. And this turned into famine.

For solutions acute problem, in 1610, the Sultan issued a decree “Firman of Justice”, which provided for the return to the peasants, for a small payment, of the lands they had abandoned during the famine. But another crisis was brewing - the decomposition of the military-fief farming system began. To cover the state budget deficit, fief allotments had to be divided into small parts and sold. This meant that those who had previously formed and supplied the troops were no longer able to fulfill their duties. This was the main reason for the beginning of the decline in Turkey's military power. Western Europe Centralized states and strong centralized power were established, and the Ottoman Empire began to decline.

At the end of the XVI - early XVII centuries, Türkiye no longer had the same offensive power.

Beginning of dependence on European powers. Since the middle of the 17th century, internal position in Turkey began to escalate again. The state budget systematically experienced shortages. The process of weakening the Ottoman Empire could not be stopped.

To exit from crisis situation, the Turkish government was forced to rely on the help of European states. These countries were given access to Turkish markets. Merchants European countries great benefits were provided. For example, for French merchants the customs duty was only 3 percent. As a result, Turkish markets were flooded with European goods, causing irreparable damage to local industry.

In foreign policy, Türkiye began to move closer to England and France. The Sultan envisaged their alliance with Turkey against Russia. The governments of England and France were also eager to take advantage of the opportunity for their own benefit. Hoping for their help, Turkey entered into wars with Russia several times in the 18th century, however, they ended unsuccessfully for Turkey. These defeats became a demonstration of the complete decay of medieval relations prevailing in the Ottoman Empire.

League - union, association.

Osmanlı kültürü) - a highly developed culture of a Muslim country that has absorbed the culture of Eastern Europe, Africa and Asia, special due to the exceptional position of the country.

Early period

At the end of the 13th century, an empire emerged on the territory of the Asia Minor peninsula, led by Osman. From this time we can talk about the birth Ottoman culture: literature appears, although dependent on the influence of neighboring Arab countries. With the growing power of the state, architecture takes on imperial features. In the 1350s, its own coin began to be minted, with verses from the Koran.

The heyday of the Ottoman Empire

After the conquest of Byzantium in the European part of the country, the Turks successfully combined what had already been built with their Muslim traditions. The most famous example A similar combination is the Hagia Sophia temple.

Sultan and government

All supreme secular and religious power over the 15 million subjects of the Ottoman Empire belonged to to the Sultan. He was called the “stronghold of Islam,” “caliph,” and “the shadow of God on earth.” Almost every day the Sultan began with a visit to the business part of the palace. In a special building, he sat on soft cushions state council — sofa. State affairs, relations with foreign ambassadors were carefully recorded on paper in state chancellery — "High Porte" located next door. The Europeans called the entire Turkish government by its name - “Porta”. From her window one could see the Seven-Tower Castle - the repository of the Sultan's treasury and treasures and at the same time the main prison of the empire.

Tired of state affairs, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire retired to a special part of the palace - his personal chambers. Here he could relax under a golden canopy on soft satin mattresses, stroll in the garden under a glass roof among fountains and strange birds. It was also located here harem - home of the Sultan's many wives and concubines. From all the provinces of the empire, the best beauties were brought here, doomed to lead a life within four walls under the supervision of eunuchs. The wives waged a hidden struggle with each other for the right to be the mother of the heir. Therefore, a struggle for power often flared up between the sons of the Sultan.

Janissaries

IN troubled times the fate of the throne in the Ottoman Empire was often decided Janissaries. A special tax was collected from all non-Muslims of the empire - for boys 9-10 years old. Separated from their parents, they were raised in special schools, teaching Turkish language and instilling devotion to Islam. All Janissaries were considered “slaves of the Sultan.” Not knowing their relatives, living in camp tents, the Janissaries were united into one fighting religious brotherhood. They were always ready to come to the aid of their master and restore order.

Life in the Ottoman Empire

Istanbul

Capital of the Ottoman Empire - Istanbul (former Constantinople) was rebuilt in the 16th century. Almost all Orthodox churches were turned into mosques, and their appearance was uniquely changed by the minarets soaring into the sky. Hagia Sophia, the main Orthodox shrine of Constantinople, became the main mosque of Istanbul - Hagia Sophia. In many blocks there were covered bazaars, and the famous Turkish baths were noisy with fountains. The panorama of the city was decorated with numerous madrasahs, where every day mullahs helped children memorize the Koran. There were several in the city center higher schools, where experts in Islamic law and theology were trained. However, the first printing house in the Ottoman Empire appeared only in 1727 and, having published several books, was closed for 40 years.