Alexander Fedorovich Voeikov(August 30, 1778 or 1779, Moscow - June 16, 1839, St. Petersburg) - Russian poet, translator, literary critic, publisher, journalist. Member Russian Academy (1819).
Biography
From the ancient noble family. He studied at the Moscow University Noble Boarding School (1791-1795), where he became close to V. A. Zhukovsky and A. I. Turgenev. Listed on military service from 1789, retired in 1801. Lived in Moscow. During Patriotic War In 1812 he joined the militia. In 1814 he married Alexandra Andreevna Protasova (1795-1828; sung in the ballad “Svetlana” by V. A. Zhukovsky). With the assistance of Zhukovsky, he received a position as an ordinary professor of Russian literature at the University of Dorpat (1814). In 1818 he received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy honoris causa University of Dorpat. In 1820 he moved to St. Petersburg. He served as a class inspector, then as a teacher at the Artillery School (until 1825).
According to the testimony of I. G. Burtsev, A. F. Voeikov was a member of the Decembrist organization “Union of Prosperity”, but by the Highest command the matter was ignored.
From 1822 to 1826 he lived in apartment building A. A. Menshikov at Nevsky Prospekt, 64. Voeikov’s apartment was visited by E. A. Baratynsky, P. A. Vyazemsky, N. I. Gnedich, I. A. Krylov, A. I. Turgenev, N. M. Yazykov .
Literary activity
He made his debut in print with the poem “Satire to Speransky. About true nobility" 1806 in the magazine "Bulletin of Europe", where he was actively published in the 1800-1810s. He enjoyed the greatest fame thanks to the replenished poetic pamphlet “Madhouse of Madmen,” which depicts the author’s visit to the “yellow house” he dreamed of, in which sit poets, writers and political journalists, equipped with apt and often very evil characteristics; In the end, the narrator himself ends up in a madhouse and wakes up. The first edition was created in 1814, and later Voeikov constantly added to the satire until the end of his life, adding more and more new stanzas with new “patients”. "The Madhouse" was first published in 1857 (first edition).
In 1816 he was accepted into the literary society "Arzamas" (Arzamas name "Smoky stove"). He composed the parody “Parnassian Address-Calendar”, which reflected the Arzamas people’s ideas about the literary hierarchy (it was not published during his lifetime). Translated "History of the Reign" Louis XIV and Louis XV" by Voltaire (Moscow, 1809), "Gardens, or the Art of decorating rural views" by Jacques Delisle (St. Petersburg, 1816), "Eclogues and Georgics" by Virgil (volume 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1816-1817) .
In 1815-1817, together with V. A. Zhukovsky and Alexander Turgenev, he published the “Collected Exemplary Russian Works and Translations” and undertook similar publications in 1821-1822, 1824-1826, 1838.
Honorary Member Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature since 1820.
From mid-1820 to early 1822 he was co-editor of N. I. Grech in the magazine “Son of the Fatherland”, where he headed the criticism department. In 1822-1838, editor of the newspaper "Russian Invalid" and its supplements "News of Literature" (1822-1826; until 1825 with the participation of V.I. Kozlov), "Literary Supplements to the Russian Invalid" (1831-1836), and the magazine "Slav" (1827-1830). In “News of Literature” he published translations of Virgil’s eclogues, fragments of the works of Delisle, C. Milvois, and conducted literary polemics with Grech, F.V. Bulgarin, N.A. Polev, O.M. Somov, P.P. Svinin.
Born in 1778, he received his education at the Moscow University Noble Boarding School together with V. A. Zhukovsky.
The first ones date back to this time literary works, in verse.
In 1806, he published in the "Bulletin of Europe" "Message to Speransky on true prosperity", which made him famous as a writer.
In 1812, he entered military service and remained in it until the French were expelled from Russia.
In 1815, V. married Alexandra Andreevna Protasova, Zhukovsky’s niece.
Until this time, he translated “The History of the Reign of Louis XIV and Louis XV”, Voltaire (1809), and in 1811 he published: “Exemplary works in prose of famous ancient and modern writers.” In addition, he was engaged in the translation of Delisle's "Gardens", Virgil's "Georgics" and "Eclogue" and the composition of the didactic poem "Arts and Sciences". Of all this appeared in a separate publication. "Gardens, or the art of decorating rural views", op. Delisle (St. Petersburg, 1816), and excerpts from other works are scattered throughout magazines.
In 1815-1820 V. occupied the chair of prof. Russian literature at the University of Dorpat.
In 1815-17 he published with A. Turgenev and Zhukovsky "Collection of exemplary Russian works and translations in verse and prose" (2nd edition 1822-24), then one: "A new collection of exemplary Russian works and translations published from 1816 to 1821 " (1821-22) and "Collection of new Russian works and translations published from 1821 to 1825." (1824-26). In 1821-22, V. worked with Grech on “Son of the Fatherland,” and in 1822-28. edited "Russian Invalid". In addition, he published in 1822-26. (1825 with V. Kozlov) “News of Russian Literature”, in 1827-30 “Slav” and in 1831-36 “Literary Additions to the Russian Invalid”. As a journalist, V., according to one of his biographers, “hid the truth away and considered every little thing the greatest insult to the honor of the Russian name.” He even saw the humiliation of Russia in the fact that the English horse was ahead of the Don horse at the races.
The insignificant success of his magazine enterprises developed in him, towards the end of his life, bile and irritability; he hurled epigrams at his opponents, not always sharp and fair, and in polemics (for example, with Polevoy) he used the least literary techniques.
He died in 1839, completely debunked, although there was a time when his name was put along with the names of Zhukovsky and Batyushkov.
His real fame rests solely on the satire “The Madhouse,” originally written in 1814 and until 1838, repeatedly revised and expanded.
In this pamphlet, V. ridiculed all modern literary world, without distinguishing those standing right from those standing oshuyu, which gave it the character of a lampoon.
About V. see: "A.F. Voeikov", article by A. Lazarevsky in the 1st issue. "Collection, published by students of St. Petersburg University"; “Literary figures of former times” by E. Kolbasin; “My acquaintance with Voeikov in 1830 and his Friday literary meetings” by St. Petersburg old-timer V. B (urnashov) in “Russian Bulletin” 1871, Nos. 9-11. (Brockhaus) Voeikov, Alexander Fedorovich (30.8.1779-16.6.1839). - Writer.
Genus. in Moscow.
He was educated at the Moscow University boarding school (1791-1796). He entered the service in the Life Guards. Horse regiment - 1796, promoted to officer - January 16, 1797, retired - 1801 and settled in Moscow, participant in the Patriotic War of 1812, ordinary professor. at the Department of Russian Language and Literature at the University of Dorpat - Aug. 1814, arrived in Dorpat - Feb. 1815, received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy honoris causa from the university - March 30, 1818, retired on September 25, 1820, went to St. Petersburg and entered the service in the Department. spiritual affairs, inspector of classes at art. school - 1821, engaged in publishing and magazine activities, from 1821 to March 1822 he published (with N. I. Grech) the magazine "Son of the Fatherland", from 1822 to 1838 - "Russian Invalid", from 1822 to 1826 - "News of Literature" ( with V.I. Kozlov).
Member of the "Friendly Literary Society" (Moscow) and "Arzamas". Honorary member of the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature - 8/23/1820. According to the testimony of the Decembrist I. G. Burtsev (see), member of the Union of Welfare.
High ordered to be ignored.
In 1827-1830 he published "Slavyanin", in 1831-1837 - "Literary additions to the Russian invalid". Author of the satire "Madhouse", many poems and translations, member of the Russian Academy.
Died in St. Petersburg.
Wives: first - from July 14, 1814 Alexandra Andr. Protasova (died in Italy 14(26).2.1829), niece of Zhukovsky (“Svetlana”); children: Andrei, Ekaterina, Maria (married to Count Brevern-Delagardie) and Alexandra, maid of honor. book Maria Nikolaevna; second - from July 22, 1838 simple woman Alexandra Vas. Deulina, who cared for him in old age and illness for 11 years, had 4 children from her, born before marriage. TsGAOR, f. 48, op. 1, no. 95, 243. Voeikov, Alexander Fedorovich prof. Russian literature in Dorptsk. univ., writer; r. 15 Nov 1773, † June 16, 1839 (Polovtsov)
Voeikov Alexander Fedorovich, poet, journalist and critic, born 30.VIII (10.IX).1779 in Moscow into a noble family.
He began his literary activity in the circle of Andrei Turgenev and Zhukovsky.
In 1791-96 he studied at the Noble boarding school at Moscow University.
In 1796 he joined the Horse Guards and, apparently having joined military circles opposed to the government of Paul I, was persecuted, was dismissed from service and removed from St. Petersburg.
In 1801 he joined the “Friendly Literary Society” (meetings usually took place in his house on Devichye Pole), where he made several sharp anti-tyrant speeches, after which he gained a reputation as a freedom-lover.
In 1804-1805 he wrote two satires - “K S<перанскому>about true nobility" (published under the title "To Emilius") and "To my headman", in which the glorification of simple virtues common man, although not free from a certain shade of demagoguery, is still clearly connected with that coming from the 18th century. educational tradition.
In 1812-13 he was in the active army.
Also in 1812, he wrote a patriotic poem “To Prince Golenishchev-Kutuzov of Smolensky.”
In 1814-20 he occupied the department of Russian literature at Dorpat (Tartu) University.
In 1816, his translation of Delisle's poem "The Gardens" was published as a separate edition.
In 1820 he moved to St. Petersburg and became a professional journalist and critic. Involved, thanks to old friendly connections, in the circle of Karamzin writers, a member of Arzamas, Alexander Fedorovich in the criticism of the 1820s. adheres to Zhukovsky’s supporters, but takes an independent position, gravitating toward a more traditional literary program. Heavy character and Voeikov’s proverbial unprincipled behavior contribute to his gradual isolation. At the same time, Alexander Fedorovich Voeikov’s transition to the camp takes place political reaction, especially noticeable in the 2nd half of the 1820s and in the 1830s.
As a poet, Alexander Fedorovich gravitated towards civic poetry in the spirit of the traditions of the 18th century. and descriptive lyrics.
Literary fame of Voeikov A.F. rested, however, not on these poems, but on his handwritten satires, not intended for publication, which, apparently, have not reached us in complete form. The most famous of them is “Madhouse” - a series of satirical literary portraits, caricature sketches of literary and public figures contemporary to Voeikov.
Early versions of satire date back to 1814 and are associated with literary struggle those years. However, in further Alexander Fedorovich repeatedly revised the poem, changing its composition and focus.
After 1825, satirical motifs of a political nature appeared in The Madhouse, and attacks against Bulgarin, Grech, and Kleinmichel were supplemented in the 1830s. stanzas directed against Polevoy and Belinsky.
The literary fate of Voeikov A.F. inseparable from the history of the salon of his wife A. A. Voeikova - Svetlana, as she was called in a friendly circle, after the heroine of Zhukovsky’s ballad dedicated to her. The salon of A. A. Voeikova was one of the literary centers of the St. Petersburg Karamzinists and played a prominent role in artistic life 1820s
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Biography
Literary activity
He made his debut in print with the poem “Satire to Speransky. About true nobility" in the magazine "Bulletin of Europe", where it was actively published in the 1800-1810s. He enjoyed the greatest fame thanks to the replenished poetic pamphlet “Madhouse of Madmen,” which depicts the author’s visit to the “yellow house” he dreamed of, in which sit poets, writers and political journalists, equipped with apt and often very evil characteristics; In the end, the narrator himself ends up in a madhouse and wakes up. The first edition was created in , later Voeikov constantly added to the satire until the end of his life, adding more and more new stanzas with new “patients”. "The Madhouse" was first published in (first edition).
In 1815-1817, together with V. A. Zhukovsky and Alexander Turgenev, he published the “Collected Exemplary Russian Works and Translations” and undertook similar publications in -, -,.
Honorary member of the Free Society of Russian Literature Lovers.
Marriages and children
After the death of his wife (1829), Voeikov did not take part in the fate of the children; Alexandra Andreevna’s relatives and friends took care of them.
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Notes
Literature
- A. M. Peskov. Voeikov. - Russian writers. 1800-1917. Biographical Dictionary. T. 1: A - G. Moscow: Soviet encyclopedia, 1989. pp. 456-458.
T.V.Savchenko. Voeikov. - Russian writers, XIX century. Biobibliographical dictionary. At 2 p.m. Part 1. A - L. - G. Moscow: Enlightenment; " Educational literature", 1996. pp. 121 -122.
Links
- in the library of Maxim Moshkov
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Excerpt characterizing Voeikov, Alexander Fedorovich
Having calmed my deadened heart a little, I tried to turn to her mentally - the girl heard. Which meant - she was gifted!.. One of those whom the Pope hated so fiercely. And who did he so brutally burn alive on his terrifying human bonfires....- What did they do to you, dear?!.. Why did they take away your speech?!
Trying to pull higher the coarse rags that had fallen from her body with naughty, trembling hands, I whispered in shock.
“Don’t be afraid of anything, my dear, just think about what you would like to say, and I will try to hear you.” What's your name, girl?
“Damiana...” the answer whispered quietly.
“Hold on, Damiana,” I smiled as gently as possible. - Hold on, don’t slip away, I’ll try to help you!
But the girl only slowly shook her head, and a clean, lonely tear rolled down her battered cheek...
- Thank you... for your kindness. But I’m no longer a tenant... – her quiet “mental” voice rustled in response. - Help me... Help me “go away.” Please... I can't stand it anymore... They'll be back soon... Please! They desecrated me... Please help me “leave”... You know how. Help... I will thank you “there” and remember you...
She grabbed my wrist with her thin fingers, disfigured by torture, clutching it with a death grip, as if she knew for sure that I could really help her... could give her the peace she wanted...
A sharp pain twisted my tired heart... This sweet, brutally tortured girl, almost a child, begged me for death as a favor!!! The executioners not only wounded her fragile body - they desecrated her pure soul, raping her together!.. And now Damiana was ready to “leave.” She asked for death as deliverance, even for a moment, without thinking about salvation. She was tortured and desecrated, and did not want to live... Anna appeared before my eyes... God, was it really possible that the same terrible end awaited her?!! Will I be able to save her from this nightmare?!
Damiana looked at me pleadingly with her clear gray eyes, which reflected inhumanly deep pain, wild in its strength... She could no longer fight. She didn't have enough strength for this. And in order not to betray herself, she preferred to leave...
What kind of “people” were they who committed such cruelty?! What kind of monsters trampled our clean land, desecrating her with his meanness and “black” soul?.. I cried quietly, stroking cute face this courageous, unfortunate girl, who never lived out even a small part of her sad, failed life... And my soul was burning with hatred! Hatred for the monster who called himself the Pope... the viceroy of God... and Holy Father... enjoying his rotten power and wealth, while in his own creepy basement a wonderful woman passed away from life pure soul. Left by at will... Because she could no longer endure the extreme pain inflicted on her by order of the same “holy” Pope...
Oh, how I hated him!!!.. I hated him with all my heart, with all my soul! And I knew that I would take revenge on him, no matter what it cost me. For everyone who died so brutally on his orders... For his father... for Girolamo... for this kind, pure girl... and for everyone else from whom he playfully took away the opportunity to live their dear and only life body, earthly life.
“I’ll help you, girl... I’ll help you, honey...” I whispered softly, cradling her tenderly. - Calm down, sunshine, there won’t be any more pain. My father went there... I talked to him. There is only light and peace... Relax, my dear... I will fulfill your wish. Now you are going to leave - don’t be afraid. You won't feel anything... I'll help you, Damiana. I'll be with you...
From her mutilated physical body an amazingly beautiful entity came out. She looked like Damiana had been before she came to this damned place.
“Thank you...” he whispered to her. quiet voice. – Thank you for your kindness... and for your freedom. I will remember you.
She began to smoothly ascend along the glowing channel.
– Goodbye Damian... May it be yours new life will be happy and bright! You will still find your happiness, girl... And you will good people. Goodbye...
Her heart quietly stopped... And the suffering soul flew freely to where no one could hurt her anymore. The sweet, kind girl left, never knowing how wonderful and joyful her ragged, unlived life could have been... how many good people her Gift could have made happy... how high and bright her unknown love could have been... and how loud and the voices of her unborn children in this life could sound happily...
Damiana’s face, calmed in death, smoothed out, and she seemed simply asleep, she was so pure and beautiful now... Sobbing bitterly, I sank onto a rough seat next to her empty body... My heart froze with bitterness and resentment for her innocent, a life cut short...And somewhere very deep in my soul a fierce hatred rose, threatening to break out and sweep away this entire criminal, terrifying world from the face of the Earth...
Finally, having somehow gathered myself together, I looked once again at the brave girl-child, mentally wishing her peace and happiness in her new world, and quietly walked out the door...
The horror I saw paralyzed my consciousness, depriving me of the desire to explore the papal basement further... threatening to bring down someone's fire on me another suffering, which could have been even worse. Just as I was about to go upstairs, I suddenly suddenly felt a weak but very persistent call. Listening in surprise, I finally realized that they were calling me from here, from the same basement. And then, forgetting all my previous fears, I decided to check it out.
The call was repeated until I walked straight to the door from which it came...
The cell was empty and damp, without any lighting. And in the very corner of it, a man was sitting on the straw. Coming closer to him, I suddenly screamed - it was my old friend, Cardinal Morone... His proud face, this time, was red with bruises, and it was clear that the cardinal was suffering.
– Oh, I’m very glad that you are alive!.. Hello, monsignor! Have you tried to call me?
He stood up slightly, wincing in pain, and said very seriously:
- Yes, Madonna. I've been calling you for a long time, but for some reason you didn't hear. Although they were very close.
– I helped a good girl say goodbye to our cruel world... - I answered sadly. – Why do you need me, Your Eminence? Can I help you?..
- This is not about me, Madonna. Tell me, your daughter's name is Anna, isn't it?
The walls of the room began to shake... Anna!!! Lord, not Anna!.. I grabbed some protruding corner so as not to fall.
– Speak, monsignor... You are right, my daughter’s name is Anna.
My world was collapsing without even knowing the reasons for what happened... It was enough that Caraffa mentioned my poor girl. There was no hope of expecting anything good from this.
– When the Pope was “studying” me in the same basement last night, the man told him that your daughter had left the monastery... And for some reason Caraffa was very pleased with this. That's why I decided to somehow break this news to you. After all, his joy, as I understand it, brings only misfortune to everyone? Am I right, Madonna?..
- No... You are right, Your Eminence. Did he say anything else? Even some little thing that could help me?
Hoping to get at least the slightest “addition,” I asked. But Morone just shook his head negatively...
- I'm sorry, Madonna. He only said that you were very mistaken, and that love has never brought good to anyone. If that tells you anything, Isidora.
I just nodded, trying to collect my thoughts, which were scattered in panic. And trying not to show Morona how shocked I was by the news he said, she said as calmly as possible:
“Would you allow me to treat you, monseigneur?” It seems to me that you could use my “witch” help again. And thank you for the message... Even the bad one. It’s always better to know the enemy’s plans in advance, even the worst, isn’t it?..
From an old noble family. He studied at the Moscow University Noble Boarding School (1791-1795), where he became close with A.I. Turgenev. He was in military service since 1789 and retired in 1801. Lived in Moscow. During the Patriotic War of 1812 he joined the militia. In 1814 he married Alexandra Andreevna Protasova (1795-1828; sung in the ballad “Svetlana” by V. A. Zhukovsky). With the assistance of Zhukovsky, he received a position as an ordinary professor of Russian literature at the University of Dorpat (1814). In 1818 he received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy honoris causa from the University of Dorpat. In 1820 he moved to St. Petersburg. He served as a class inspector, then as a teacher at the Artillery School (until 1825).
According to the testimony of I.G. Burtsev, A. F. Voeikov was a member of the Decembrist organization “Union of Welfare”, but by the Highest command the matter was ignored.
From 1822 to 1826 he lived in the apartment building of A. A. Menshikov at 64 Nevsky Prospekt. Voeikov’s apartment was visited by A. I. Turgenev,.
He made his debut in print with the poem “Satire to Speransky. About true nobility" 1806 in the magazine "Bulletin of Europe", where he was actively published in the 1800-1810s. He enjoyed the greatest fame thanks to the replenished poetic pamphlet “Madhouse of Madmen,” which depicts the author’s visit to the “yellow house” he dreamed of, in which sit poets, writers and political journalists, equipped with apt and often very evil characteristics; In the end, the narrator himself ends up in a madhouse and wakes up. The first edition was created in 1814, and later Voeikov constantly added to the satire until the end of his life, adding more and more new stanzas with new “patients”. "The Madhouse" was first published in 1857 (first edition).
In 1816 he was accepted into the literary society "Arzamas" (Arzamas name "Smoky stove"). He composed the parody “Parnassian Address-Calendar”, which reflected the Arzamas people’s ideas about the literary hierarchy (it was not published during his lifetime). Translated “The History of the Reign of Louis XIV and Louis XV” by Voltaire (Moscow, 1809), “Gardens, or the Art of Decorating Rural Views” by Jacques Delisle (St. Petersburg, 1816), “Eclogues and Georgics” by Virgil (volume 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1816-1817).
In 1815-1817, together with V. A. Zhukovsky and Alexander Turgenev, he published the “Collected Exemplary Russian Works and Translations” and undertook similar publications in 1821-1822, 1824-1826, 1838.
Honorary member of the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature since 1820.
From mid-1820 to early 1822 he was co-editor of N. I. Grech in the magazine “Son of the Fatherland”, where he headed the criticism department. In 1822-1838, editor of the newspaper "Russian Invalid" and its supplements "News of Literature" (1822-1826; until 1825 with the participation of V.I. Kozlov), "Literary Supplements to the Russian Invalid" (1831-1836), and the magazine "Slav" (1827-1830). In “News of Literature” he published translations of Virgil’s eclogues, fragments of the works of Delisle, C. Milvois, and conducted literary polemics with Grech, F.V. Bulgarin, N.A. Polev, O.M. Somov, P.P. Svinin.
