Bali is the official language. To help tourists

Comes to the island of Bali every year a large number of tourists. In order to make life a little easier for travelers and help avoid awkward situations during their vacation, we have compiled a basic list useful tips, which will come in handy before your trip to Bali. If this article does not contain the information you would like to know, just write to us by email and we will be happy to answer all your questions.

Before flying to Bali

Before departure, make sure that your passport expires at least 6 months before departure from the country. For citizens of the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Balarusia, a visa on arrival (VOA) for 30 and 60 days of stay in the country is issued at the airport. Also, don’t forget your already printed airline ticket, insurance policy and children’s birth certificates if you are traveling with them. Don't forget about such a small thing as a pen, as you will need to fill out immigration cards and customs declarations in English.

Arrival at Ngurah Rai Airport

No more than 1 liter of strong alcoholic beverages is allowed per person. When collecting luggage, you can use the services of porters who will help you carry your luggage to a taxi, but the cost is negotiable. It is not worth changing a large amount of money at the airport, since the rate is lower than other exchange offices in Bali. Amounts of cash exceeding 100,000,000 rupees (approximately $9,000) per person are required to be declared.

Transfer from airport

For those who have not booked a transfer in advance, there is a taxi stand with right side near the exit from the international terminal. The tariff is determined depending on the area where the hotel or villa is located. There are also a large number of private drivers offering their services, but often at a higher cost.

Money exchange and ATMs

Money should only be changed in official exchange offices(Money Exchange and other exchangers with a separate room), since street exchangers very often deceive tourists. Please note that Bali does not accept dollar bills older than 2006. The rate also varies depending on the denomination of the banknote - the smaller the denomination, the cheaper the rate. Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) are quite common in Bali, but fraud is common when attempting to withdraw cash. Therefore, it is better to withdraw from the terminals of large and well-known banks (BCA, BNI, BII, Mandiri).

Local currency

Weather in Bali

Bali has a very mild and pleasant climate all year round. The average annual temperature ranges from 28-32 degrees Celsius. In the central mountainous regions, temperatures can drop by 6 degrees. The island has only 2 seasons - the rainy season from November to March and the dry season from April to October.

Language

In Bali, the population speaks mainly three languages ​​- Balinese ( original language island residents), Indonesian (national) and English as an international language.

Religion

According to the latest data, 84.5% of the island's population (4,220,000 people) professes Balinese Hinduism, 12% professes Islam and the majority of the remaining 3.5% are Christians.

Food and water

You should only use bottled water for drinking and cooking; it is advisable to wash fruits well before eating. In general, adhere to standard hygiene practices. Traditional Indonesian food is quite spicy and is referred to as “pedas” on the menu. Eating at local warungs is at your own risk.

Timezone

Time zone in Bali is UTC+08. Time is ahead of Moscow - by 4 hours, Kyiv and Minsk - by 5 hours, Astana - by 2 hours.

Visiting temples

When visiting on time, you must ensure that your knees and shoulders are covered. As a rule, when entering many temples in Bali, the entrance ticket includes the rental of a traditional sarong, which is wrapped around the waist and then tied with a belt. It is extremely impolite to cross the space between worshipers and the altar (padma, meru, etc.). Entry into holy places is prohibited for women during menstruation. It is also prohibited to be above the priest during (for example, in an attempt to capture the process on camera) and offerings.

Etiquette

According to etiquette in Bali, it is forbidden to touch the head of a child or an adult, since it is believed that the head is the seat of the soul and can be disturbed by touching it. Greetings and taking items from other people (change, drinks, money) should be done with the right hand - the left is considered unclean.

Government opening hours institutions, shops and exchange offices

Banking hours are limited from 08:00 to 15:00 from Mon to Fri. Most government agencies work from Mon to Thu from 08:00 to 14:00, Fri from 07:00 to 11:00, Sat and Sun are closed. Shops are generally open from 09:00 to 21:00. There are convenience store chains like Circle K and Minimart where you can get the basics.

Tips

In Bali, it is customary to tip 10% of the bill. However, this rule does not apply to those cases where the menu (be careful) automatically includes a 10% tip and 11% state income tax in the price.

mobile connection

Mobile communications in Bali operate in GSM 900/1800 (standard). There are two operators that provide services with good coverage - XL and Telkomcel. The starter package costs from $1. The SIM card must be immediately activated at the point of purchase. The cost of outgoing calls to CIS countries is about $3. Both operators provide 3G and 4G high-speed mobile Internet services.

Electricity

In Bali they use standard sockets for CIS countries (with two round holes) 220V/50Hz

Do not use/purchase/sell narcotic substances on the territory of Indonesia, as these acts are punishable by the death penalty or long prison terms.

Join conflict situations, especially when drunk (nightclub, dark). Always cross the road carefully. Do not swim far while swimming, as there are very strong reverse currents (from the shore towards the ocean).

If you want to try the local alcoholic drink “arak”, then only factory-made and store-bought. Cases of poisoning with methyl alcohol are common.

Bali has a common Indonesian language, Bahasa Indonesia, as well as several local dialects that vary depending on the background of the people. There is a dialect spoken by the working class (sudras), the language of businessmen (vaishyas), as well as dialects of managers (kshatriyas) and priests (brahmanas).

In ancient times, people addressed each other exclusively in the dialect of their class; violation of this rule was considered disrespectful. However, with the passage of time, the spread of literacy and globalization, tradition gradually gave way to pragmatism, and many Balinese began to communicate in Bahasa Indonesia. Today, a businessman can calmly address a worker in his own dialect, thereby showing him his respect.

Naturally, foreigners do not have to distinguish between the dialects of the indigenous people and be able to speak the languages ​​of all castes. Moreover, many Balinese speak English quite well (as well as French and even German). If you also speak this language, then problems with communication are unlikely to arise, especially in the tourist centers of the island. But if you don't speak English, you may find some everyday tourist phrases from spoken Indonesian very useful.

Peculiarities

The Indonesian alphabet has 26 sounds and 23 letters. As a rule, the emphasis in words should be on last syllable however, there are exceptions. Most sounds are pronounced the same way they are written. But there are some unreadable letters and sounds that you will have to remember.

Another one interesting feature Indonesian – lack of tense forms of verbs. In fact, to indicate time, it is enough to use marker words (today, tomorrow, the day before yesterday, last week, etc.). The verb remains unchanged. Bahasa uses the classic word order in a sentence: the main clauses are followed by objects and adverbials.

Where phrases in Indonesian come in handy

Please note that Balinese words must be used with extreme caution, so as not to distort the meaning of what was said and accidentally offend local residents. Of course, the traveler will most likely be forgiven for mistakes or incorrect pronunciation (since the locals will be pleased with the very attempt of a foreigner to speak their language), but still, knowing the basic phrases in Indonesian with translation will not only endear you to the Balinese, but will also help you communicate in shops, cafes and other public places.

You will definitely need them on your trip to Bali. greeting phrases, as well as words and sentences that will help answer the questions, what is your name, how old are you and what is your occupation.

There are also Russian-speaking guides in Bali who conduct excursions around the island and can help with hotel accommodation and solving everyday issues. But the number of Russian guides is not very large yet, so before the trip it’s still worth learning a few everyday phrases with translation.

Table

While in or traveling around Indonesia, you will undoubtedly find a few words and phrases in Indonesian useful.

In general, it’s worth starting the conversation with the fact that Indonesia is a multinational country, maybe nationalities or affiliation with them are not so pronounced, and the Indonesians themselves divide themselves not according to nationality, but according to island characteristics: Javanese, Balinese, Lombokians, etc. Moreover, on different islands these groups have their own language and often the inhabitants of one island do not understand the inhabitants of another. No one really knows how many of these languages ​​there are, considering that Indonesia consists of, according to various sources, from 13 to 17 thousand islands.

Of course, more or less large islands have their own language, but there are still many of them. All residents of Indonesia are united by one common Indonesian language that everyone knows. The language is easy, there are no difficulties with tenses, endings, forms of verbs, etc., which are inherent in other languages. In general, I noticed that the older the people who have their own common culture The more developed it is, the more it has a great history and serious literature, the more complex and diverse the language of this people is. There are quite simple languages of our time, for example, Filipino. The modern Filipino language was created relatively recently, by European missionaries based on Spanish. The language is very simple and easy to learn, and its use allows local residents to freely communicate and describe the world around them. In modern times, there is a serious discussion in linguistic circles in some countries about simplifying languages. This, for example, applies to English, whose grammar is very complex.

But let’s return to Indonesian, as I said, the language is not very complicated and also modern. The main thing in knowing the Indonesian language is vocabulary. Grammar is of course necessary, but it is not fundamental in this language. IN in this case Vocabulary is important. Having a decent vocabulary, people will still understand you, even if you don’t construct your sentence correctly. This is not my opinion, this is the explanation of my native Indonesian friends.

My personal opinion is that it’s a good idea to know a few of the simplest and most frequently used words in the language of the country you’re traveling through. As an example, when a foreigner says “thank you” to you in Russian, you will agree that this causes a smile and a warmer attitude, and they will treat us the same way if we can say a couple of phrases. Naturally, we are not faced with the task of learning long and complex phrases, but saying “thank you”, “hello”, “goodbye”, “how are you” and a few more will not help your communication in Indonesian much, but it will make you more attentive and friendly the attitude towards you from the local residents, and you will agree that this is also worth something.

I suggest you remember a few of the most important and necessary words and expressions.

Apa kabar? - How are you?

Selamat datang - Welcome

Selamat jalan - Have a nice trip

Selamat Pagi - Good morning (the pronunciation of the first word is closer to “salamat”)

Selamat siang - Good afternoon

Selamat malam - Good evening

Selamat tinggal - Goodbye (if you are leaving)

Selamat jalan - Goodbye (to the one who is leaving)

Selamat tidur - Good night

Sampai ketemu lagi - See you later

Terima kasih - Thank you (here the pronunciation will be “trima kasi”)

sama-sama - Please

Permisi - Sorry

Pantai - Beach

Kabar baik - Good

Air - Water

Agung - Big

Apa ini - What is it?

Asuransi - Insurance

Pergi - Go, go, let's go

Kabar baik - Good

Silahkan makan - Eat (the first word is pronounced “selakan”)

Silahkan minum - Drink

Dia - She, he

Makam - Eat, eat

Minum - Drink

Ingin - Want

Membeli - Buy

Mobil - Machine

Motor - Motorcycle

Makam pagi – Breakfast

Makam siang - Lunch (European style lunch)

Makam malam - Dinner (European lunch)

Language is a muscular organ covered with a mucous membrane with lymphoid formations and glands. The tongue is richly supplied with nerves and blood vessels. He performs a wide variety of Features:

participates in pushing food;

sucking function;

is an organ of speech;

responsible for touch;

determines temperature and taste.

The tongue consists of a root, a body and an end. At closed mouth it takes up almost all oral cavity.

Upper surface of the tongue called the back. Along it there is a groove, under which there is a thin fibrous septum in the form of a plate of dense silvery tissue, dividing this organ into two equal halves.

Mucous membrane The lower surface of the tongue is much more tender and thinner than the upper, and is rich in superficially located thin blood vessels-capillaries. This ensures rapid absorption of some medications placed under the tongue.

Along the midline from the root of the tongue towards the chin, a thin fold of the mucous membrane is stretched, called frenulum of the tongue. There is a small elevation on each side of the bridle. The elevation is called the hyoid caruncle. Excretory ducts open on the caruncles salivary glands.

The unique anatomical formations of the tongue are the papillae, covering the anterior part of its back by two-thirds. They not only perform a variety of receptor functions, but also actively respond to various local and general diseases, which will be discussed in the relevant sections of the brochure. A person has six types of tongue papillae, the most important of them in functional terms are:

threadlike,

mushroom-shaped

leaf-shaped,

groove-shaped.

Fungiform papillae less numerous, found among the filamentous ones, mainly at the tip and along the edges of the tongue. They have pink color, making them clearly visible against the lighter background of other papillae.

Leaf-shaped papillae located along the edges of the posterior part of the body of the tongue and consist of five to eight vertical folds.

Vital papillae the largest, numbering seven to twelve, are located in two lines converging to the median groove almost at a right angle, open anteriorly, closing the papillary zone of the tongue behind. The papillae of the tongue contain a large number of superficially located nerve endings. The richest in them are the grooved and mushroom-shaped papillae.

Behind the papillary zone on the back of the root of the tongue are located lymphatic follicles, forming the lingual tonsil. In the tongue, bundles of four skeletal muscles, starting on the bones of the skull, and four intrinsic muscles, running in different directions, and four intrinsic muscles are closely intertwined, which ensures exceptional mobility of this organ.

Causes pain in the tongue:

Mini injuries are the most common reasons appearance pain in the tongue:

The tongue can become sore even in the absence of any injury. Lymph nodes in the sublingual area can become enlarged as a result of infection or even some types of cancer.

Pain in the tongue can occur due to diseases of the salivary gland.

Tongue pain may also be a symptom various types allergic reactions, iron deficiency in the body, or side effects when taking certain medications.

Sometimes a possible cause of tongue pain is viral ulcer- painful tissue damage that appears on the tongue (or anywhere else in the mouth) for no obvious reason. Some doctors think that these viral sores (painful stomatitis) are the result of emotional stress, fatigue or decreased body resistance.

Glossalgia- This is pain in the tongue, which occurs mainly in women over 25-30 years old. The causes and mechanism of development of pain in the tongue have not been fully elucidated. Glossalgia often occurs when:

diseases of the gastrointestinal tract,

dysfunction endocrine system,

neurogenic disorders.

Often the onset of glossalgia is preceded by mental trauma. Glossalgia manifests itself as a burning sensation, tingling, a feeling of rawness in the tongue, fatigue of the tongue after speaking, difficulty in moving it, and less often - pain. Sometimes the pain spreads to other parts of the oral cavity (lips, gums, cheeks), and even less often beyond its limits. The pain may disappear while eating.

Glossitis- this is a superficial or deep inflammation of the tissues of the tongue. Glossitis can be an independent disease, but more often it is a symptom of some general disease of the body. At deep glossitis the inflammatory process is localized in the thickness of the tongue and clinically manifests itself in the form of an abscess or phlegmon.

Phlegmonous glossitis, spreading to the bottom of the oral cavity, causing acute inflammation in the chin area and neck. Treatment occurs surgically. Superficial glossitis is a catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane of the tongue and refers to local manifestations of inflammation of the oral mucosa. As an independent disease catarrhal glossitis is extremely rare, and reasons its occurrence may be:

carious teeth;

difficult teething;

Tartar deposits;

injury to the mucous membrane of the tongue;

• lack of oral care;

  intoxication with salts of heavy metals.

Catarrhal glossitis may be one of the symptoms of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and infectious diseases (measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria). In such cases, it is a valuable diagnostic sign.

Catarrhal glossitis is characterized by the appearance of:

thick coating on the tongue;

swelling of the tongue;

limitation of tongue mobility.

Patients complain of a burning sensation in the tongue, mild soreness, loss of taste, copious secretion of saliva.

Often a sign of ulcerative-necrotic stomatitis, developing under the influence of a mixed infection (yeast-like fungi, protozoa, fusospirillary infection), is ulcerative glossitis. A dirty gray coating forms on the tongue of such patients; when removed, painful and bleeding erosions and ulcers are visible. Celebrate hypersalivation, bad breath.

Other causes of tongue pain

There are a great many causes of pain in the tongue, and only a specialist can determine the true cause of the pain. Pain in the tongue, in particular, may indicate the following diseases:

• ill-fitting dentures;

  tongue injuries;

  anemia due to lack of iron or vitamin B12;

  smoking irritates the tongue and makes it painful.

If you don't understand what's causing your tongue pain and the discomfort continues, have your doctor or dentist take a look at it. Sometimes small tumors, invisible to you, develop on the lower surface of the tongue.

If neither you nor the doctor can find anything on your tongue to explain the pain, it's probably neuralgia: stimulation of the nerves that supply the mouth. You feel pain in your tongue, but it may actually be coming from nearby teeth and gums.

If tongue pain occurs when you walk quickly and stops when you rest, the cause is in the heart. Constant pain in the tongue should be the subject of your attention. family therapist. Ultimately, it may be associated with a minor infection or irritation.

Whether you need to learn Balinese or not - everyone decides for themselves. You can get by with Indonesian. But it’s useful to know at least basic phrases in the language of the people of Bali, if you happen to be there, and to know how and in what situation to use them. I tried to collect the materials available to me on the Balinese language, not in order to write a textbook, but to compile a somewhat systematic collection of grammatical explanations on the use of spoken Balinese. That is why its sections are called chapters, and not “lessons.” They still have a long way to go before lessons. In fact, these are just sketches, notes that can be used to study the Balinese language. Criticism and comments are welcome in the comments.
Since the text is large and is not swallowed by LJ, I am posting it in three parts.

BASICS OF SPOKEN BALIAN
(Ivan Zakharchenko)

INTRODUCTION
The Balinese language, that is, which is still spoken on the islands of Bali and Lombok, is complex in that there are several so-called “levels”, that is, separate variants of speech, each of which is used depending on the position of the speaker and the to whom is he addressing?
There is nothing new in this. A similar situation is observed in Japanese or Korean when in the right situation it is necessary to use only those and not other expressions and words, so as not to offend the interlocutor, whose position is higher. He, for his part, can address the subordinate in a simpler, rude or familiar form.
In Balinese, the differences between speech levels are very strong, and different levels can even be mistaken for different languages.
You cannot address someone in Balinese without determining the status of the interlocutor. That's why strangers in Bali begin their conversations with a direct question:
Nunas antuk linggih? (Your position?)".
The answers might be:
Tiang anak jaba. (I'm a commoner).
Tiang menak. (I am from the middle and high castes - menak).
Depending on this, the speaker will choose the speech he should use - kasar(low, coarse level) or alus(sublime, pure level).
There are even more “levels” in the Balinese language, for example basa alus singgih(“pure form”), which is used by a person from a low caste or a casteless environment about a person from a high caste, basa alus sor(“self-deprecating form”), which is used by a person from a low caste or a casteless environment when talking about himself to a person from a high caste, and so on. But not each level has a complete correspondence to the other, and the difference is observed mainly in the use of vocabulary, that is, words.
Such linguistic differences appeared in the Balinese language mainly under Javanese influence - they did not exist before, although they do not exist now in some mountain dialects of the northern and central parts islands. Between the 14th and 15th centuries, when Bali was under the rule of the Majapahit Empire centered on the island of Java, words from Javanese and Sanskrit began to creep into spoken Balinese in the speech of the aristocracy, forming the language of the upper class of society.
For example, the word haksi"look" comes from Sanskrit aksi"eyes".
The conversation of common people in Bali, however, remains the same, but it is they who must address the upper caste not in their own language, but in a high one, in order to demonstrate respect. On the contrary, it was appropriate for the elite to talk to ordinary people in a rough, "village" language. Here is what the Mexican artist Miguel Covarrubias, who lived in Bali for a long time, wrote about this: “It is absurd to always hear an educated noble man speaking in a rough, guttural language of a lower level, when, as a simple peasant, he should address him in pure Balinese of a high level.” .
Their morphology and grammar are the same, but they use different words.
In modern Balinese society, the system of "levels" is undergoing changes with the spread of education. There has been a tendency for island residents to express different positions mutual respect. Representatives of the elite no longer want to speak the language of commoners and will address them in high language, just like with people in your circle. The Indonesian language is often woven into Balinese communication.
In my opinion, the terms "high" and "low" are not very suitable for properly understanding what we are talking about. I would suggest using the terms respectful speech, polite-polite and familiar, already available in linguistics.
For example, a respectful form of greeting in Bali:
Om Swastiastu(read with emphasis on the last syllable " Om, Svasthiastu").
In Sanskrit, “Om” means an appeal to the Almighty, “Svasti” means “all living beings”, and “astu” means “world”. That is, the Balinese politely greet each other with wishes for peace in Sanskrit.
In polite and polite speech, the Balinese say when greeting:
"How are you doing?" - Sapunapi? (as in most cases it is pronounced with an emphasis on the last syllable “Sapunapi?”) or Napi ortine? (Napi ortine?), and also Sapunapi ortine? (Sapunapi ortine?).
The answer will be the stock phrase Becik-becik (Betik-batik), that is, “good, good.”
In familiar speech one greets with the phrase “How are you? How are you?”, which sounds like Kenken? (emphasis on both syllables "Kenken?") or Kenken kabare? They answer like this:
Normal, healthy. Luung. (Luun).
As usual. Biasa dogen. (Biasa dogen).
However, the role of greeting can be replaced by a simple question: “Where are you going?” (Jagi kija? - Dyagi kidya?).
But the words “Thank you!” The Balinese simply don't. In honorific speech they say Matur suksma, but this is a translation from Indonesian Terima kasih. In ordinary speech this is what they say: Terima kasih. Instead of please, the phrase “Nothing, it’s not worth it!” is used. Sami-sami (courteous speech) and Sareng-sareng (familiar speech).

Now about the sounds.
A pronounced like Russian [a], but in some cases similar to [e]
e corresponds to Russian [e]
i pronounced like Russian [i], but sometimes as short [e], for example: Inggih "da"
O coincides with Russian [o]
u corresponds to Russian [у]

Consonants b And d correspond to Russian [b] and [d], but are practically unpronounceable in the middle of words after other consonants: gendis [gen-is] “sugar”, gambelan [gam-elan] “gamelan” (musical instrument).
With corresponds to soft Russian [ch], often more similar to [t], for example cicing [titin] “dog”
j a voiced consonant similar to [дь], for example in kija [kidya], although transcription [j] is acceptable
g corresponds to Russian [g]
h weak [x], practically unpronounced in many cases
k pronounced like the Russian sound [k], but at the end of words it is not pronounced completely, limited only by a glottal stop, as, for example, in the Korean language.
r pronounced clearly as in Russian [r]
ng nasal sound, absent in Russian, similar to English ng
ny corresponds to soft [ny]

Chapter 1. NAME SENTENCES

In Balinese, the verb “to appear”, “to be” is omitted in nominative sentences, as in Russian. However, the word "it" has several variations. It all depends on where “it” is located - with you, with the interlocutor or aside, and on the degree of politeness (level) of speech.
So, if you point to an object near you, then the pronoun “this” will be niki in polite speech and ene in familiar communication. If the object is with your interlocutor, to the side or in the distance, the polite “this” will be nika, and between close people the pronoun ento is used. Simply put, we need to clearly distinguish between the pronouns “this” and “that” in the Balinese language.

This, this, this (1st person) niki ene
That, that, that (2nd and 3rd person) nika ento

For example:
This is a book. Niki buku. Ene buku.

But if these words are swapped, you get “this book.”

Courteous speech Familiar speech

this book is buku niki buku ene
that book buku nika buku ento

The interrogative pronoun "what" in Balinese looks like napi in polite speech and apa in familiar speech.
For example:

What is this (here)? Napi niki? Apa ene?
What is it (there or over there)? Napi nika? Apa ento?

More examples:

What's that book? (What book?) Buku napi?
The book is in Balinese. Вуku basa Bali.
This book is in Balinese. Niki buku basa Bali.
That book over there - what book? Buku nika buku napi?

Negation in polite speech in the meaning “not to be” is expressed by the word n e nten with emphasis on the first syllable for both animate and inanimate objects:

The book is not in Balinese. Niki nenten buku basa Bali.
That's not tea. Nika nеnten tеh.

The pronoun "also" is expressed by the word taler, which follows the word or phrase to which it refers.
That book is also in Balinese. Nika buku basa Bali taler.

Chapter 2. PRONOUNS
Personal pronouns in Balinese differ between familiar and polite speech. It is important to remember this difference so as not to make an unpleasant impression or offend your interlocutor.

Pronoun Familiar speech Courteous
I'm icang tiang, titiang ( official uniform)
we i raga -
you/you cai/nyai raganе/jerone/ratu
he/she ia dane/ida (about a person from the upper caste)
ipun( about a person from a lower caste)

If you know the person's name, it is better to always use it instead of personal pronouns in polite speech.
The name in this case is accompanied by the title:
For respected men - bapak
For high class women - ibu
For men on equal terms - beli
For women you know closely - mbok
When addressing younger or relatives - cening

When addressing many people, the word sami “gentlemen” is used, we in the sense of “me and the rest” - titiang sareng sami. In familiar speech, “gentlemen” sounds like mekejang, and “we” sounds like i raga ajak mekejang.

I am also a student. Tiang mahasiswa taler.
I am not a student. Tiang nеnten mahasiswa.
He is also Japanese. Ipun anak Jepang taler.

Place pronouns
Polite speech ring dija driki drika
Familiar speech dija dini ditu
"where" "here" "there"

Emphatic ending -e/-ne
In Russian there is no analogue to this ending, which in Balinese is attached to nouns in order to focus attention on them. That is, if we say bui nasak, it means “ripe banana,” and if we add -ne to the word “banana” buine nasak, we get “This banana is ripe” or “And the banana is ripe.”

This coffee is hot. Kopine panes.
Is this coffee hot? Kopine panes?

In English, when translated from Balinese, the ending -e/-ne corresponds to the article the, indicating that we are talking about this particular object of the story.

nasi - rice nasine　 - this rice
Redite - Sunday Redite - this is Sunday

At the same time, this ending is also attached to pronouns, which gives them an attractive meaning, that is, “I-mine”, “you-yours”, “he-his”, etc. For example:

that's my briefcase
tas ipune 　 his briefcase
This is my briefcase. Niki tas tiangе.　

If the noun whose affiliation should be indicated ends in a vowel sound, then it is connected to the pronoun in an attractive form through the suffix -n-:

bapa-n tiangе　my father
bapa-n ipune　 his father
bapа-n raganе　 Your father

aji-n-idane　his father
aji-n-ratune　your father
nasi-n-bapane　 father's rice

If the ending is attached to a noun without a pronoun, then it means it belongs to a third person, for example:
There's his papaya. Nika gedangne.

Chapter 3. ADJECTIVES AND THEIR FORMS

Adjectives in the Balinese language, unlike Russian, come not before, but after the noun they define.

Busy market. Pasar rame. (Literally: The market is busy).
This market is busy. Pasar niki rame. (Literally: This market is lively)

Strengthening the meaning of the adjective is conveyed by the adverbs pisan “very”, banget “too” and kelintang “at all”:

The market here is very lively. Rame pisan pasar deriki. (Literally: The market is very lively here)
That mango is very tasty. Pohe nika manis pisan. (Literally: Mango is very tasty)
That briefcase is very heavy. Tase nika baat pisan. (Literally: That briefcase is very heavy)

The superlative degree of an adjective, that is, the meaning “most” is expressed using the adverb pinih. For example:

This is the busiest market in the area. Niki wantah pasar sane pinih rame deriki.
This temple is the largest in Bali. Pura puniki pinih ageng ring Bali.
It's hottest there. Kebus pisan derika.

But sometimes the Indonesian word paling “most” is used:

Familiar speech melah paling melah
Polite and polite speech becik paling becik
"good" "best"

Suffix -an/-nan

With the help of this suffix -an after a consonant and -nan after a vowel, qualitative adverbs are formed from adjectives, which convey comparative meaning together with the prepositions saking or ring. That is, when added to adjectives -an/-nan saking and -an/-nan ring will mean “more... than.”

Familiar speech melah melahan
Polite and polite speech becik becikan
"good" "better"

Familiar speech jegeg jegegan
Polite speech ayu ayuan
"beautiful" "beautiful"

Familiar speech gede gedenan
Polite speech ageng agengan
"big bigger"

Familiar speech cerik cerikan
Polite speech alit alitan
"small" "less"

Polite speech:
It's cooler there than here. Derika dayuhan saking deriki.
Food here is cheaper than in the city. Ajeng-ajengan deriki murahan saking kota.
I'm older than Made. Tiang duuran saking (or ring) Made.
This mango is sweeter than that one. Pohe sane niki manisan saking (or ring) sane nika.

More thunder, less rain.( proverb) Liunan krebeg, kuangan ujan.

DIALOGUE ( polite speech):

Things are very cheap here. Adol-adol deriki murah pisan.
Food is cheaper here than in the city. Ajeng-ajengan deriki murahan saking kota.
Everything in the city is not cheap. Ring kota sami nenten wenten sane murah.
Probably because there are a lot of buyers. Akehan sane numbas minab.
Apparently so. Minab asapunika.
If it were expensive here, there wouldn't be Wantah nenten murah nenten
buyers. wenten sane numbas deriki.
Maybe. Patut pisan.

What breed is this dog? Asu napi niki?
This dog is Kintamanian. Niki asu Kintamani.
Definitely from Kintamani. Nggih (read as [nyy]), saking Kintamani.
Oh, from far away. Bih (read as [ would]), doh pisan.
No. Not from Kintamani. Nenten. Kintamani nеnten doh.

Chapter 4. VERBS

Verbs represent the greatest difficulty in learning the Balinese language due to the variety of forms - voices, suffixes and endings. The same action can be expressed using both the active and passive voice.
In this case, the verbs do not change according to the time of the action, which becomes clear from the context and additional words, which indicate when the action was or will be performed.
New objects of the narration are represented by the verbs ada in familiar speech and wenten in polite-polite speech.

There are competitions at school. Ada perlombaan di sekolah (There is a competition at school).
There is a dog who ate chicken. Ada cicing ngamah siap. (There is a dog to eat chicken).

Do you have a room? Wenten kamar?
Eat. Wenten.　

Ada biu dini? Are there bananas here? (Familiar speech)
Wenten pisang deriki? Are there bananas here? (Courteous speech)
Ada kopi panes? Is there hot coffee?
Inggih, ada! Yes, I have.
Meme ada jaja ane jaen. Mom has cakes that are delicious.

Possibility is conveyed by the word dados in polite speech and dadi in familiar speech.

Can I have a look? Dados cingak? (Can I watch?)
Can. 　　 Dados. (It turns out).
Can not see. Tusing dadi tengap.

Where does Wayang live? Ring dija I Wayang?
He's on this street now. Ia mangkin ring kota.　
Where are you going? Jagi kija?
I'm going to the market. Tiang jagi ka pasar.
I cut a mango with a knife. Tiang ngetep poh antuk tiuk.
I came from Japan. Tiang saking Jepang.
Who plans to teach him? Sira jagi ngajah ipun?　

Directional pronouns
Polite-polite (jagi) kija? mriki mrika
Familiar kija? mai kema
"Where?" "here" "there"

Dialogue 1:
A: Where are you going? Jagi kija?
B: I'm going to the market. Tiang jagi ka pasar.　
A: Where to the market? Pasar ring dija?　
B: To the market there. Pasar derika.
A: Why don’t you go to this one? Punapi nenten ka pasar deriki?

Dialogue 2:
A: Made is with me now. I Made mangkin sareng titiang.
B: When did you come? Sane pidan ipun meriki?
A: Yesterday. Sane ibi. 　
He's studying Balinese here. Ipun jagi melajah Basa Bali deriki.　
B: When are you going to Sane pidan malih ka desa? (desa - emphasis on the first syllable)
village?
A: I'm going there on Sunday for Titiang jagi merika Redite jagi rauh.　
next week.
B: And your wife? Punapi rabine?　
A: She won't go. Ipun nenten merika malih.　

(Lit: She's not there yet).

Prepositions:
Meaning Courteous speech Familiar speech
in (direction) ka ka
from, from saking uli
with (together with) sareng ajak / ngajak

instrumental case antuk aji
I (go) to Kuta. Tiang ring Kuta.
I'm from Japan. Tiang saking Jepang.
Where are you from? Saking napi? (Courteous speech)

Uli dija? (Familiar speech) Words):
(in brackets - familiar speech
wenten (ada) - to be, to be
dados (dadi) - to happen, to be possible
cingakin (tepukin) - see, watch
seneng (demen) - to like, to love
pacang, jagi (lakar) - want, gather
rauh (teka) - to come, to come

uning (tawang) - to know
Chapter 5. TRANSITIONAL VERBS
Transitive verbs denote an action performed by someone in relation to some object. For example, in Russian, “build” (house) is a transitive verb, and “walk” is intransitive. In other words, the action of the verb passes to the object to which it is directed, which is where the name “transitive” comes from.
In Balinese, for example, transitive verbs are formed by nasalizing the first sound of the verb stem, that is, replacing, for example, h with the nasal sound ng or b with m. A verb in the indefinite form will denote an action in a general sense without mentioning the object, say, in commands. Thus, in familiar speech, haba means “take!” This, denoting an action in itself, not in relation to any object or person to which it is directed. If you need to say “I take” or “he takes” something specific, then haba turns into ngaba due to nasalization.
In polite speech, the indefinite form of “take” is bakta, and the transitive verb from it is makta.
The basis of transitive verbs can also be nouns and adverbs. For example, in familiar speech hejoh “far” is transformed by nasalization into ngejoh “far from something”.

Let's look at the use of transitive and intransitive verbs in the Balinese language using the following example:

I have it. Tiang ngamel niki. (I have it) is a transitive verb.
Here, take it. Gamel. (Own!) is an intransitive verb, since the subject itself is not indicated.

When sounds are nasalized in transitive verbs, the initial velar consonants k, g, h become ng. The labial sound m turns into b, and p, on the contrary, into m. Dental consonants j, c, s change to ny [н], stop consonants d and t become n. Verbs starting with l or r are nasalized with the prefix nga-.

h-ng
k-ng
g-ng
m - b
p - m
j-ny
c-ny
s-ny
d - n
t - n
l-ngal
r-ngar

Let's list a few of the most common transitive verbs (the stems are given in brackets):

Familiar speech Courteous speech Meaning

ngaba (haba) makta (bakta) to carry, bring, carry away
ngamaling (hamaling) - steal, steal
ngalih (halih) ngarereh (rereh) search
ngidih (hidih) nunas (tunas) to ask, demand
nyemak (jemak) ngambil (hambil) to take, carry away
nyilih (silih) nyelang (selang) to borrow
nyewa (sewa) - to borrow, to rent
ngadep (hadep) ngadol (hadol) sell
mayah (bayah) nahur (tahur) pay
meli (beli) numbas (tumbas) buy
ningeh (dingeh) mireng (pireng), miragi (piragi) listen
nganggo (hanggo), nyaluk (saluk) ngangge (hangge) to put on, dress, wear
ngejang (hejang) ngenahang (kenahang) to put, put
ngumbah (humbah) - to wash
nuduk (duduk) ngambil (hambil) to collect, pick up
ngutang (kutang) - throw away
nerima (terima), nampi (tampi) molih (polih) to receive, accept
nyogok (sogok) - push, press
ngatat (hatat) ngedeng (kendeng) pull
ngancing (kancing) - lock
ngetep (getep) - to cut
negul (tegul) ngiket (hiket) bind
ngedum (hedum), ngepah (hepah) magi (bagi) divide
ngisi (gisi), ngemel (gemel) ngamel (gamel) grab, catch
ngusud (husud) - touch
nyikat (sikat) - to clean, scrape
nyabat (sabat) - quit, refuse
ngabut (habut) - take out, pull out
nyagur (jagur) - to hit, hit
nebek (tebek), nusuk (tusuk) nuhek (tuhek) to pierce, harpoon
mancing (pancing) - to fish
madahar ngajeng (hajeng), nunas (tunas) eat, eat
ningalin (tingal), nolih (tolih) nyingak (cingak), ngaksi (haksi) see, watch
nepuk (depuk), manggihin (panggihin) - notice, open, see
ngelung (helung) - break, tear, break
ngahe (gahe) ngaryanin (karya) do
malajah (palajah) - to study
maca (baca, waca) ngawacen read
tulis (tulis) nyurat (surat) write
ngajahin (hajah) - teach, explain
sahut (nyahut) nyahur (sahur) answer
nakon (takon) naken (taken) ask
ngomong (omong), ngandika (handika),
ngaraos (rahos) matur (hatur) speak
ngateh (hateh) - to see off
nganti (hanti) ngantos (hantos) wait
nulung (tulung) - help, save
nyakan (jakan) ngarateng (rateng) cook rice, food

Examples in familiar speech:
I want to sell a pig. Iang dot ng-adep celeng. (I want to sell a pig).
Iang dot celeng adep. (I want to sell a pig).
I want a doctor to see me. Iang dot periksa dokter. (I want to be examined by a doctor).
The dog ate the rice. Nasi amah cicing. (Rice is a dog).
Amah cicing nasi. (There is dog rice).
The dog ate this rice. Amah cicing nasi-ne. (There is a dog, rice).
The police were looking for him. Ia alih polisi (He will look for the police).
This policeman was looking for him. Ia alih polisi-ne. (He's looking for a policeman).
I've already seen it. Ia tingalin iang/cai busan. (He can see him/her already).

Polite speech:
She sold the pig. Bawi adol ida. (Pig sell he/she)
Ida ng-adol bawi. (He/she sells a pig)