One day the main characters didn't learn homework and was very afraid of ridicule from the teacher and classmates. Therefore, when doctors came to school to give vaccinations against typhus, he convinced them to start not with 5 "A" class, but with 5 "B", in which he himself studied. The doctors agreed, and vaccinations were carried out throughout the entire lesson.
After the doctors left, there was still time until the end of the lesson, and the teacher called the “hero” to the board, where everyone was convinced that the boy was not ready for the lesson. Then the teacher spoke about the exploits of Hercules, which he performed out of noble motives. And our student accomplished his “feat” out of laziness and cowardice.
Conclusion (my opinion)
This lesson left deep trace In the boy's soul, he realized that the teacher raised them better with laughter than with any lectures and teachings. The author remembered this lesson for the rest of his life and wrote his story to teach others by his example.
"13th Labor of Hercules" summary For reader's diary will remind you of the events in the story.
“The 13th labor of Hercules” very brief summary
The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules- a story written in 1964 by Fazil Iskander.
The narration is told from the first person - a fifth grade student.
In the new academic year appears at school new teacher mathematician, Greek Kharlampiy Diogenovich. The mathematician manages to establish “exemplary silence” in the lessons; he intrigued his students by the fact that he never raised his voice, did not force them to study, or threatened to call their parents to school. His main weapon was humor. If a student did something wrong, Kharlampy Diogenovich joked at him, and the whole class could not help but laugh..
When the time came to write tests, everyone wrote with their own minds and did not copy, because they knew that Kharlampy Diogenovich would immediately spot the cheater and, in addition, would laugh.
One day, a student of grade 5-B, main character story, having not completed his homework, he awaits the lesson with fear. At the beginning of the lesson, a doctor and a nurse enter the class and vaccinate against typhus among school students. First, injections were supposed to be given to class 5-“A”, but they entered class 5-“B” by mistake. The boy decides to take advantage of the opportunity and offers to take them to class 5-“A”. On the way, he convinces the doctor that it is better to start giving injections from their class. So he wanted to wait until the end of the lesson.
When one of the class students became ill during vaccination, our hero decides to call “ ambulance" But the nurse brings the boy to his senses. After the nurse and doctor leave, Kharlampy Diogenovich calls our hero to the board, but he fails to cope with the task. Wise teacher tells the class about the 12 labors of Hercules and says that 13 have now been completed. But Hercules performed his labors out of courage, and the boy performed this feat because of his cowardice.
The hero “began to take homework more seriously” and thought about the nature of laughter. He realized that laughter helps fight lies, falsehood, deception; I realized that “being too afraid to look funny is not very smart, but it’s much worse not to be afraid of it at all.” That is, anyone can find themselves in a funny position, but it’s bad not to understand that you’re funny, to be stupid. The hero is grateful to the teacher: with laughter he “tempered our crafty children’s souls and taught us to treat himself with a sufficient sense of humor"
Maxim Gorky
I dedicate it to my son
In a dim, cramped room, on the floor, under the window, lies my father, dressed in white and unusually long; his fingers bare feet strangely spread out, the fingers of the gentle hands, quietly placed on the chest, are also crooked; his cheerful eyes are tightly covered with black circles of copper coins, his kind face is dark and scares me with his badly bared teeth.
Mother, half naked, in a red skirt, is on her knees, combing her father’s long, soft hair from his forehead to the back of his head with a black comb, which I used to saw through the rinds of watermelons; the mother continuously says something in a thick, hoarse voice, her gray eyes are swollen and seem to melt, dripping large drops tears.
My grandmother is holding my hand - round, big-headed, with huge eyes and a funny, doughy nose; she is all black, soft and surprisingly interesting; she also cries, singing along with her mother in a special and good way, she trembles all over and tugs at me, pushing me towards my father; I resist, hide behind her; I'm scared and embarrassed.
I have never seen big people cry before, and I did not understand the words repeatedly spoken by my grandmother:
Say goodbye to your uncle, you will never see him again, he died, my dear, at the wrong time, at the wrong time...
I was seriously ill - I had just gotten back to my feet; During my illness - I remember this well - my father merrily fussed with me, then he suddenly disappeared and was replaced by my grandmother, a strange person.
Where did you come from? - I asked her.
She replied:
From above, from Nizhny, but she didn’t come, but she arrived! They don't walk on water, shush!
It was funny and incomprehensible: upstairs in the house lived bearded, painted Persians, and in the basement an old, yellow Kalmyk was selling sheepskins. You can ride down the stairs on the railing or, when you fall, you can roll head over heels, I knew that well. And what does water have to do with it? Everything is wrong and funny confused.
Why am I freaking out?
Because you make noise,” she said, also laughing.
She spoke kindly, cheerfully, smoothly. From the very first day I became friends with her, and now I want her to quickly leave this room with me.
My mother suppresses me; her tears and howls sparked something new in me, uneasy feeling. This is the first time I see her like this - she was always strict, spoke little; she is clean, smooth and big, like a horse; she has a tough body and terribly strong arms. And now she is all somehow unpleasantly swollen and disheveled, everything on her is torn; the hair, lying neatly on the head, in a large light cap, scattered over the bare shoulder, fell on the face, and half of it, braided in a braid, dangled, touching the sleeping father's face. I’ve been standing in the room for a long time, but she hasn’t even looked at me once,” she combs her father’s hair and keeps growling, choking on tears.
Black men and a sentry soldier look in the door. He shouts angrily:
Clean it up quickly!
The window is curtained with a dark shawl; it swells like a sail. One day my father took me on a boat with a sail. Suddenly thunder struck. My father laughed, squeezed me tightly with his knees and shouted:
Don't be afraid of anything, Luk!
Suddenly the mother threw herself up heavily from the floor, immediately sank down again, toppled over onto her back, scattering her hair across the floor; her blind, white face turned blue, and, baring her teeth like her father, she said in a terrible voice:
Shut the door... Alexei - out!
Pushing me away, my grandmother rushed to the door and shouted:
Dear ones, don’t be afraid, don’t touch, leave for Christ’s sake! This is not cholera, the birth has come, have mercy, fathers!
I hid in a dark corner behind a chest and from there I watched my mother squirm across the floor, groaning and gritting her teeth, and my grandmother, crawling around, said affectionately and joyfully:
In the name of father and son! Be patient, Varyusha!.. Most Holy Mother of God, Intercessor:
I'm scared; They are fiddling around on the floor near their father, touching him, moaning and screaming, but he is motionless and seems to be laughing. This lasted a long time - fussing on the floor; More than once the mother rose to her feet and fell again; grandmother rolled out of the room like a big black soft ball; then suddenly a child screamed in the darkness.
Glory to you, Lord! - said the grandmother. - Boy!
And lit a candle.
I must have fallen asleep in the corner - I don’t remember anything else.
The second imprint in my memory is a rainy day, a deserted corner of the cemetery; I stand on a slippery mound of sticky earth and look into the hole where my father’s coffin was lowered; at the bottom of the pit there is a lot of water and there are frogs - two have already climbed onto the yellow lid of the coffin.
At the grave - me, my grandmother, a wet guard and two angry men with shovels. Showers everyone warm rain, small, like beads.
“Bury,” said the watchman, walking away.
Grandmother began to cry, hiding her face in the end of her headscarf. The men, bent over, hastily began to throw earth into the grave, water began to gush; Jumping from the coffin, the frogs began to rush onto the walls of the pit, clods of earth knocking them to the bottom.
Move away, Lenya,” said the grandmother, taking me by the shoulder; I slipped out from under her hand; I didn’t want to leave.
“What are you, my God,” the grandmother complained, either to me or to God, and stood silently for a long time, with her head down; The grave has already been leveled to the ground, but it still stands.
The men splashed their shovels loudly on the ground; the wind came and drove away, carried away the rain. Grandmother took me by the hand and led me to a distant church, among many dark crosses.
Aren't you going to cry? - she asked when she went outside the fence. I would cry!
“I don’t want to,” I said.
Well, I don’t want to, so I don’t have to,” she said quietly.
All this was surprising: I cried rarely and only from resentment, not from pain; my father always laughed at my tears, and my mother shouted:
Don't you dare cry!
Then we rode along a wide, very dirty street in a droshky, among dark red houses; I asked my grandmother:
Won't the frogs come out?
No, they won’t come out,” she answered. - God be with them!
Neither father nor mother spoke the name of God so often and so closely.
A few days later, I, my grandmother and my mother were traveling on a ship, in a small cabin; my newborn brother Maxim died and lay on the table in the corner, wrapped in white, swaddled with red braid.
Perched on bundles and chests, I look out the window, convex and round, like the eye of a horse; Behind the wet glass, muddy, foamy water flows endlessly. Sometimes she jumps up and licks the glass. I involuntarily jump to the floor.
“Don’t be afraid,” says grandma and, easily lifting me with her soft hands, she puts me back on the knots.
There is a gray, wet fog above the water; somewhere far away a dark land appears and disappears again into the fog and water. Everything around is shaking. Only the mother, with her hands behind her head, stands, leaning against the wall, firmly and motionless. Her face is dark, iron and blind, her eyes are tightly closed, she is silent all the time, and everything is somehow different, new, even the dress she is wearing is unfamiliar to me.
Chapter I. Description of an elderly teacher, German Karl Ivanovich Mauer, living in the Irteniev family of nobles. Nikolenka Irtenyev (the boy on whose behalf the narrative of “Childhood” is told) feels a feeling of compassion and pity for this lonely, eccentric man.
Chapter II. Literary portrait Nikolenka's quiet and kind mother.
Chapter III. Nikolenka hears her father’s conversation with the estate clerk, Yakov Mikhailov. The father informs Nikolenka and his brother Volodya that he is going to go to Moscow, to his grandmother, and take them with him, while his mother will remain on the estate. From her father’s words, Nikolenka understands that Karl Ivanovich is going to be fired in connection with this move.
Chapter IV. During Karl Ivanovich's lesson, Nikolenka cannot help but cry at the thought of the upcoming separation from her mother. Karl Ivanovich already knows about his dismissal. He complains bitterly to the children's teacher, Nikolai, that the gentlemen do not appreciate his merits. The last phrase In the boys' notebooks, the old teacher orders them to write: “Of all the vices, the most terrible is ingratitude.”
Chapter V The holy fool Grisha appears on the estate, who walks barefoot winter and summer, visits monasteries and speaks mysterious words, taken by some as predictions. This time, Grisha seems to have a presentiment that trouble will soon visit the Irtenyevs’ house.
Nikolenka's father is skeptical of Grisha, considering him a charlatan. The mother respects the beggar wanderer very much.
Chapter VI. By order of the father, the yard hounds are preparing for the Irtenev family to go hunting.
Chapter VII. A family goes hunting along an autumn field. The father tells Nikolenka to stand with the dog Zhiran in an ambush for the hare, which will be driven out to them by other dogs. Nikolenka is so worried that, when she sees the hare, she unleashes Zhiran on him ahead of time - and misses the prey.
Chapter VIII. After the hunt, the Irteniev family has lunch in the shade of the birches. Nikolenka’s sister, Lyubochka, and the governess’s daughter, Katenka, invite the boys to play Robinson, but Volodya, who has grown up, no longer wants to engage in “childish nonsense.”
Leo Tolstoy. Childhood. Audiobook
Chapter IX. Having bent down with the other children to look at the worm, Nikolenka suddenly notices how good Katenka’s neck is. Captivated by something like first love, he kisses her, and on the way back to the house he tries to rush in front of Katya on horseback.
Chapter X Description of the character of Nikolenka’s father. A self-confident and stately man, he is most devoted to two passions in life: card game and women. Having never been human Very big world , he, nevertheless, with his pride knew how to inspire respect for himself there. A practical man, he did not follow rigid moral rules and could describe the same act as the cutest prank and as base meanness.
Chapter XI. Nikolenka sees how in her father’s office in great excitement and with gloomy face teacher Karl Ivanovich enters. After a while he comes out, wiping away his tears. Then Nikolenka’s father tells his mother that after a conversation with Karl Ivanovich, he decided not to fire this old man, to whom the children are strongly attached, and to take him with them to Moscow.
Chapter XII. Hidden in a closet, the Irteniev children watch the fervent prayer that the holy fool Grisha, who is staying with them for the night, reads before going to bed. The wanderer’s heartfelt religiosity makes an unforgettable impression on Nikolenka.
Chapter XIII. The story of the Irtenievs’ old nanny, peasant woman Natalya Savishna. A touching description of her caring, kindness, efficiency and devotion to the masters, from whom she does not want to leave, even after receiving her freedom and ceasing to be a serf.
Chapter XIV. After a touching farewell to their mother and servants, Nikolenka, Volodya and their father leave the estate for Moscow.
Chapter XV. Tolstoy's reflections on childhood in his fate: this is the time “when the two best virtues - innocent gaiety and the boundless need for love - were the only motivations in life.”
Chapter XVI. In Moscow, Nikolenka, Volodya and father stay at the house of their maternal grandmother. In a month she celebrates her birthday. The teacher Karl Ivanovich gives her a skillfully made box, covered with gold borders, Volodya - a picture he drew with the head of a Turk, and Nikolenka (terribly worried) - poems of her own composition.
Chapter XVII. The unpleasant, gaunt princess Kornakova comes to grandma’s birthday and says that she flogs her children for educational purposes.
Chapter XVIII. Prince Ivan Ivanovich, a very noble man, but simple and generous, also comes to the birthday party. Accidentally left alone with Ivan and Ivanovich and his grandmother, Nikolenka hears his grandmother’s story that his father deliberately left his mother on the estate in order to more conveniently have fun in Moscow.
Chapter XIX. Three boys, the Ivin brothers, who are related to her, also come to congratulate the grandmother. One of them, the handsome and self-confident Seryozha, really likes Nikolenka, who strives to become close friends with him. But this sympathy weakens when Seryozha and his other brothers mercilessly mock Ilenka Grapp, the quiet and timid son of a poor foreigner.
Chapter XX. In the evening there is a dance at grandma's house. Mrs. Valakhina comes to them, bringing her very beautiful 12-year-old daughter, Sonechka. Nikolenka is fascinated by her and is secretly jealous of Seryozha Ivin just because he will see her. Princess Kornakova also appears again with several unpleasant daughters and an arrogant, empty son, Etienne. He has exactly the appearance that a boy who is being flogged should have.
Chapter XXI. In her thirst to please Sonechka, Nikolenka looks for dancing gloves, but finds only Karl Ivanovich’s old glove with one cut off finger. Seeing it on his hand, the guests laugh. Sonechka also laughs, but this good-natured fun only encourages Nikolenka: he is convinced that everyone treats him well. The dancing begins. Nikolenka invites Sonechka to a square dance. She smiles at him. After the dance, he sits next to her and tries to start a conversation in French.
Chapter XXII. Nikolenka wants to invite Sonechka to the mazurka, but this time he has to dance with one of the ugly Kornakov princesses. Out of frustration, he confuses the dance figures and almost becomes the laughing stock of the ball.
Chapter XXIII. After the dance, Nikolenka accompanies Sonechka to the carriage. She invites him to make friends, go to You and invites him to walk on Tverskoy Boulevard, where her parents often take her.
Chapter XXIV. Nikolenka goes to bed, all in thoughts about Sonechka. His brother Volodya, also fascinated by the girl, does not sleep in the room with him.
Chapter XXV. Six months later, in the spring, a letter from his mother arrives to the Irtenyevs in Moscow. She reports that she is ill, having caught a cold during a walk, and lies with a high fever. The mother expresses hope for her speedy recovery, but in the French postscript to the letter, intended for one father, she convinces: she cannot avoid imminent death, so let him hurry back to the estate.
Chapter XXVI. Nikolenka returns to the estate with her father and brother. Mama is already so bad that she doesn’t even recognize the children. A relative, “The Beautiful Fleming,” who came to stay, helps to look after her. The next day Mama dies in terrible suffering.
Chapter XXVII. Nikolenka's terrible grief. A sad funeral for which all the village peasants gather. When one of the peasant women approaches the coffin to say goodbye to the deceased, her five-year-old daughter in her arms screams piercingly in fright at the sight pale face deceased. Nikolenka runs out of the room in terrible confusion. “The thought that that face, which in a few days was filled with beauty and tenderness, the face of the one I loved more than anything in the world, could excite horror, as if for the first time it revealed to me a bitter truth and filled my soul with despair.”
A collision with death destroys the bright serenity of childhood in Nikolenka, revealing new period his life.
1913, Nizhny Novgorod. The story is told on behalf of the boy Alyosha Peshkov.
I
My first The second memory is the death of my father. I didn’t understand that my father was no more, but the cry of my mother Varvara was etched in my memory. Before this, I was very ill, and my grandmother Akulina Ivanovna Kashirina, “round, big-headed, with huge eyes and a funny loose nose,” came to us. Grandmother sniffed tobacco and was all “black, soft”, like a bear, with very long and thick hair.
On the day my father died, my mother went into premature labor. After the funeral, my grandmother took me, my mother and my newborn brother to Nizhny Novgorod. We went on a steamboat. On the way my little brother died. Grandmother, trying to distract me, told me fairy tales, which she knew a great many.
In Nizhny we were met by many people. I met my grandfather Vasily Vasilich Kashirin - a small, dry old man “with a red beard like gold, a bird’s nose and green eyes.” Uncles Alyosha, Yakov and Mikhailo came with him and cousins. I didn’t like my grandfather, “I immediately felt an enemy in him.”
II
My grandfather’s family lived in a large house, the lower floor of which was occupied by a dyeing workshop. They didn't live together. Mom got married without a blessing, and now her uncles demanded her dowry from her grandfather. From time to time the uncles fought. The house “was filled with the hot fog of enmity between everyone and everyone.” Our arrival only intensified this enmity. It was very difficult for me, who grew up in a close-knit family.
On Saturdays, the grandfather whipped his grandchildren who had misbehaved during the week. I didn’t escape this punishment either. I resisted, and my grandfather beat me half to death. Afterwards, when I was lying in bed, my grandfather came to make peace. After that, it became clear to me that my grandfather was “not evil and not scary,” but I could not forget and forgive the beatings. Ivan the Tsyganok especially struck me in those days: he put his hand under the rods, and he received some of the blows.
III
Afterwards I became very friendly with this cheerful guy. Ivan the Gypsy was a foundling: his grandmother found him one winter near her house and raised him. He promised to become a good master, and the uncles often quarreled over him: after the partition, everyone wanted to take the Gypsy for themselves. Despite his seventeen years, Gypsy was kind and naive. Every Friday he was sent to the market for groceries, and Ivan spent less and brought more than he should have. It turned out that he was stealing to please his stingy grandfather. Grandmother swore - she was afraid that one day Gypsy would be captured by the police.
Soon Ivan died. In my grandfather’s yard there was a heavy oak cross. Uncle Yakov vowed to take him to the grave of his wife, whom he himself killed. The gypsy fell to carry the butt of this huge cross. The guy overstrained himself and died from bleeding.
IV
Time has passed. Life in the house was getting worse. Only grandmother's tales saved my soul. Grandmother was not afraid of anyone except cockroaches. One evening the workshop caught fire. Risking her life, the grandmother took the stallion out of the burning stable and burned her hands very badly.
V
“By spring, the guys split up,” and the grandfather bought big house, on the ground floor of which there was a tavern. My grandfather rented out the rest of the rooms. There was a dense, neglected garden growing around the house, sloping down into a ravine. My grandmother and I settled in a cozy room in the attic. Everyone loved their grandmother and turned to her for advice - Akulina Ivanovna knew many recipes for herbal medicines. She was originally from the Volga. Her mother was “offended” by the master, the girl jumped out of the window and was left crippled. Since childhood, Akulina went “to people” and begged for alms. Then her mother, who was a skilled lacemaker, taught her daughter her skills, and when fame spread about her, her grandfather appeared. Grandfather staying in good mood, also told me about his childhood, which he remembered “from a Frenchman,” and about his mother, an evil Kalashnikov woman.
Some time later, my grandfather began to teach me to read and write using church books. I turned out to be capable of this, and soon I fluently understood the church charter. I was rarely allowed outside - every time the local boys beat me until I was bruised.
VI
Soon our quiet life ended. One evening Uncle Yakov came running and said that Uncle Mikhailo was going to kill his grandfather. From that evening, Uncle Mikhailo appeared every day and caused scandals to the delight of the entire street. So he tried to lure his mother’s dowry out of his grandfather, but the old man did not give up.
VII-VIII
Closer to spring, my grandfather unexpectedly sold the house and bought another one, “on Kanatnaya Street.” The new house also had an overgrown garden with a hole - the remains of a burnt bathhouse. On our left was Colonel Ovsyannikov, and on our right was the Betlenga family. The house was packed interesting people. Particularly interesting to me was a parasite nicknamed Good Deed. His room was full strange things, and he was constantly inventing something. I soon became friends with Good Deed. He taught me to correctly present events, without repeating myself and cutting off all unnecessary things. Grandmother and grandfather did not like this friendship - they considered the parasite a sorcerer, and Good Cause I had to move out.
IX
I was also very interested in Ovsyannikov’s house. In a crack in a fence or from a tree branch I saw three boys playing in the yard amicably and without quarrels. One day, while playing hide and seek, the younger boy fell into a well. I rushed to help and, together with the older children, pulled out the baby. We were friends until I caught the eye of the colonel. While he was kicking me out of the house, I managed to call the colonel “an old devil,” for which I was beaten. Since then, the Ovsyannikov Jr. and I communicated only through a hole in the fence.
X
I rarely remembered my mother. One winter she returned and settled in the freeloader’s room. My mother started teaching me grammar and arithmetic. Life was difficult for me in those days. Often the grandfather quarreled with his mother, tried to force her into a new marriage, but she always refused. The grandmother stood up for her daughter, and one day the grandfather severely beat her. I took revenge on my grandfather by ruining his favorite calendar.
The mother became friends with a neighbor, a military wife, who often had guests from the Betlengs’ house. The grandfather also began to organize “evenings” and even found the groom’s mother - a crooked and bald watchmaker. His mother, a young and beautiful woman, refused him.
XI
“After this story, the mother immediately grew stronger, straightened up tightly and became the mistress of the house.” The Maksimov brothers, who migrated to us from the Betlengs, began to visit her often.
After Christmas time I suffered from smallpox for a long time. All this time my grandmother looked after me. Instead of a fairy tale, she told me about her father. Maxim Peshkov was the son of a soldier who “rose to the rank of officer and was exiled to Siberia for cruelty to his subordinates.” Maxim was born in Siberia. His mother died and he wandered for a long time. Once in Nizhny Novgorod, Maxim began working for a carpenter and soon became a renowned cabinetmaker. My mother married him against the will of my grandfather - he wanted to marry his beautiful daughter to a nobleman.
XII
Soon the mother married the youngest Maximov, Evgeniy. I immediately hated my stepfather. Out of frustration, my grandmother began to drink strong wine and was often drunk. In the hole left over from the burnt bathhouse, I built myself a shelter and spent the whole summer in it.
In the fall, my grandfather sold the house and told my grandmother that he would no longer feed her. “Grandfather rented two dark rooms in the basement of an old house.” Soon after the move, my mother and stepfather showed up. They said that their house burned down with all its belongings, but the grandfather knew that the stepfather had lost and came to ask for money. My mother and stepfather rented poor housing and took me with them. Mom was pregnant, and my stepfather was deceiving the workers, buying credit notes for products at half price, which were used to pay at the factory instead of money.
I was sent to school, where I really didn’t like it. The children laughed at my poor clothes, and the teachers did not like me. At that time, I often misbehaved and annoyed my mother. Meanwhile, life became more and more difficult. Mom gave birth to a son, a strange big-headed boy, who soon died quietly. My stepfather has a mistress. One day I saw him hitting his pregnant mother in the chest with his thin and long leg. I swung a knife at Evgeniy. Mom managed to push me away - the knife only cut my clothes and slid along my ribs.
XIII
“I’m at my grandfather’s again.” The old man became stingy. He divided the farm into two parts. Now she and her grandmother even took turns brewing tea. To earn bread, my grandmother took up embroidery and weaving lace, and I and a group of guys collected rags and bones, robbed drunks and stole firewood and planks “in lumberyards along the banks of the Oka River.” Our classmates knew what we were doing and mocked us even more.
When I entered third grade, my mother and little Nikolai moved in with us. The stepfather disappeared somewhere again. Mom was seriously ill. The grandmother went to the house of a rich merchant to embroider a cover, and the grandfather fussed with Nikolai, often underfeeding the child out of greed. I also loved playing with my brother. My mother died a few months later in my arms, without ever seeing her husband.
After the funeral, my grandfather said that he was not going to feed me, and sent me “to the people.”
