There are a number of additional units dimensions that are derived from the main ones. Some physical constants turn out to be dimensionless. There are several variants of the GHS, differing in the choice of electrical and magnetic units of measurement and the magnitude of the constants in various laws electromagnetism (SGSE, SGSM, Gaussian system of units).

GHS differs from SI not only in the choice of specific units of measurement. Due to the fact that the SI additionally introduced basic units for electromagnetic physical quantities that were not in the GHS, some units have other dimensions. Because of this, some physical laws in these systems they are written differently (for example, Coulomb's law). The difference lies in the coefficients, most of which are dimensional. Therefore, if you simply substitute SI units into the formulas written in the GHS, incorrect results will be obtained. The same applies to different types of SGSE - in SGSE, SGSM and the Gaussian system of units, the same formulas can be written differently.

The SGS formulas do not contain the non-physical coefficients required in the SI (for example, the electric constant in Coulomb's law), therefore it is considered more convenient for theoretical studies.

IN scientific works As a rule, the choice of one system or another is determined more by the continuity of designations rather than by convenience.

GHS extensions

To facilitate work in the SGS in electrodynamics, the additional systems SGSM and SGSE were adopted.

SGSM

SSSE

In SGSE µ 0 = 1/ With 2 (dimension: s 2 / cm 2), ε 0 = 1. Electrical units in the SGSE system are used mainly in theoretical works. They don't have proper names and are inconvenient for measurements.

SGS symmetrical, or Gaussian system of units

In the symmetric GHS (also called mixed GHS or Gaussian system of units) magnetic units equal to the units of the SGSM system, electrical - to the units of the SGSE system. The magnetic and electric constants in this system are unit and dimensionless: µ 0 = 1, ε 0 = 1.

Story

A system of measures based on the centimeter, gram and second was proposed by the German scientist Gauss in . Maxwell and Thomson improved the system by adding electromagnetic units of measurement.

The values of many units of the GHS system were found to be inconvenient for practical use, and it was soon replaced by a system based on the meter, kilogram and second (ISS). The GHS continued to be used in parallel with the ISS, mainly in scientific research.

Of the three additional systems greatest distribution received the SGS symmetrical system.

Some units of measurement

speed - cm/s;
acceleration - cm/s²;
force - dyne, g cm/s²;
energy - erg, g cm²/s²;
power - erg/s, g cm²/s³;
pressure - dyne/cm², g/(cm·s²);
dynamic viscosity - poise, g/(cm s);
kinematic viscosity - Stokes, cm²/s;
magnetomotive force - Hilbert.

ISOTOPE SEPARATION, separation of individual isotopes from natural sources. their mixtures or enrichment of the mixture with individual isotopes. The first attempts of I. r. made by F.W. Aston (F.W. Aston, 1949) and others. Ch. arr. for detection of isotopes stable elements,… … Physical encyclopedia

The emission of electrons by heated bodies (emitters) into a vacuum or other medium. Only those electrons can leave the body whose energy is greater than the energy of the electron at rest outside the emitter (see Work function). The number of such electrons (usually electrons... Physical encyclopedia

; accepted by the 1st Int. Congress of Electricians (Paris, 1881) as a system of units covering mechanics and electrodynamics. For electrodynamics, two SGS s were initially adopted. e.: el.-magn. (SGSM) and electrostatic (SGSE). The construction of these systems was based on Coulomb’s law of electrical action. charges (SGSE) and magnetic. charges (SGSM). In SGSM s. e. mag. vacuum permeability (magnetic constant) m0=1, and electrical. vacuum permeability (electric constant) e0=1/s2 s2/cm2, where s - . The SGSM unit of magnetic flux is (Mks, Mx), magnetic induction - (Gs, Gs), magnetic intensity. fields - (E, Oe), magnetomotive force- (Gb, Gb). Electric units in this property system. no names assigned. In SGSE p. e. e0=1, m0=l/c2 s2/cm2. Electric units SGSE own. have no names; their size, as a rule, is inconvenient for measurements; apply their ch. arr. in theory works.

From the 2nd half. 20th century The most widespread is the so-called symmetrical GHS s. e. (it is also called a mixed or Gaussian system of units). In symmetrical GHS s. i.e. m0=1 and e0=1. Magn. units of this system are equal to the units of the SGSM, and electrical units are equal to the units of the SGSE system.

Based on GHS p. That is, a system of thermal units CGS °C (cm - g - s - °C), light units SGSL (cm - g - s - ) and units of radioactivity and ionizing radiation SGSR (cm - g - s - ) were also created. Application of GHS With. e. is allowed in theory. works on physics and astronomy.

The ratios of the most important units of the three above-mentioned GHS systems and the corresponding SI units are shown in the table.

Physical encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. . 1983.

GHS SYSTEM OF UNITS

System of physical units values from the base units: centimeter, gram, second (CGS); accepted 1st International Congress Electricians (Paris, 1881) as a system of units covering mechanics and electrodynamics. Coulomb's law of electrical interaction. charges (SGSE) and magnetic. In the system of units SGSM mag. vacuum permeability ( magnetic constant), and electric vacuum permeability ( electrical constant); unit mag. flow is maxwell (Mx, Mx), mag. induction - Gauss (Gs, Gs), magnetic intensity. fields - Oersted (E, Oe), magnetomotive force - Gilbert (Gb, Gb). Electric units in this property system. no names assigned.

In the SGSE system,. Electric From the 2nd half. 20th century max. The so-called Gauss system of units, mixed system of units became widespread). In it and; mag. Application of GHS p. e. is allowed in scientific. research. The ratio of the most important units of the GHS system and the corresponding SI units is given in table.

Lit.: Sena L.A., Units of physical quantities and their dimensions, 3rd ed., M., 1989.

Physical encyclopedia. In 5 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Editor-in-Chief A. M. Prokhorov. 1988 .

See what "GHS SYSTEM OF UNITS" is in other dictionaries:

- (SGS), a system of units of physical quantities with 3 basic units: length centimeter; mass grams; time second. Mainly used in physics and astronomy. In electrodynamics, two CGS systems of units were used: electromagnetic... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary

Modern encyclopedia

GHS system of units- (SGS), system of units of physical quantities with basic units: cm g (mass) s. In electrodynamics, two SGS systems of units were used: electromagnetic (SGSM) and electrostatic (SGSE), as well as a mixed system (the so-called Gaussian system of units) ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

GHS system of units- CGS vienetų sistema statusas T sritis Kūno kultūra ir sportas apibrėžtis Absoliuti fizikinių dydžių vienetų sistema, kurios pagrindiniai vienetai yra centimetras (cm), gramas (g) ir sekundė (s). atitikmenys: engl. CGS system vok. ZGS System, n… …Sporto terminų žodynas

GHS (centimeter gram second) system of units of measurement that was widely used before its adoption international system units (SI). Within the framework of the GHS, there are three independent dimensions (length, mass and time), all others are reduced to them by... ... Wikipedia

A system of units of physical quantities in which three basic units are adopted: length Centimeter, mass Gram and time Second. A system with basic units of length, mass and time was proposed by the Committee on Electrical... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (SGS), system of physical units. values from 3 main. units: length centimeter; mass grams; time second. Sec. applies. arr. in physics and astronomy. In electrodynamics, two SGS s were used. e.: el. mag. (SGSM) and el. static (SGSE). In the 20th century... ... Natural science. Encyclopedic Dictionary

System of units of physical quantities with basic units: cm g (mass) s. It is used mainly in works on physics and astronomy. In electrodynamics, two systems of SGS units were used: electromagnetic (SGSM) and electrostatic (SGSE). IN… … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Physical quantities, a set of basic and derived units of a certain physical system. quantities formed in accordance with accepted principles. S. e. is built on the basis of physical. theories reflecting the physical relationship existing in nature. quantities At … Physical encyclopedia

A set of basic (independent) and derived units of physical quantities, reflecting the relationships between these quantities that exist in nature. When determining the units of the system, the following sequence is selected physical relations, in which every... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary

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1 coulomb [C] = 2997924579.99957 SGSE-unit of charge [SGSE-unit of charge]

Initial value

Converted value

coulomb megacoulomb kilocoulomb milliculon microcoulomb nanocoulomb picocoulon abcoulon unit of charge SGSM statcoulon SGSE-unit of charge franklin ampere-hour milliamp-hour ampere-minute ampere-second faraday (unit of charge) elementary electric charge

More about electric charge

General information

Surprisingly, we encounter static electricity every day - when we pet our beloved cat, comb our hair, or pull on a synthetic sweater. So we ourselves inevitably become generators of static electricity. We literally bathe in it, because we live in the strong electrostatic field of the Earth. This field arises due to the fact that it is surrounded by the ionosphere, top layer atmosphere is an electrically conductive layer. The ionosphere was formed under the influence cosmic radiation and has its own charge. While doing everyday things like heating food, we don’t think at all about the fact that we are using static electricity when we turn on the gas supply valve on a burner with automatic ignition or bring an electric lighter to it.

Examples of static electricity

Since childhood, we have been instinctively afraid of thunder, although in itself it is absolutely safe - just an acoustic consequence of a menacing lightning strike, which is caused by atmospheric static electricity. Sailors of the times sailing fleet fell into sacred awe, observing the lights of St. Elmo on their masts, which are also a manifestation of atmospheric static electricity. People endowed the supreme gods of ancient religions with an integral attribute in the form of lightning, be it the Greek Zeus, the Roman Jupiter, the Scandinavian Thor or the Russian Perun.

Centuries have passed since people first began to be interested in electricity, and sometimes we do not even suspect that scientists, having drawn thoughtful conclusions from the study of static electricity, are saving us from the horrors of fires and explosions. We've tamed electrostatics by pointing lightning rods at the sky and equipping fuel tankers with grounding devices that allow electrostatic charges safe to go into the ground. And, nevertheless, static electricity continues to misbehave, interfering with the reception of radio signals - after all, up to 2000 thunderstorms are raging on Earth at the same time, which generate up to 50 lightning strikes every second.

People have been studying static electricity since time immemorial; We even owe the term “electron” to the ancient Greeks, although they meant something slightly different by this - that’s what they called amber, which was perfectly electrified by friction (other - Greek ἤλεκτρον - amber). Unfortunately, the science of static electricity was not without casualties - Russian scientist Georg Wilhelm Richmann was killed by a lightning bolt during an experiment, which is the most dangerous manifestation of atmospheric static electricity.

Static electricity and weather

To a first approximation, the mechanism of formation of thundercloud charges is in many ways similar to the mechanism of electrification of a comb - electrification by friction occurs in the same way. Ice floes, formed from small droplets of water, cooled due to transport by rising air currents to the upper, colder part of the cloud, collide with each other. Larger pieces of ice are charged negatively, and smaller pieces are charged positively. Due to the difference in weight, a redistribution of ice floes in the cloud occurs: large, heavier floes fall to the lower part of the cloud, and smaller, lighter floes gather at the top of the thundercloud. Although the entire cloud remains neutral, the lower part of the cloud receives negative charge, and the top one is positive.

Just as an electrified comb attracts a balloon due to the induction of an opposite charge on the side closest to the comb, a thundercloud induces on the surface of the Earth positive charge. As the thundercloud develops, the charges increase, and the field strength between them increases, and when the field strength exceeds critical value for data weather conditions, happens electrical breakdown air - lightning discharge.

Humanity is indebted to Benjamin Franklin - later President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania and the first Postmaster General of the United States - for the invention of the lightning rod (it would be more accurate to call it a lightning rod), which forever saved the world's population from fires caused by lightning striking buildings. By the way, Franklin did not patent his invention, making it available to all mankind.

Lightning did not always cause only destruction - the Ural ore miners determined the location of iron and copper ores precisely by the frequency of lightning strikes at certain points in the area.

Among the scientists who devoted their time to studying the phenomena of electrostatics, it is necessary to mention the Englishman Michael Faraday, later one of the founders of electrodynamics, and the Dutchman Pieter van Muschenbrouck, the inventor of the prototype of the electric capacitor - the famous Leyden jar.

Watching DTM, IndyCar or Formula 1 races, we do not even suspect that mechanics call pilots to change tires to rain tires, relying on weather radar data. And these data, in turn, are based precisely on electrical characteristics approaching thunderclouds.

Static electricity is our friend and enemy at the same time: radio engineers do not like it, pulling grounding bracelets when repairing burnt circuit boards as a result of a nearby lightning strike - in this case, as a rule, the input stages of the equipment fail. If grounding equipment is faulty, it can cause severe man-made disasters with tragic consequences - fires and explosions of entire factories.

Static electricity in medicine

However, it comes to the aid of people with violations heart rate caused by chaotic convulsive contractions of the patient’s heart. Its normal operation is restored by passing a small electrostatic discharge using a device called a defibrillator. The scene of a patient returning from the dead with the help of a defibrillator is a kind of classic for a certain genre of cinema. It should be noted that movies traditionally show a monitor with a missing heartbeat signal and an ominous straight line, when in fact using a defibrillator does not help if the patient's heart has stopped.

Other examples

It would be useful to remember the need to metallize aircraft to protect against static electricity, that is, to connect all metal parts of the aircraft, including the engine, into one electrically integral structure. Static dischargers are installed at the ends of the entire tail of the aircraft to drain static electricity that accumulates during flight due to air friction against the aircraft body. These measures are necessary to protect against interference caused by static electricity and to ensure reliable operation of the avionics.

Electrostatics plays a certain role in introducing students to the section “Electricity” - more spectacular experiments, perhaps, does not know any of the branches of physics - here you have hair standing on end and a chase balloon behind the comb, and the mysterious glow of fluorescent lamps without any connection of wires! But this glow effect of gas-filled devices saves the lives of electricians dealing with high voltage in modern power lines and distribution networks.

And most importantly, scientists have come to the conclusion that we probably owe the appearance of life on Earth to static electricity, or more precisely to its discharges in the form of lightning. During experiments in the middle of the last century, with the passage of electrical discharges through a mixture of gases, close in composition to the primary composition of the Earth’s atmosphere, one of the amino acids was obtained, which is the “building block” of our life.

To tame electrostatics, it is very important to know the potential difference or electrical voltage, for the measurement of which instruments called voltmeters were invented. Introduced the concept electrical voltage 19th-century Italian scientist Alessandro Volta, after whom this unit is named. At one time, galvanometers named after Volta's compatriot Luigi Galvani were used to measure electrostatic voltage. Unfortunately, these electrodynamic type devices introduced distortions into the measurements.

Study of static electricity

Scientists began systematically studying the nature of electrostatics since the work of the 18th century French scientist Charles Augustin de Coulomb. In particular, he introduced the concept of electric charge and discovered the law of interaction of charges. The unit of measurement of the amount of electricity - the coulomb (C) - is named after him. True, for the sake of historical justice, it should be noted that years earlier the English scientist Lord Henry Cavendish was engaged in this; Unfortunately, he wrote on the table and his works were published by his heirs only 100 years later.

Works of predecessors devoted to laws electrical interactions, enabled physicists George Green, Carl Friedrich Gauss and Simeon Denis Poisson to create a mathematically elegant theory that we still use today. The main principle in electrostatics is the postulate about the electron - an elementary particle that is part of any atom and is easily separated from it under the influence of external forces. In addition, there are postulates about the repulsion of like charges and the attraction of unlike charges.

Electricity measurement

One of the first measuring instruments was the simplest electroscope, invented by the English priest and physicist Abraham Bennett - two sheets of gold electrically conductive foil placed in a glass container. Since then, measuring instruments have evolved significantly - and they can now measure differences in the nanocoulomb units. Using particularly precise physical instruments, Russian scientist Abram Ioffe and American physicist Robert Andrews Millikan were able to measure the electric charge of an electron

Nowadays, with the development digital technologies, ultra-sensitive and high-precision instruments with unique characteristics have appeared, which, thanks to the high input resistance, introduce almost no distortion into measurements. In addition to measuring voltage, such devices allow you to measure other important characteristics electrical circuits, such as ohmic resistance and flowing current over a wide measurement range. The most advanced devices, called multimeters because of their versatility, or, in jargon, testers, also allow you to measure frequency AC, capacitance of capacitors and test transistors and even measure temperature.

As a rule, modern devices have built-in protection that does not allow the device to be damaged if misuse. They are compact, easy to handle and absolutely safe to use - each of them goes through a series of accuracy tests, is tested under severe operating conditions and deservedly receives a safety certificate.

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Calculations for converting units in the converter " Electric charge converter" are performed using unitconversion.org functions.

Did you know What is the falsity of the concept of “physical vacuum”?

Physical vacuum - concept of relativistic quantum physics, by it they mean the lowest (basic) energy state quantized field having zero momentum, angular momentum and others quantum numbers. Relativistic theorists call a physical vacuum a space completely devoid of matter, filled with an unmeasurable, and therefore only imaginary, field. Such a state, according to relativists, is not an absolute void, but a space filled with some phantom (virtual) particles. Relativistic quantum theory fields states that, in accordance with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, virtual, that is, apparent (apparent to whom?), particles are constantly born and disappeared in the physical vacuum: so-called zero-point field oscillations occur. Virtual particles of the physical vacuum, and therefore itself, by definition, do not have a reference system, since otherwise Einstein’s principle of relativity, on which the theory of relativity is based, would be violated (that is, an absolute measurement system with reference to the particles of the physical vacuum would become possible, which in turn would clearly refute the principle of relativity on which the SRT is based). Thus, the physical vacuum and its particles are not elements physical world, but only elements of the theory of relativity that do not exist in real world, but only in relativistic formulas, while violating the principle of causality (they arise and disappear without cause), the principle of objectivity ( virtual particles can be considered, depending on the desire of the theorist, either existing or non-existent), the principle of factual measurability (not observable, do not have their own ISO).

When one or another physicist uses the concept of “physical vacuum,” he either does not understand the absurdity of this term, or is disingenuous, being a hidden or overt adherent of relativistic ideology.

The easiest way to understand the absurdity of this concept is to turn to the origins of its occurrence. It was born by Paul Dirac in the 1930s, when it became clear that the denial of the ether in its pure form, as he did great mathematician, but a mediocre physicist, is no longer possible. There are too many facts that contradict this.

To defend relativism, Paul Dirac introduced the aphysical and illogical concept negative energy, and then the existence of a “sea” of two energies compensating each other in a vacuum - positive and negative, as well as a “sea” of particles compensating for each other - virtual (that is, apparent) electrons and positrons in a vacuum.

Before the introduction of the international system of SI units, the following systems of units were used.

Metric system measures- a set of units of physical quantities, which is based on two units: the meter is a unit of length, the kilogram is a unit of mass. Distinctive feature The metric system of measures was the principle of decimal ratios in relation to multiples and submultiple units. Metric system, introduced initially in France, received in the second half of the 19th century. international recognition.

Gauss system.

The concept of a system of units of physical quantities was first introduced by the German mathematician K. Gauss (1832). Gauss's idea was as follows. First, several quantities are selected that are independent of each other. These quantities are called basic, and their units are called basic units. systems of units. The basic quantities are selected so that, using formulas expressing the relationship between physical quantities, it was possible to form units of other quantities. Gauss called units obtained using formulas and expressed in terms of basic units derived units. Using his idea, Gauss built system of units magnetic quantities. The main units of this Gaussian system were chosen: millimeter - a unit of length, second - a unit of time. Gauss's ideas turned out to be very fruitful. All subsequent systems of units were built on the principles he proposed.

GHS system

GHS system built on the basis of the LMT system of quantities. The basic units of the CGS system: centimeter - a unit of length, gram - a unit of mass, second - a unit of time. In the GHS system, using the indicated three basic units, derived units of mechanical and acoustic quantities are established. Using unit thermodynamic temperature- kelvin - and the unit of luminous intensity - candela - the GHS system extends to the region of thermal and optical quantities.

ISS system.

Basic units ISS systems: meter is a unit of length, kilogram is a unit of mass, second is a unit of time. Just like the SGS system, the ISS system is built on the basis of the LMT system of quantities. This system of units was proposed in 1901 by the Italian engineer Giorgi and contained, in addition to the basic ones, derived units of mechanical and acoustic quantities. By adding thermodynamic temperature, the kelvin, and luminous intensity, the candela, as basic units, the ISS system could be extended to the realm of thermal and luminous quantities.

MTS system.

MTS unit system built on the basis of the LMT system of quantities. The basic units of the system: meter - a unit of length, a ton - a unit of mass, a second - a unit of time. The MTS system was developed in France and legalized by its government in 1919. The MTS system was adopted in the USSR and in accordance with state standard was used for more than 20 years (1933 - 1955). The unit of mass of this system - the ton - in its size turned out to be convenient in a number of industries dealing with relatively large masses. The MTS system also had a number of other advantages. Firstly, the numerical values of the density of matter when expressed in the MTS system coincided with numerical values this value when expressed in the SGS system (for example, in the SGS system the density of iron is 7.8 g/cm3, in the MTS system - 7.8 t/m3). Secondly, the unit of work of the MTS system - kilojoule - had a simple relationship with the unit of work of the ISS system (1 kJ = 1000 J). But the sizes of the units of the vast majority of derived quantities in this system turned out to be inconvenient in practice. In the USSR, the MTS system was abolished in 1955.

MKGSS system.

MKGSS unit system built on the basis of the LFT system of quantities. Its basic units are: meter - a unit of length, kilogram-force - a unit of force, second - a unit of time. Kilogram-force is a force equal to the weight of a body weighing 1 kg under normal acceleration free fall g0 = 9.80665 m/s2. This unit of force, as well as some derivative units of the MKGSS system, turned out to be convenient when used in technology. Therefore, the system has become widespread in mechanics, heat engineering and a number of other industries. The main disadvantage of the MKGSS system is its very limited possibilities of application in physics. A significant disadvantage of the MKGSS system is also that the unit of mass in this system does not have a simple decimal relationship with the units of mass of other systems. With the introduction of the International System of Units, the ICGSS system lost its significance.

Systems of units of electromagnetic quantities. There are two known ways to construct systems of electrical and magnetic quantities based on the GHS system: on three basic units (centimeter, gram, second) and on four basic units (centimeter, gram, second and one unit of electrical or magnetic quantity). In the first way, that is, using three basic units based on the SGS system, three systems of units were obtained: electrostatic system of units (SGSE system), electromagnetic system of units (SGSM system), symmetrical system of units (SGS system). Let's consider these systems.

SGSE system

Electrostatic system of units (SGSE system). When constructing this system of the first derivative electrical unit a unit of electric charge is introduced using Coulomb's law as the governing equation. At the same time, absolute permittivity is considered a dimensionless electrical quantity. As a consequence of this, in some equations relating electromagnetic quantities, the square root of the speed of light in vacuum appears explicitly.

SGSM system

Electromagnetic system of units (SGSM system). In constructing this system, the first derivative of the electrical unit is the unit of current, using Ampere's law as the governing equation. In this case, absolute magnetic permeability is considered a dimensionless electrical quantity. In this regard, in some equations relating electromagnetic quantities, the square root of the speed of light in vacuum appears explicitly.

GHS system

Symmetrical system of units (SGS system). This system is a combination of the SGSE and SGSM systems. In the GHS system as units electrical quantities units of the SGSE system are used, and units of the SGSM system are used as units of magnetic quantities. As a result of the combination of the two systems, in some equations connecting electrical and magnetic quantities, the square root of the speed of light in vacuum appears explicitly.