Theories and hypotheses of the origin of life on earth. Examples of hypotheses

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The essence of the buffer hypothesis is that social support wedges itself between the stress factor and the stress response and thus weakens its consequences. This kind of buffer can change the individual's perception of stress and thereby weaken the former's potential, or at least better prepare for crisis situation the last one. External social support can provide assistance during times of crisis or lead to insights that can facilitate adaptation and response. Finally, social support can have a stress-lowering effect, calm the neuroendocrine system, and make a person less susceptible to the effects of stressors.  

The essence of the hypothesis life cycle is that consumption plans are designed to ensure the same level of consumption throughout life. This is achieved by saving during periods of high income and spending savings during periods of low income. During their working years, individuals save to finance consumption during retirement. Savings create assets, the wealth of individuals. Individuals' assets increase during their period labor activity and become maximum upon reaching retirement age. From this time on, assets decrease as the individual sells them to pay for current consumption.  

What is the essence of the single curve hypothesis and how is it used in solving GMD problems.  

The close relationship of conformational transitions with the lore-orientations of octahedral complexes, which constitutes the essence of the hypothesis of conformational-reorientation movement, is another aspect reflected in the interactions of complex anions with molecular cations. This interaction leads to a correlation between the mobility of the complexes and the mobility of the methyl groups included in the molecular cations.  

Such a simple empirical law required a simple theoretical interpretation, and in 1811, Amedeo Avogadro (1776 - 1856), a professor of physics at the University of Turin, put forward a hypothesis to explain this law. The essence of the hypothesis was that in equal volumes of all rarefied gases under the same conditions contains same number molecules.  

So, in the gas phase, it would seem that conditions may arise when the recombination of ions is energetically unfavorable, just as it happens in electrolyte solutions. However, this is not the essence of the hypothesis that we are now discussing.  

It was possible to describe the effects of fluctuations phenomenologically using the Vaidom-Kadznov-Pokrovsky-Patashinsky similarity hypothesis. Assumptions about the nature of dependence free energy And correlation functions from some combination of thermodynamic variables, which constitute the essence of the similarity hypothesis, turned out to be very useful in interpreting experimental data.  

This conjecture is that any compact three-dimensional manifold can be cut in a fairly canonical way into geometric pieces. This canonical expansion and actually exists. The essence of the hypothesis is that all pieces must be geometric.  

The conclusions of Planck's hypothesis of black body radiation are as follows. Black body layers have an amount of thermal energy that depends on their temperature. This energy is excited - jai T is an electromagnetic field inside the cavity, which takes away part of the energy from the walls. In the classical theory, electromagnetic oscillators of all frequencies are in motion under the influence of an excitation called the material composing the cavity, so that oscillations of even very high frequencies are generated. The essence of Planck's hypothesis is that it excluded ek. Detailed calculations show that the energy density is in the range of I.  

For example, the adaptive expectations hypothesis has often been used, according to which expectations gradually change in response to previously made forecast errors. It is unlikely, for example, that households for a long time may underestimate the price level in conditions of prolonged inflation. Mas 1961, where the rational expectations hypothesis was first formulated for one micromodel. The rationale behind the rational expectations hypothesis is that expectations are statistically the best prediction that can be made given the information available. In other words, people don't systematic errors when setting expectations.  

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Neocatastrophism (from the Greek Neos - new and catastrophe - revolution) is a system of views based on the fact of the staged development of life on Earth, that is, the hypothesis of catastrophes. In 1864 p. E. Suess (40.2) modernized the views of J. Cuvier to explain quick replacement some complexes of fossil organisms by others; It is he who is considered the founder of neocatastrophism.

Stagedness historical development alive is that during subsequent stages geological history On Earth there were certain more or less stable ecosystems with specific flora and fauna that... at the boundaries of these stages, they were relatively quickly (over several thousand years) replaced by others.

Objective confirmation of this phenomenon is provided by studying the rates of extinction of some and the emergence of other systematic groups of organisms of different ranks. Over a certain, fairly long period of time (millions and tens of millions of years), the slight extinction of some groups is balanced by the appearance of others that are ecologically similar to them; at the boundaries of periods and individual epochs (an epoch is a geological division within a period, for example early, or lower, middle, late, or upper, Cretaceous - Cretaceous period), unbalanced extinctions are recorded at the end of the previous one, and unbalanced rapid growth species diversity- at the beginning of the next period or era.

For example, at the end of the Middle Cretaceous era there was mass extinction many groups of gymnosperms, insects, dinosaurs (5 families out of 11 disappeared), mammals and a significant number of species of other organisms. On the contrary, at the beginning of the second half Cretaceous period rapid speciation occurred: angiosperms and insect pollinators (flies, some groups of beetles, bees, day butterflies, etc.) arise and carry significant adaptive radiation; 10 new families of dinosaurs, several rows of true birds, marsupials and placental mammals appear. During the Late Cretaceous era, the number of these newly formed groups stabilizes, and at its end there is again an unbalanced extinction, in particular of dinosaurs, which is replaced by rapid speciation at the beginning of the next period (Paleogene). The extinction of the dinosaurs has become the basis for various fantastic explanations of its causes. Thus, one of the popular hypotheses for the extinction of dinosaurs is their sudden death as a result of a collision between the Earth and an asteroid. However, no factual evidence of this has been found.

So, at the borders geological periods and eras occur sudden changes species composition biosphere, that is, the replacement of some ecosystems with others. Scientists see the reasons for this phenomenon in non-periodic changes in intensity environmental factors exceeding the endurance limits of ecosystems - destroying them, which causes mass extinction specialized types. Non-specialized species, being ecologically flexible, take over the space of destroyed ecosystems and form new stable biogeocenoses there, adapting to their conditions. This explains the rapid adaptive radiation at the beginning of periods and eras.

In the life of the biosphere, geological disasters cause general (global) or local (local), that is, within a certain territory, a biocenotic crisis. They can be caused not only by geological, but also by biogenic reasons. For example, the mid-Cretaceous crisis caused the emergence of angiosperms; modern environmental crisis- consequence of an action anthropogenic factor, can end catastrophically.

Planet Vulcan. The 19th century French astronomer Urbain Le Verrier could not explain the strange orbit of Mercury, and made the assumption that there was another planet near the Sun - Vulcan. There have even been several reports of sightings published mysterious planet, but they all contradicted each other. In the 20th century, the theory of relativity dispelled the mystery of Mercury's orbit, and with it the theory of Vulcan.

Spontaneous generation is a hypothesis that has been believed for thousands of years. This refers to the emergence of living organisms not from other organisms, eggs or seeds, but from a nonliving environment. Even Aristotle believed that fly larvae spontaneously generated in animal corpses. And although the question of the origin of life on Earth remains open, basically this theory has been refuted.

The expanding Earth is a surprisingly popular idea that persisted well into the mid-20th century. It was believed that the movement of continents occurred due to the fact that the Earth gradually increased in volume. This hypothesis was seriously considered by Charles Darwin. Studying tectonic plates in the 1960s and beyond proved that the Earth had not changed in size for at least 400 million years.

Phlogiston is a hypothetical element found in all flammable substances. Chemists of the 17th century assumed that it was he who ensured combustion and was also responsible for various processes in metals, for example, for the formation of rust. The phlogiston theory was supplanted oxygen theory in the 1770s.

Martian channels. In 1877, Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli announced that he could see mysterious straight lines on Mars and called them “canals.” Later, the theory was formulated that the channels have artificial origin and are used by Martians to irrigate the planet. In the 20th century, the hypothesis was refuted - the lines turned out to be an optical illusion.

The ether is a mysterious medium, the existence of which was believed by many great scientists, such as Aristotle, Rene Descartes and Thomas Jung. True, they all understood the ether in different ways - as an analogue of vacuum, the original substance or “transport” for light. These theories were extremely popular, but after lengthy research they were refuted.

Tabula rasa is the theory that a person is born as if blank slate”, without any mental and sensory content, receiving it only during growing up. It was formulated by Aristotle and widespread until the end of the 20th century. Even deep learning genetic mechanisms and the transmission of hereditary traits could not finally convince the supporters of this hypothesis of its fallacy.

Phrenology is one of the first and most famous pseudosciences that determines a person’s mental qualities based on the shape of the skull and the size of the brain. Phrenologists argued that the larger a person's brain, the more more information he can save. Further development neurophysiology refuted these theses.

Fixed Universe. Einstein was certainly one of the greatest scientists in human history, but he also made mistakes. He believed that the Universe is motionless, its size remains unchanged, and he is held back by a powerful anti-gravity field. After a long dispute with Einstein, this hypothesis was refuted by Russian mathematician Alexander Friedman.

Cold nuclear fusion is the “holy grail” of chemists, the theory of its implementation nuclear fusion without ultra-high temperatures. In 1989, Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons announced that they had successfully carried out CNS, but no one could repeat their experiment. On at the moment the hypothesis has never received convincing confirmation.

Ancient misconceptions, such as the Sun orbiting the Earth, or more modern ones, such as that Venus is covered with greenery and suitable for life, have been refuted with the development of astronomy and space exploration. What other famous ones? scientific hypotheses turned out to be wrong?

Logical characteristics of the hypothesis

Cognition of any phenomenon of reality, as is known, begins with the collection and accumulation of individual facts related to this phenomenon. The facts available at the beginning of knowledge are always not enough to fully and immediately explain this phenomenon, to draw a reliable conclusion about what it is, what are the reasons for its occurrence, the laws of development, etc. Therefore, knowledge of objects and events outside world often proceeds using a hypothesis. Without waiting for facts to accumulate for a final, reliable conclusion (for example, about the nature and reason for the development of the phenomenon under study), they first give a conjectural explanation, and then this assumption is developed and proven. What is a hypothesis?

A hypothesis, like a concept, judgment, inference, which are discussed in previous chapters, reflects the objective world. And in this it is similar to the mentioned forms of thinking. However, the hypothesis differs from them. Its specificity lies not in what it reflects in material world, but in that How reflects, i.e. presumably, probably and not categorically, unreliably. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the term “hypothesis” itself, translated from Greek language means "guess".

It is known that when defining a concept through the nearest genus and species difference, it is necessary to indicate essential features, distinguishing this type from other species belonging to the same nearest genus. The closest genus for a hypothesis as a certain result cognitive activity"is the concept of "assumption". What is the specific difference between this type of assumption - hypothesis - and other types of assumption, say, conjecture, fantasy, assumption, prediction, everyday assumption or guessing? It seems that the specific difference for a hypothesis should be sought in the answer not to the question “What is the sentence about”, and the question “What sentence”.

Based on this, it is necessary to highlight the following essential features of the hypothesis.

Firstly, hypothesis is a special form of development scientific knowledge. The construction of hypotheses in science makes it possible to move from individual scientific facts related to the phenomenon, their generalization and knowledge of the laws of development of this phenomenon.

Secondly, the construction of a scientific hypothesis is always accompanied by an assumption related to theoretical explanation phenomena under study. It always appears in the form of a separate judgment or a system of interrelated judgments about the properties of individual facts or the natural connections of phenomena. This judgment is always problematic; it expresses probabilistic theoretical knowledge. Sometimes a hypothesis arises from deduction. For example, the hypothesis of K.A. Timiryazev's theory of photosynthesis was initially derived deductively from the law of conservation of energy.

Thirdly, A hypothesis is a well-founded assumption based on specific facts. Therefore, the emergence of a hypothesis is a non-chaotic and not subconscious, but a natural and logically harmonious cognitive process that leads a person to obtain new knowledge about objective reality. For example, the new heliocentric system of N. Copernicus, which reveals the idea of ​​the Earth’s rotation around the Sun and which he outlined in his work “On Rotation celestial spheres", based on real facts and proved the inconsistency of the geocentric concept dominant at that time.

These essential features in their totality are quite sufficient to use them to distinguish a hypothesis from other types of assumption and determine its essence. A hypothesis (from the Greek gypothesis - basis, assumption) is a probabilistic assumption about the cause of any phenomena, the reliability of which is subject to current state production and science cannot be tested and proven, but which explains these phenomena, inexplicable without it; one of the methods of cognitive activity.

It is important to keep in mind that the term "hypothesis" is used in two meanings. Firstly, a hypothesis is understood as the assumption itself that explains the observed phenomenon (hypothesis in in the narrow sense). Secondly, as a method of thinking in general, including putting forward an assumption, its development and proof (hypothesis in the broad sense).

The second, in fact, is complex process thoughts leading from ignorance to knowledge. Study logical form This process constitutes one of the tasks of logic. “With the complete elimination of the hypothesis,” noted K.A. Timiryazev, “science would turn into a pile of bare facts.”

A hypothesis is often constructed as an assumption about the cause of past phenomena, about a natural order that has already ceased, but its assumption explains a certain set of phenomena that are well known from history or observed at the present time. Our knowledge, for example, about the formation solar system, about the state earth's core, about the origin of life on Earth, etc.

A hypothesis ceases to exist in two cases: firstly, when it, having received confirmation, turns into reliable knowledge and becomes part of the theory; secondly, when the hypothesis is refuted and becomes false knowledge.

A hypothesis is an argument about a particular phenomenon, which is based on the subjective view of a person directing his actions in some established direction. If the result is not yet known to the person, then a generalized assumption is created, and checking it allows you to adjust the overall focus of the work. This is it scientific concept hypotheses. Is it possible to simplify the meaning of this concept?

Explanation in “non-scientific” language

A hypothesis is the ability to predict, predict the results of work, and this is the most important component of virtually every scientific discovery. It helps to calculate future errors and blunders and reduce their number significantly. In this case, a hypothesis generated directly during work can be partially proven. If the result is known, there is no point in the assumption, and then no hypotheses are put forward. This is a simple definition of the concept of hypothesis. Now we can talk about how it is built and discuss its most interesting types.

How is a hypothesis born?

Creating an argument in the human mind is not a simple thought process. The researcher must be able to create and update acquired knowledge, and he must also have the following qualities:

1. Problem vision. This is the ability to show the way scientific development, establish its main trends and connect disparate tasks together. Combines the problem vision with the already acquired skills and knowledge, instinct and abilities of a person in research.
2. Alternative character. This trait allows a person to draw interesting conclusions, find something completely new in known facts.
3. Intuition. This term refers to an unconscious process and is not based on logical reasoning.

What is the essence of the hypothesis?

A hypothesis reflects objective reality. In this it is similar to in different forms thinking, but it is also different from them. The main specificity of a hypothesis is that it reflects facts in the material world in a conjectural manner; it does not assert categorically and reliably. Therefore, a hypothesis is an assumption.

Everyone knows that when establishing a concept through the closest genus and difference, it will also be necessary to indicate distinctive features. The closest genus for a hypothesis in the form of any result of an activity is the concept of “assumption”. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a guess, fantasy, prediction, guessing? The most shocking hypotheses are not based on mere speculation; they all have certain characteristics. To answer this question, you will need to identify essential features.

Features of the hypothesis

If we talk about this concept, then it is worth establishing it characteristic features.

1. A hypothesis is special shape development of scientific knowledge. It is hypotheses that allow science to move from individual facts to a specific phenomenon, generalization of knowledge and knowledge of the laws of development of a particular phenomenon.
2. A hypothesis is based on making assumptions that are associated with a theoretical explanation of certain phenomena. This concept acts as a separate judgment or a whole line of interrelated judgments, natural phenomena. Judgment is always problematic for researchers, because this concept speaks of probabilistic theoretical knowledge. It happens that hypotheses are put forward on the basis of deduction. An example is K. A. Timiryazev’s shocking hypothesis about photosynthesis. It was confirmed, but initially it all started from assumptions in the law of conservation of energy.
3. A hypothesis is an educated guess that is based on some specific facts. Therefore, a hypothesis cannot be called a chaotic and subconscious process; it is a completely logical and logical mechanism that allows a person to expand his knowledge to obtain new information- to understand objective reality. Again, we can recall the shocking hypothesis of N. Copernicus about the new heliocentric system, which explored the idea that the Earth revolves around the Sun. He outlined all his ideas in the work “On the Rotation of the Celestial Spheres”, all guesses were based on a real factual basis and the inconsistency of the then still valid geocentric concept was shown.

These distinctive features, taken together, will make it possible to distinguish a hypothesis from other types of assumption, as well as establish its essence. As you can see, a hypothesis is a probabilistic assumption about the causes of a particular phenomenon, the reliability of which cannot now be verified and proven, but this assumption allows us to explain some of the causes of the phenomenon.

It is important to remember that the term “hypothesis” is always used in a dual sense. A hypothesis is an assumption that explains a phenomenon. A hypothesis is also spoken of as a method of thinking that puts forward some assumption, and then develops the development and proof of this fact.

A hypothesis is often constructed in the form of an assumption about the cause of past phenomena. As an example, we can cite our knowledge of the formation of the solar system, the earth's core, the birth of the earth, and so on.

When does a hypothesis cease to exist?

This is only possible in a couple of cases:

1. The hypothesis is confirmed and turns into reliable fact- becomes part general theory.
2. The hypothesis is refuted and becomes only false knowledge.

This can happen during hypothesis testing, when the accumulated knowledge is sufficient to establish the truth.

What is included in the structure of a hypothesis?

A hypothesis is built from the following elements:

• foundation - accumulation different facts, statements (whether justified or not);
• form - the accumulation of various conclusions that will lead from the basis of a hypothesis to an assumption;
• assumption - conclusions from facts, statements that describe and justify a hypothesis.

It is worth noting that the hypotheses are always the same logical structure, but they differ in content and functions performed.

What can be said about the concept of hypothesis and types?

In the process of evolution of knowledge, hypotheses begin to differ in cognitive qualities, as well as according to the object of study. Let's take a closer look at each of these types.

By function in cognitive process There are descriptive and explanatory hypotheses:

1. A descriptive hypothesis is a statement that speaks about the inherent properties of the object under study. Typically, an assumption allows us to answer the questions “What is this or that object?” or “What properties does the object have?” This type hypotheses can be put forward in order to identify the composition or structure of an object, reveal its mechanism of action or features of its activity, determine functional features. Among descriptive hypotheses there are existential hypotheses, which speak about the existence of some object.
2. An explanatory hypothesis is a statement based on the reasons for the appearance of a particular object. Such hypotheses help explain why it happened specific event or what are the reasons for the appearance of any object.

History shows that with the development of knowledge, more and more existential hypotheses appear that tell about the existence of a specific object. Next, descriptive hypotheses appear that tell about the properties of those objects, and finally explanatory hypotheses are born that reveal the mechanism and reasons for the appearance of the object. As you can see, there is a gradual complication of the hypothesis in the process of learning new things.

What hypotheses are there for the object of study? There are general and private.

1. General hypotheses help to substantiate assumptions about natural relationships and empirical regulators. They act as a kind of scaffolding in the development scientific knowledge. Once hypotheses are proven, they become scientific theories and contribute to science.
2. A partial hypothesis is an assumption with justification about the origin and quality of facts, events or phenomena. If there was a single circumstance that caused the appearance of other facts, then knowledge takes the form of hypotheses.
3. There is also such a type of hypothesis as a working one. This is an assumption put forward at the beginning of the study, which is a conditional assumption and allows you to combine facts and observations into a single whole and give them an initial explanation. The main specificity of the working hypothesis is that it is accepted conditionally or temporarily. It is extremely important for the researcher to systematize the acquired knowledge given at the beginning of the study. Afterwards they will need to be processed and a further route to be outlined. A working hypothesis is exactly what is needed for this.

What is a version?

The concept of a scientific hypothesis has already been clarified, but there is another such unusual term - version. What is it? In political, historical or sociological research, as well as in forensic investigative practice, often when explaining certain facts or their combination, a number of hypotheses are put forward that can explain the facts in different ways. These hypotheses are called versions.

There are public and private versions.

1. General version- this is an assumption that tells about the crime as a whole in the form of a single system of certain circumstances and actions. This version answers not just one, but a whole series of questions.
2. A partial version is an assumption that explains the individual circumstances of a crime. From private versions, one general version is built.

What standards must a hypothesis meet?

The very concept of a hypothesis in the rules of law must meet certain requirements:

• it cannot have several theses;
• the judgment must be framed clearly and logically;
• the argument should not include judgments or concepts of an ambiguous nature that cannot yet be clarified by the researcher;
• the judgment must include a method for solving the problem in order to become part of the study;
• when presenting an assumption, it is prohibited to use value judgments, because the hypothesis must be confirmed by facts, after which it will be tested and applied to to a wide circle;
• the hypothesis must correspond to the given topic, subject of research, tasks; all assumptions unnaturally tied to the topic are eliminated;
• the hypothesis cannot contradict existing theories, but there are exceptions.

How is a hypothesis developed?

A person's hypotheses are a thought process. Of course, it is difficult to imagine a general and unified process for constructing a hypothesis: this is due to the fact that the conditions for developing an assumption depend on practical activities and on the specifics of a particular problem. However, it is still possible to highlight common boundaries stages thought process, which lead to the emergence of a hypothesis. This:

• putting forward a hypothesis;
• development;
• examination.

Now we need to consider each stage of the emergence of the hypothesis.

Hypothesizing

To put forward a hypothesis, you will need to have some facts related to a certain phenomenon, and they must justify the probability of the assumption, explain the unknown. Therefore, first there is a collection of materials, knowledge and facts related to a specific phenomenon, which will be further explained.

Based on the materials, an assumption is made about what constitutes this phenomenon, or, in other words, a hypothesis is formulated in a narrow sense. Assumption in in this case represents a certain judgment that is expressed as a result of processing the collected facts. The facts on which the hypothesis is based can be logically understood. This is how the main content of the hypothesis appears. The assumption must answer questions about the essence, causes of the phenomenon, and so on.

Development and verification

Once a hypothesis is put forward, its development begins. If we assume the assumption made to be true, then a number of definite consequences should appear. In this case, logical consequences cannot be identified with the conclusions of the cause-and-effect chain. Logical consequences are thoughts that explain not only the circumstances of a phenomenon, but also the reasons for its occurrence, and so on. Comparing the facts from the hypothesis with already established data allows you to confirm or refute the hypothesis.

This is only possible as a result of testing the hypothesis in practice. A hypothesis is always generated by practice, and only practice can decide whether a hypothesis is true or false. Testing in practice allows you to transform a hypothesis into reliable knowledge about the process (whether it is false or true). Therefore, one should not reduce the truth of a hypothesis to a specific and unified logical action; When checking in practice, different methods and methods of proof or refutation are used.

Confirmation or refutation of the hypothesis

The work hypothesis is often used in the scientific world. This method allows you to confirm or refute individual facts in legal or economic practice through perception. Examples include the discovery of the planet Neptune, the discovery clean water in Lake Baikal, establishing islands in Arctic Ocean and so on. All this was once hypotheses, but now it is scientifically established facts. The problem is that in some cases it is difficult or impossible to proceed with practice, and testing all assumptions is not possible.

For example, now there is a shocking hypothesis that modern Russian is deeper than Old Russian, but the problem is that it is now impossible to hear oral Old Russian speech. It is impossible to verify in practice whether the Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible became a monk or not.

In cases where prognostic hypotheses are put forward, it is inappropriate to expect their immediate and direct confirmation in practice. That is why in the scientific world they use such logical proof or refutation of hypotheses. Logical proof or refutation proceeds in an indirect way, because phenomena from the past or today are learned that are inaccessible to sensory perception.

The main ways of logical proof of a hypothesis or its refutation:

1. Inductive way. More complete confirmation or refutation of a hypothesis and the derivation of certain consequences from it thanks to arguments that include laws and facts.
2. Deductive way. Derivation or refutation of a hypothesis from a number of other, more general, but already proven ones.
3. Inclusion of a hypothesis in the system of scientific knowledge, where it is consistent with other facts.

Logical proof or refutation can take place in the direct or indirect form of proof or refutation.

The important role of hypothesis

Having revealed the problem of the essence and structure of the hypothesis, it is also worth noting its important role in practical and theoretical activities. A hypothesis is a necessary form of development of scientific knowledge; without it it is impossible to understand something new. It plays an important role in the scientific world and serves as the foundation for the formation of virtually every scientific theory. All significant discoveries in science did not arise in finished form; These were the most shocking hypotheses, which sometimes they did not even want to consider.

Everything always starts small. All physics was built on countless shocking hypotheses, which were confirmed or refuted thanks to scientific practice. Therefore it is worth mentioning some interesting ideas.

1. Some particles move from the future to the past. Physicists have their own set of rules and prohibitions, which are considered to be canon, but with the advent of tachyons, it would seem that all norms have been shaken. A tachyon is a particle that can violate all accepted laws of physics at once: its mass is imaginary, but it moves faster speed Sveta. The theory has been put forward that tachyons can travel back in time. Theorist Gerald Feinberg introduced the particle in 1967 and declared that tachyons are new class particles. The scientist argued that this is actually a generalization of antimatter. Feinberg had a lot of like-minded people, and the idea took root for a long time, however, refutations still appeared. Tachyons have not completely disappeared from physics, but still no one has been able to detect them either in space or in accelerators. If the hypothesis were true, people would be able to contact their ancestors.
2. A drop of water polymer could destroy the oceans. This one of the most shocking hypotheses suggests that water can be transformed into a polymer - this is a component in which individual molecules become links in a large chain. In this case, the properties of water should change. The hypothesis was put forward by chemist Nikolai Fedyakin after an experiment with water vapor. The hypothesis has frightened scientists for a long time, because it was assumed that one drop of an aqueous polymer could turn all the water on the planet into a polymer. However, the refutation of the most shocking hypothesis was not long in coming. The scientist’s experiment was repeated, but no confirmation of the theory was found.

There were a lot of similar shocking hypotheses at one time, but many of them were not confirmed after a number of scientific experiments, but they were not forgotten. Fantasy and scientific justification- these are the two main components for every scientist.