Intellectual ring "Clever and Clever" based on the book by D. Defoe "Gulliver's Travels"

Quiz based on the works of D. Swift.

1.What character traits of Gulliver helped him gain relative freedom in captivity among the Lilliputians?

(Impeccable behavior combined with prudence and tact.)

2. How were sneakers and informers treated in Lilliput?( They were encouraged if the denunciations turned out to be true. But they punished harshly if they were caught lying.)

3.Knowledge of what science helped the Lilliputians to build, cut and sew well? ( Knowledge of mathematics.)

(Gulliver left the country of Lilliput on a boat, which he found and repaired.)

5. On what days did Gulliver not perform in performances in the land of giants? Why?

(He did not perform on Wednesdays. There, this day was considered a day off.)

6.What character trait made the farmer take Gulliver to perform in the capital? (Greed, greed.)

7. How many years did Gulliver live with the giants? (Two years.)

8. Correlate proper names in the language of Lilliputians and giants with their translation into our language.

1) Belfaborak. (Capital of the country of Lilliputians.)
2) Flimnap. (Name of the Minister of Finance of Lilliput.)
3) Queenbus Flestrin. (Man-Mountain.)
4) Grildrig. (Tom Thumb.)
5) Glumdalklich. (Little nurse.)
6) Brobdignag. (Name of the country of giants.)

9. What incident caused the enmity between Lilliput and the inhabitants of the island of Blefuscu?

(The incident with the egg. Residents were divided into sharp-pointed and blunt-pointed.
The blunt-ended people found shelter and protection on the island of Blefuscu. The king of Lilliput did not want to put up with this.)

10.What did the king of Lilliput demand from the ambassadors of Blefuscu when concluding a peace treaty?

(Write the agreement in the language of the Lilliputians, although both peoples spoke two languages ​​and understood each other perfectly.)

11.What was the attitude of the Lilliputians towards doctors? Why?

(They took great care of their health, strengthened it, and rarely got sick. The profession of a doctor was simply not in demand there.)

12. Why did the farmer decide to sell Gulliver?

(Gulliver became weak, lost his appetite, and was in danger of dying. The farmer wanted to profit by selling Gulliver for 1,000 gold coins.)

13. Why, according to Gulliver, do sailors not visit the land of giants, and the giants themselves do not know about the existence of other nations?

(The country of giants was located on a peninsula without convenient bays for ships, and in the north there was a chain of mountains with dangerous active volcanoes.)

14.What problem did Gulliver have after his return from the land of giants? (Everything and everything seemed excessively small to him: houses, people, things.)

15.What surprised Gulliver with the writing style of the Lilliputians?( . They wrote the paper diagonally.)

16.What sport, according to the queen, was useful to Gulliver?

(Boat rowing with oars.)

17.What surprised the cooks, the king, and the residents when Gulliver ate the meat of large animals? ( He ate them with the bones.)

18.What did Gulliver give to the captain of the ship that saved him? (A girl’s tooth that was pulled out by mistake. The tooth was given to Gulliver at his request.)

19. What did Gulliver hide from the Lilliputians during the search? For what?(Glasses and telescope.)

20.How did the king himself test the dexterity of his ministers?

(With the help of a long stick. The first dignitaries did not value their lives and took risks for the sake of their careers.)

21. Upon returning from Lilliput to England, Gulliver wrote two months later: “Golden rain fell on me.” What kind of rain is this?

(Gulliver, for a high fee, showed the people of England his small herd brought from Lilliput.)

22.Who did the king of the giants think Gulliver was? (A slot machine or a freak who was born in the land of giants.)

23.How was the court dwarf punished for his evil jokes on Gulliver? (He was whipped and forced to drink the cream that Gulliver had tasted. The queen gave the dwarf to an evil rich lady.)

"Gulliver's Travels"(English) Gulliver's Travels) - a satirical-fantasy book by Jonathan Swift, in which human and social vices are brightly and wittily ridiculed.

The full title of the book is: Travels to Some of the Remote Countries of the World in Four Parts: An Essay by Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon and Then a Captain of Several Ships. Travels into Several Remote Nations the World, in Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of several Ships ). The first edition was published in -1727 in London. The book has become a classic of moral and political satire, although its abridged adaptations (and film adaptations) for children are especially popular.

Plot

“Gulliver's Travels” is the programmatic manifesto of Swift the satirist. In the first part of the book, the reader laughs at the ridiculous conceit of the Lilliputians. In the second, in the land of giants, the point of view changes, and it turns out that our civilization deserves the same ridicule. In the third it is ridiculed, with different sides, the conceit of human pride. Finally, in the fourth the vile Yahoos appear as a concentrate of the primordial human nature, not ennobled by spirituality. Swift, as usual, does not resort to moralizing instructions, leaving the reader to make own conclusions- choose between the Yahoos and their moral antipode, fancifully dressed in horse form.

Part 1. Journey to Lilliput

The knowledge of this people is very insufficient; they are limited to morality, history, poetry and mathematics, but in these areas, to be fair, they have achieved great perfection. As for mathematics, it is purely applied in nature and is aimed at improving agriculture and different industries technology, so it would receive a low rating from us...
In this country it is not permitted to formulate any law in more words than the letters of the alphabet, of which there are only twenty-two; but very few laws reach even this length. All of them are expressed in the clearest and in simple terms, and these people are not distinguished by such resourcefulness of mind as to discover several meanings in the law; writing a commentary on any law is considered a great crime.

The last paragraph brings to mind the “People's Agreement” discussed almost a century earlier, a political project of the Levellers during the English Revolution, which stated:

The number of laws should be reduced so that all laws fit into one volume. Laws must be laid down in English language so that every Englishman can understand them.

During a trip to the coast, a box made especially for his accommodation on the journey is captured by a giant eagle, who later drops it into the sea, where Gulliver is picked up by sailors and returned to England.

Part 3. Travel to Laputa, Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glubbdobbrib and Japan

Gulliver and the flying island of Laputa

Gulliver ends up on the flying island of Laputa, then on the mainland of the country of Balnibarbi, whose capital Laputa is. All the noble residents of Laputa are too keen on mathematics and music, and therefore are extremely absent-minded, ugly and not settled in everyday life. Only the mob and women are sane and can maintain a normal conversation. On the mainland there is an Academy of Projectors, where they try to implement various ridiculous pseudoscientific endeavors. The authorities of Balnibarbi indulge aggressive projectors who are introducing their improvements everywhere, which is why the country is in terrible decline. This part of the book contains a caustic satire on speculative scientific theories his time. While waiting for the ship to arrive, Gulliver makes a trip to the island of Glabbdobbrib, meets a caste of sorcerers who can summon the shadows of the dead, and talks with legendary figures ancient history, comparing ancestors and contemporaries, he is convinced of the degeneration of the nobility and humanity.

Next, Swift continues to debunk the unjustified conceit of humanity. Gulliver arrives in the country of Luggnagg, where he learns about the Struldbrugs - immortal people, doomed to eternal, powerless old age, full of suffering and disease.

At the end of the story, Gulliver falls from fictional countries to a very real Japan, at that time practically closed from Europe (of all the Europeans then only the Dutch were allowed there, and then only to the port of Nagasaki). Then he returns to his homeland. This is the only journey from which Gulliver returns with an idea of ​​​​the direction of his return journey.

Part 4. Journey to the country of the Houyhnhnms

Gulliver and the Houyhnhnms

Gulliver finds himself in the country of intelligent and virtuous horses - the Houyhnhnms. There are also savage people in this country, disgusting Yahoos. In Gulliver, despite his tricks, they recognize him as a Yahoo, but, recognizing his high mental and cultural development, are kept separately as an honorary prisoner rather than a slave. The society of the Houyhnhnms is described in the most enthusiastic tones, and the morals of the Yahoos are a satirical allegory of human vices.

Gulliver is eventually expelled from this Utopia, to his deep chagrin, and returns to his family in England.

History of appearance

Judging by Swift's correspondence, he developed the idea for the book around 1720. The beginning of work on the tetralogy dates back to 1721; in January 1723, Swift wrote: “I have left the Land of Horses and am on a flying island ... my two latest travel will soon end."

Work on the book continued until 1725. In 1726, the first two volumes of Gulliver's Travels (without indicating the name of the real author) were published; the other two were published in next year. The book, somewhat spoiled by censorship, enjoys unprecedented success, and its authorship is no secret to anyone. Within a few months, Gulliver's Travels was reprinted three times; translations soon appeared into German, Dutch, Italian and other languages, as well as extensive commentaries deciphering Swift's allusions and allegories.

Supporters of this Gulliver, of whom we have countless numbers, argue that his book will live as long as our language, for its value does not depend on the passing customs of thinking and speech, but consists in a series of observations on the eternal imperfections, recklessness and vices of the human race .

The first French edition of Gulliver sold out within a month, and reprints soon followed; In total, Defontaine's version was published more than 200 times. Undistorted French translation, with magnificent illustrations by Granville, did not appear until 1838.

The popularity of Swift's hero gave rise to numerous imitations, fake sequels, dramatizations and even operettas based on Gulliver's Travels. IN early XIX century in different countries greatly abbreviated children's retellings of Gulliver appear.

Publications in Russia

The first Russian translation of Gulliver's Travels was published in 1772-1773 under the title Gulliver's Travels to Lilliput, Brodinaga, Laputa, Balnibarba, the Houyhnhnms Country, or to Horses. The translation was carried out (from the French edition of Desfontaines) by Erofei Karzhavin. In 1780, the Karzhavin translation was republished.

IN during the XIX century in Russia there were several editions of “Gulliver”, all translations were made from Defontaine’s version. Belinsky spoke favorably of the book, Leo Tolstoy and Maxim Gorky highly valued the book. A complete Russian translation of Gulliver appeared only in 1902.

IN Soviet time the book was published both in full (translation by Adrian Frankovsky) and in abridged form. The first two parts of the book were also published in a children's retelling (translations by Tamara Gabbe, Boris Engelhardt, Valentin Stenich), and in much larger editions, hence the widespread opinion among readers about Gulliver's Travels as a purely children's book. The total circulation of its Soviet publications is several million copies.

Criticism

Swift's satire in the tetralogy has two main goals.

Defenders of religious and liberal values ​​immediately attacked the satirist with harsh criticism. They argued that by insulting a person, he thereby insults God as his creator. In addition to blasphemy, Swift was accused of misanthropy, rudeness and bad taste, with the 4th voyage causing particular indignation.

A balanced study of Swift's work was started by Walter Scott (). WITH late XIX century in Great Britain and other countries several profound scientific research"Gulliver's Travels".

Cultural influence

Swift's book sparked many imitations and sequels. He started them French translator“Gulliver” by Defontaine, who composed “The Travels of Gulliver the Son.” Critics believe that Voltaire's story "Micromegas" () was written under strong influence"Gulliver's Travels".

Swiftian motifs are clearly felt in many of the works of H. G. Wells. For example, in the novel "Mr. Blettsworthy on Rampole Island", a society of savage cannibals allegorizes the vices modern civilization. In the novel “The Time Machine” two races of descendants are bred modern people- bestial Morlocks, reminiscent of Yahoos, and their sophisticated Eloi victims. Wells also has his own noble giants (“Food of the Gods”).

Frigyes Karinthy made Gulliver the hero of his two stories: “Journey to Fa-re-mi-do” (1916) and “Capillaria” (1920). The classic book was also written according to Swift's scheme

Subject: Jonathan Swift “Gulliver's Travels” Journey to the Lilliputians. Journey to the Giants.

Goals:

• arouse children's interest in careful reading classical literary works;
• develop memory, coherent speech;
• learn to generalize, compare, highlight the main thing, give clear answers to questions posed by content literary work questions;
• identify thoughtful readers among class students.

Equipment: exhibition of children's illustrations for the book, portrait of the writer, book “Gulliver's Travels” (Moscow, AST, Astrel, ONIX 21st century, 2004); scarves three colors: red, yellow, green (instead of tracks), tables for the jury, a list of questions with answers for the jury, prizes, medals “Clever Guy”, poster “Clever Guys and Clever Girls”, phonogram “-” of the song “They Teach at School” (words of the converted song children learn in a music lesson or in an after-school group).

PROGRESS OF THE EVENT

I. Organizational moment

II. Message about the topic and rules of the intellectual ring

Jury presentation.

III. introduction

The student assistant briefly tells the biography of the writer.

IV. Application Quiz

All children participate. There is a prize for the best answer.

Quiz questions

• What character traits of Gulliver helped him gain relative freedom in captivity among the Lilliputians?

(P. 91. Impeccable behavior combined with prudence and tact.)

• How were sneakers and informers treated in Lilliput?

(P. 122. They were encouraged if the denunciations turned out to be true. But they were punished harshly if they were caught in a lie.)

• Knowledge of what science helped the Lilliputians to build, cut and sew well?

(P. 125. Knowledge of mathematics.)

• What happened on September 21, 1701?

(Gulliver left the country of Lilliput on a boat, which he found and repaired.)

• On what days did Gulliver not perform in performances in the land of giants?

(He did not perform on Wednesdays. There, this day was considered a day off.)

• What character trait made the farmer take Gulliver to perform in the capital?

(Greed, greed.)

• How many years did Gulliver live with the giants?

(Two years.)

Summing up the quiz.

V. Musical break

Children sing the song “Gulliver”.

I dreamed of traveling
And a doctor became good,
I even studied maritime affairs at school.
Three hundred years is an example for everyone,
Even the name “Gulliver”
Children in every school, every school know.

Got to Lilliput
I followed their laws.
And he took care of the little people.
The giants were surprised
Never lost heart
And one day he was free.

VI. Game participants are invited

These are the children who read the book before other children in the class, made illustrations, and actively worked in extracurricular reading lessons based on the book by D. Defoe. Before the start of the first competition, these guys are awarded “Clever” medals for their diligence in preparing for the game.

VII. First competition. Competition of translators from the languages ​​of Lilliputians and giants

Participants are given cards.

Exercise:

• It is necessary to correctly correlate the proper names in the language of Lilliputians and giants with their translation into our language.

1) Belfaborak. (Capital of the country of Lilliputians.)
2) Flimnap. (Name of the Minister of Finance of Lilliput.)
3) Queenbus Flestrin. (Man-Mountain.)
4) Grildrig. (Tom Thumb.)
5) Glumdalklich. (Little nurse.)
6) Brobdignag. (Name of the country of giants.)

VIII. Second competition. Homework

At home, the children prepared an answer to the question:

– What does D. Defoe’s book “Gulliver’s Travels” teach?

Summing up after two competitions. Participants' choice of scarf color.

IX. Third competition

First questions for participants.

• Where, according to Lilliputian scientists, did Quinbus-Flestrin (Man-Mountain) come from?

(P. 39, 40, 41.)

• What skill (art) were taught to the sons of noblemen of Lilliput? Who was the most dexterous in this art in Lilliput?

(Dancing art on a rope. Minister of Finance Flimnap.)

• What exactly surprised Gulliver in the capital of the Lilliputians?

(“Nowhere in the capital did I notice a trace of dirt and disorder. There were no houses lower than three floors.”)

X. Fourth competition

Second questions for participants.

• What incident caused the enmity between Lilliput and the inhabitants of the island of Blefuscu?

(The incident with the egg. Residents were divided into sharp-pointed and blunt-pointed.
The blunt-ended people found shelter and protection on the island of Blefuscu. The king of Lilliput did not want to put up with this.)

• What did the king of Lilliput demand from the ambassadors of Blefuscu when concluding a peace treaty?

(Write the agreement in the language of the Lilliputians, although both peoples spoke two languages ​​and understood each other perfectly.)

• What was the attitude of the Lilliputians towards doctors? Why?

(P. 124. They took great care of their health, strengthened it, and rarely got sick. The profession of a doctor was simply not in demand there.)

XI. Fifth competition

Third questions for participants.

• Why did the farmer decide to sell Gulliver?

(Gulliver became weak, lost his appetite, and was in danger of dying. The farmer wanted to profit by selling Gulliver for 1,000 gold coins.)

• Why, according to Gulliver, do sailors not visit the land of giants, and why do the giants themselves not know about the existence of other nations?

(The country of giants was located on a peninsula without convenient bays for ships, and in the north there was a chain of mountains with dangerous active volcanoes.)

• What problem did Gulliver have after his return from the land of the giants?

(Everything and everything seemed excessively small to him: houses, people, things.)

Questions for blitz tournaments.

• What surprised Gulliver about the writing style of the Lilliputians?

(P. 120. They wrote the papers diagonally.)

• What sport did the queen think was good for Gulliver?

(Boat rowing with oars.)

• What surprised the cooks, the king, and the residents when Gulliver ate the meat of large animals?

(P. 128. He ate them along with the bones.)

• What did Gulliver give to the captain of the ship that saved him?

(P. 302. A girl’s tooth, which was pulled out by mistake. The tooth was given to Gulliver at his request.)

XII. Prize questions for all the guys

For two correct answers - the “Clever Man” medal.

• What did Gulliver hide from the Lilliputians during the search? For what?

(P. 60. Glasses and telescope.)

• How did the king himself test the dexterity of his ministers?

(P. 64. With the help of a long stick. The first dignitaries did not value their lives and took risks for the sake of their careers.)

• Upon returning from Lilliput to England, Gulliver wrote within two months: “Golden rain fell on me.” What kind of rain is this?

(Gulliver, for a high fee, showed the people of England his small herd brought from Lilliput.)

• Who did the King of the Giants think Gulliver was?

(P. 221. A slot machine or a freak who was born in the land of giants.)

• How was the court dwarf punished for his cruel jokes on Gulliver?

(He was whipped and forced to drink the cream that Gulliver had tasted. The queen gave the dwarf to an evil rich lady.)

XIII. Summarizing

Enrollment into the “Clever Men and Clever Girls” club of those who received the “Clever Man” medals.

Congratulations to the winners on the presentation of prizes and diplomas. Taking photographs.

Sample card for the first competition.

Sample card for jury members.

Gulliver in the land of Lilliput

The hero of the novel is Lemuel Gulliver, a surgeon and traveler, first a ship’s doctor, and then “the captain of several ships.” First amazing country where he ends up is Lilliput.

After a shipwreck, a traveler finds himself ashore. He was tied up by tiny people, no bigger than a little finger.

After making sure that Man-Mountain (or Quinbus Flestrin, as Gulliver’s little ones are called) is peaceful, they find him housing, pass special safety laws, and provide him with food. Try to feed the giant! A guest eats as much as 1728 Lilliputians per day!

The emperor himself talks cordially with the guest. It turns out that the Lily Puts are at war with neighboring state Blefuscu, also inhabited by tiny people. Seeing a threat to the hospitable hosts, Gulliver goes out into the bay and pulls the entire Blefuscu fleet on a rope. For this feat he is awarded the title of nardak (the most high title in the state).

Gulliver is cordially introduced to the customs of the country. He is shown the exercises of rope dancers. The most dexterous dancer can get a vacant position at court. The Lilliputians stage a ceremonial march between Gulliver's widely spaced legs. Man-Mountain takes the oath of allegiance to the state of Lilliput. Her words sound mocking when she lists the titles of the little emperor, who is called “the joy and terror of the Universe.”

Gulliver is dedicated to political system countries. There are two warring parties in Lilliput. What is the cause of this bitter enmity? Supporters of one are adherents of low heels, and adherents of the other - only high heels.

In their war, Lilliput and Blefuscu decide on an equally “important” question: which side to break the eggs on - from the blunt side or from the sharp side.

Having unexpectedly become a victim of the imperial wrath, Gulliver flees to Blefuscu, but even there everyone is happy to get rid of him as quickly as possible.

Gulliver builds a boat and sets sail. Having accidentally met an English merchant ship, he safely returns to his homeland.

Gulliver in the land of giants

The restless ship's doctor sets sail again and ends up in Brobdingnag - the state of giants. Now he himself feels like a midget. In this country, Gulliver also ends up royal court. The King of Brobdingnag, a wise, magnanimous monarch, "despises all mystery, subtlety and intrigue in both sovereigns and ministers." He issues simple and clear laws, cares not about the pomp of his court, but about the well-being of his subjects. This giant does not elevate himself above others, like the king of Lilliput. There is no need for a giant to rise artificially! The inhabitants of Giantia seem to Gulliver to be worthy and respectable people, although not too smart. “The knowledge of this people is very insufficient: it is limited to morals, history, poetry and mathematics.”

Gulliver, by will sea ​​waves turned into a midget, he becomes the favorite toy of Glumdalklich, the royal daughter. This giantess has a gentle soul, she cares about her little man, orders a special house for him.

Faces of giants for a long time seem repulsive to the hero: holes are like pits, hairs are like logs. But then he gets used to it. The ability to get used to and adapt, to be tolerant is one of the psychological qualities hero.

The royal dwarf is offended: he has a rival! Out of jealousy, the vile dwarf plays a lot of nasty tricks on Gulliver, for example, he puts him in the cage of a giant monkey, which almost killed the traveler by nursing and stuffing food into him. Mistook her for her cub!

Gulliver innocently tells the king about the English customs of that time. The king no less innocently declares that this whole story is an accumulation of “conspiracies, unrest, murders, beatings, revolutions and expulsions, which are the worst result of greed, hypocrisy, treachery, cruelty, rage, madness, hatred, envy, malice and ambition.”

The hero is eager to go home to his family.

Chance helps him: a giant eagle picks up his toy house and carries it to the sea, where Lemuel is picked up by a ship again.

Souvenirs from the land of giants: a nail clipping, a thick hair...

It will be a long time before the doctor gets used to life among normal people. They seem too small to him...

Gulliver in the land of scientists

In the third part, Gulliver ends up on the flying island of Laputa. (of the island floating in the sky, the hero descends to earth and ends up in the capital - the city of Lagado. The island belongs to the same fantastic state. Incredible ruin and poverty are simply striking.

There are also a few oases of order and well-being. This is all that remains from the past. normal life. Reformers got carried away with the changes and forgot about pressing needs.

The academics of Lagado are so far from reality that some of them have to be periodically slapped on the nose so that they wake up from their thoughts and do not fall into the ditch. They “invent new methods of agriculture and architecture and new tools and tools for all kinds of crafts and industries, with the help of which, as they assure, one person will do the work of ten; within a week it will be possible to erect a palace from such durable material that it will last forever without requiring any repairs; all the fruits of the earth will ripen at any time of the year according to the desire of consumers..."

Projects remain just projects, and the country “is desolate, houses are in ruins, and the population is starving and walking in rags.”

“Life improver” inventions are simply ridiculous. One in seven years develops an extraction project solar energy from... cucumbers. Then you can use it to warm the air in the event of a cold and rainy summer. Another one came up with new way construction of houses, from the roof to the foundation. A “serious” project has also been developed to turn human excrement back into nutrients.

An experimenter in the field of politics proposes to reconcile warring parties by cutting the heads of opposing leaders, swapping the backs of their heads. This should lead to good agreement.

Houyhnhnms and Yahoos

In the fourth and final part of the novel, as a result of a conspiracy on the ship, Gulliver ends up on a new island - the country of the Houyhnhnms. Houyhnhnms are intelligent horses. Their name is the author's neologism, conveying the neighing of a horse.

Gradually, the traveler discovers the moral superiority of talking animals over his fellow tribesmen: “the behavior of these animals was distinguished by such consistency and purposefulness, such deliberation and prudence.” The Houyhnhnms are endowed human mind, however, they do not know human vices.

Gulliver calls the leader of the Houyhnhnms “master.” And, as in previous travels, the “guest involuntarily” tells the owner about the vices that exist in England. The interlocutor does not understand him, because there is nothing of this in the “horse” country.

In the service of the Houyhnhnms live evil and vile creatures - Yahoos. They look completely similar to humans, only... Naked, Dirty, greedy, unprincipled, devoid of humane principles! Most herds of Yahoos have some sort of ruler. They are always the ugliest and most vicious in the whole herd. Each such leader usually has a favorite (favorite), whose duty is to lick the feet of his master and serve him in every possible way. In gratitude for this, he is sometimes rewarded with a piece of donkey meat.

This favorite is hated by the entire herd. Therefore, for safety, he always remains near his master. Usually he stays in power until someone even worse comes along. As soon as he receives his resignation, immediately all the Yahoos surround him and douse him from head to toe with their excrement. The word "Yahoo" became cultured people designation of a savage who cannot be educated.

Gulliver admires the Houyhnhnms. They are wary of him: he is too similar to a Yahoo. And since he is a Yahoo, then he should live next to them.

In vain did the hero think of spending the rest of his days among the Houyhnhnms - these fair and highly moral creatures. main idea Swift - the idea of ​​tolerance turned out to be alien even to them. The meeting of the Houyhnhnms makes a decision: to expel Gulliver as belonging to the Yahoo breed. And the hero once again - and the last! — once he returns home to his garden in Redrif — “to enjoy his thoughts.”