hope. For example, hail as a type of precipitation and hail as a city: Show off, city of Petrov... (Pushkin the Bronze Horseman)
Or a key - a spring and a key to a castle, a braid - a type of hairstyle and a braid - a tool, etc.
Along with incomplete homonyms, there are three types of incomplete ones: homophones, homographs, homoforms.
Homophones - words that are the same in sound, but different in spelling and meaning: fruit - raft, threshold - vice, milk mushroom - sadness, beg - belittle, oxen - shafts, ear - voice.
"He believed that friends ready
It's an honor to receive him fetter"
"Her pampered fingers they didn’t know needles;
Leaning on hoop"
Homographs - on the contrary, words that are identical in spelling, but different in sound and meaning: organ - organ, flour - flour, castle - castle.
And finally, homoforms - these are words that have the same sound and spelling only in one or more forms, and are completely different in others.
Usually these are different parts of speech: simple (noun) - a break from work and simple (adj.) - not complex. They coincide only in the nominative case.
All these forms activate the play on words and therefore are widely used in poetry, in all kinds of puns. For example, in the epigraph to Eugene Onegin, Pushkin uses consonant phrases: a phrase from Garatius O rus! (O village! and Russian O Rus'!)
So he gradually instills in the reader the idea that true Rus'- rural.
A homonymous pair of words greatly enlivens speech in poetry. Sometimes it's a witty rhyme:
And what does he do? spouse
Alone, in absence spouse?
(A.S. Pushkin Count Nulin)
Or lines from Onegin:
Defender of Liberty and rights
I was in this place completely wrong
3. Additional lexical resources of poetic language
Poetic language other than the main one lexical fund includes special lexical resources , which are usually excluded from literary language, but function spontaneously in spoken language.
Fiction, using such words in poetic language, expands the circle of people who know them.
On the other hand, these words fulfill certain functions in poetic language.
Special lexical resources are classified internally into 4 types:
1) historical: Slavicisms, archaisms, historicisms, neologisms.
2) national: barbarisms.
3) geographical: dialectisms.
4) social: vernacular and professionalisms.
1) Slavicisms, archaisms, historicisms, neologisms
Over time, any national language changes, and the texts of ancient literature have to be literally translated into modern languages(from Old Russian to modern Russian, from Ancient Greek to modern Greek, etc.)
Each word has its own history, competes with other words, and sometimes completely changes its meaning and form. There are, however, words in the language whose historical location does not change.
These are Slavisms - words of Old Slavonic origin: lips, eyes, eyelids, cheeks, etc.
Slavicisms have Russian synonyms: enemy - enemy, shore - shore, night - night, etc.
Slavicisms have 3 functions in poetic language:
1. To give the story an archaic tone.
A.S. Pushkin used many Slavicisms in Onegin:
1) Listen to my sad voice…
2) Mladykh delightful first dream...
3) B lips tried to keep...
4) "Two-legged" creatures millions
For us there is only one weapon..."
"God's Creature" in Church Slavonicism means " living creature created by God.
5) "Alkalo fatal food..." a word of Old Slavonic origin, meaning "passionately desire something."
2. Old Church Slavonic language is still professional language Russian Orthodox Church.
Therefore, in Pushkin’s Boris Godunov, the speech of the clergy is replete with Slavicisms:
The great sin will come
tongues of the earth...
3. The most important function Slavicisms are associated with high calm. The use of Slavicisms adds solemnity to speech.
This is well illustrated by Pushkin’s poem The Prophet:
Arise, prophet, and see and listen,
Be fulfilled by my will.
And, bypassing the seas and lands,
Burn the hearts of people with the verb
Similar to Slavicisms artistic functions perform archaisms and historicisms in poetic language.
Archaisms (from Greek archaios - ancient) - these are words later supplanted from active dictionary in other words.
A large number of archaisms are found in Pushkin in Onegin:
1) What was for him from childhood…
2) Diana's chest, cheeks flora...
3) "The finale thunders, becomes empty hall..."
4) “How you described yourself peeit..."
5) “Enemies gathered and others"
It should be distinguished from archaisms historicisms , words denoting phenomena of the distant historical past. For example: archers, guardsmen, boyars, rent, corvee, maids of honor.
In Onegin we read:
1) Yarem from corvée antique
quitrent replaced with a light one
2) And finally updated
On cotton wool dressing gown and cap
You, of course, guessed that the boys did not understand each other because they were talking about different things, while calling them the same word. This is an example of homonyms. After all, oatmeal is a bird, and oatmeal is also a cereal.
Homonyms- words that are similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. The word "homonym" comes from two Greek words: homos- identical, onimo- Name.
Let's look at examples of homonyms, compare the sound, spelling and meaning of words.
Land strip in the sea
It's called a braid
And the girl has a braid
The colors of ripe oats.
There is dew on the grass -
The scythe mows the grass.
I have one question:
How many braids are there in the world?
Rice. 2. Homonyms: braid ()
Scythe- a narrow sandbank running from the shore.
Scythe- braided hair.
Scythe- a tool for cutting grass.
Porridge is ripe in the meadow.
The cow Mashka eats porridge.
Masha likes lunch:
There is nothing tastier!
Porridge- white clover.
Porridge- a dish made from grains boiled in water or milk.
Say "spring" -
And then it arose
Runs in the green thicket
A cheerful babbling key.
And we call the spring a key
(The door key has nothing to do with it).
Rice. 3. Homonyms: Key ()
Key- spring.
Key- device for the lock.
We are foxes
Friendly sisters.
Well, who are you?
We are foxes too!
What, with just one paw?
No, still with a hat.
Rice. 4. Homonyms: Chanterelles ()
Chanterelles- mushrooms.
Chanterelles- animals.
Come learn shooting with me
And look for me on the ridge.
I can hit the bird accurately,
I also end up in cabbage soup.
Rice. 5. Homonyms: Onion ()
Onion- plant.
Polysemantic words and homonyms are written the same way. The main difference The difference between them is that polysemantic words have something in common in their lexical meaning (color, shape), while homonyms have completely different lexical meanings.
If you are in doubt about the definition of a polysemantic word or homonym, it will come to your aid explanatory dictionary. Let's look at the difference in recording dictionary entries:
The root is a polysemantic word that has several meanings:
1. The underground part of plants.
2. Interior hair, tooth
3. Beginning, source of something (figurative meaning).
4. Significant part words.
In the dictionary polysemantic word each of its values is indicated by a number.
Let's look at how homonyms are presented in the dictionary. For example:
A tap is a shut-off device in the form of a tube for releasing liquid or gas.
A crane is a machine for lifting and moving loads over short distances.
In the dictionary, homonyms have a separate dictionary entry.
The meaning of homonyms can be determined only when the word is used in a phrase or sentence.
Let's complete the task.
Let's look at the pictures. Let's make sentences or phrases with homonyms to show their differences lexical meaning.
1. Fluffy mink.
2. Deep mink.
Rice. 11. Homonyms: Mink ()
1. We saw a picture of a predatory lynx.
2. The horse was trotting.
Rice. 12. Homonyms: Lynx ()
1. Do not pollute the environment.
2. Grandma will come on Wednesday.
Rice. 13. Homonyms: Wednesday ()
So, we learned that in the Russian language there are words that are written and pronounced the same, but have different lexical meanings. These words are called homonyms.
Homonyms are often used in puzzles and riddles, for example:
What fabric cannot be used to make a shirt?
From the railway.
Which tap can you not drink from?
From the lift.
In which cage are birds and animals not kept?
In the chest.
In which forests is there no game?
In construction.
What kind of belt should you not wear?
- Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
- Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass.
- Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard.
- Bukina-69.ucoz.ru ().
- Toyskola.ucoz.ru ().
- Festival pedagogical ideas "Open lesson" ().
- Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012. Part 2. Do the exercise. 33, 34 P. 25.
- Choose homonyms for these words. Make up sentences to make the meaning of the words clear.
Castle, foam, cream.
- * Using the knowledge acquired in class, come up with riddles or puzzles where the answers are homonym words.
Homonyms- these are different in meaning, but identical sounding or spelling units of language - words, morphemes.
Derived from Greek homos- identical and onyma- Name.
There are several types of homonyms: full and partial, graphic and grammatical, phonetic and homonymous.
U full/absolute homonyms the entire system of forms coincides. For example, key(for castle) - key(spring), bugle(blacksmith) - bugle(wind instrument).
U partial Not all forms have the same sound. For example, weasel(animal) and weasel(show of endearment) diverge in form genitive case plural - caress - caress.
Graphic homonyms or homographs- words that are the same in spelling, but differ in pronunciation (in Russian due to differences in stress).
From Greek homos- identical and graphic- I’m writing.
Atlas - atlas
lead - lead
whiskey - whiskey
road - road
castle - castle
smell - smell
great - great
goats - goats
lesok - lesok
little - little
flour - flour
hell - hell
pier - pier
forty - forty
Already - already
Grammatical homonyms or homoforms- words that sound the same only in some grammatical forms and at the same time most often belong to different parts speech.
I'm flying by plane and I'm flying throat (in other forms - fly and heal, flew and treated, etc.); acute saw And saw compote (in other forms - saw and drink, saw and drink, etc.).
Homonymous morphemes or homomorphemes- morphemes that are the same in their sound composition, but different in meaning.
Derived from Greek homos- identical and morphe- form.
For example, the suffix -tel in nouns teacher(meaning actor) And switch(the meaning of the current item); suffix -ets in words sage, male, cutter and brother; suffix -k(a) in words river, training, extras and graduate student.
And the most interesting Phonetic homonyms or homophones- words that sound the same but are spelled differently and have different meaning.
Derived from Greek ὀμόφωνο
- "sound-likeness".
Examples in Russian:
threshold - vice - park,
meadow - onion, fruit - raft,
mascara - mascara,
fall - you will fall,
ball - point,
inert - bony,
betray - give,
emit - imitate.
In the Russian language, the two main sources of homophony are the phenomenon of deafening consonants at the end of words and before another consonant and the reduction of vowels in an unstressed position.
Homophony also includes cases of phonetic coincidence of a word and a phrase or two phrases. The letters used can be completely identical and the difference in spelling is only in the placement of spaces:
in place - together,
in everything - at all,
from mint - crushed,
from the hatch - and the angry one,
not mine - dumb.
In English, homophones arose as a result of the historically established different designations in writing for the same consonant or vowel sound, for example:
whole-hole,
knew - new.
In French There are whole series of homophones consisting of three to six words, one of the reasons for which is that in French many final letters are not readable.
Sources: Wikipedia, Dictionaries, Directories
Homonyms
(from Greek homos - identical + onyma, onoma - name) - words belonging to the same part of speech and sounding the same, but different in meaning.
Example: marriage (matrimony) - defect (damaged products)
to atone (guilt) - to bathe (in the bath)
Terminological dictionary-thesaurus in literary criticism. From allegory to iambic. - M.: Flinta, Science. N.Yu. Rusova. 2004.
See what “homonyms” are in other dictionaries:
Homonyms- (from the Greek ὁμός identical and ονομα name) language units different in meaning, but identical in spelling and sound (words, morphemes, etc.). The term was introduced by Aristotle. Not to be confused with homophones. Contents 1 Classification 2 Examples 2.1 Words ... Wikipedia
Homonyms- (Greek) words that coincide with each other in their sound but have a complete discrepancy in meaning. Example: “bow” (weapon) “bow” (plant). Usually the appearance of O. in the language is explained coincidence once different foundations as a result of a series of... Literary encyclopedia
HOMONYMS- (Greek homonymos, from homos similar, and onoma name). Words that have the same pronunciation but different meaning or spelled differently, but pronounced the same. For example, a stove pipe and a musical pipe, flour like suffering, and ground flour... ... Dictionary foreign words Russian language
Homonyms- HOMONYMS words that have same sound, but different in meaning. For example, “swords” (from the word “sword”) and “swords” (from the word “throw”); “three” (number) and “three” (from the word “rub”), etc. A pun game is built on homonyms (see pun), and already with ... Dictionary of literary terms
HOMONYMS- (from the Greek homos identical and onyma name), different in meaning, but identical sounding and written units of language (words, morphemes, etc.), for example, trot running and lynx animal... Modern encyclopedia
HOMONYMS- (from the Greek homos identical and onyma name) different, but identically sounding and written units of language (words, morphemes, etc.), for example. lynx running and lynx animal... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
HOMONYMS- (from Greek homos – identical + onyma – name). Words that belong to the same part of speech and sound the same, but have different meanings. There are O. complete (in which the entire system of forms is the same), partial (in which the sound is the same... ... New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)
HOMONYMS- (from Greek homos identical + onyma, onoma name) words with different meanings, which, however, are written and pronounced the same. For example, in English O.'s language includes the words pupil (student and pupil), as well as iris (iris of the eye and rainbow); in Russian language... ... Great psychological encyclopedia
homonyms- Identical terms denoting different entities. [GOST 34.320 96] Database topics EN homonyms ... Technical Translator's Guide
Homonyms- (from the Greek homos identical and onyma name), different in meaning, but identical sounding and written units of language (words, morphemes, etc.), for example, “trot” running and “lynx” animal. ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
homonyms- (ancient Greek ομος homos identical + onyma, ονυμά name) Words that have the same sound but different meanings: braid1 (girl’s hairstyle), scythe2 (tool), scythe3 (river spit, peninsula in the form of a narrow shallow). Interlingual homonyms occur... ... Dictionary linguistic terms T.V. Foal
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- Homonyms of Russian dialect speech, M. Alekseenko, O. Litvinnikova. This is the first attempt at a dictionary of Russian homonyms dialect speech. Includes words of different grammatical classes. Refers to the partial explanatory type of dictionaries. Called...
Homonyms are words that sound and spell the same, but have nothing in common in meaning. The term comes from the Greek language: homos - “same”, onyma - “name”. Let's say onion– plant and onion- weapons for throwing arrows, drown stove And sink ships.
Let's consider types of homonyms.
1. Some words are written the same but pronounced differently: castle And castle, steam(linen, vegetables) and steam(in the clouds) worth it(bread in the store) and worth it(car, tree). Such words are called homographs , which translated from Greek means “spelled the same way.”
2. There are words that are pronounced the same, but they must be written differently. For example, pond And rod, metal And metal, five And span. This homophones , translated from Greek - “sounding the same.”
Among homophones there are many pairs that coincide not in all of their forms, but in some or even one. If you start changing words by cases and numbers, you will immediately notice a difference in their sound. Let's say by the pond, to the pond – two rods, hit with a rod. Word " three"can also be a numeral ( three apples, three things) and verb ( three is stronger!). But not all forms of these words will coincide: rub, rubbed – three, three. Same shapes different words are called homoforms .
Homonyms can be a hindrance in language communication, especially great difficulty they represent for the translator. In this case, context helps, because... in natural conversation, words are rarely used in isolation. From the context it is quite easy to guess what meaning is meant: This is a very simple example. Equipment downtime is quite expensive.
§ 51. Homonymy and its types
The polysemy of words is a large and multifaceted problem; various issues of lexicology are associated with it, in particular the problem of homonymy. Homonyms – words that sound the same but have different meanings. The relationship between polysemy and homonymy is historically determined. With the development of language, “the same inner shell of a word acquires shoots of new meanings and meanings” [Vinogradov V.V. 1947: 14]. Homonyms in some cases arise from polysemy that has undergone a process of destruction: fist– hand with clenched fingers and fist- a wealthy peasant, a good strong owner, and then fist – peasant exploiter (class definition). The problem of distinguishing between polysemy and homonymy is complex; linguists offer various criteria for distinguishing between these phenomena. There are several approaches.
O.S. Akhmanova built the distinction between polysemy and homonymy, first of all, taking into account the nature of the relationship of the word with objective reality. If each value is an independent name a certain subject surrounding world and is independent of any other object, then these meanings belong to different homonym words. For example: hail (city) and hail (precipitation); braid (hairstyle), scythe (shoal) and scythe (tool).
E. M. Galkina-Fedoruk was of the opinion that the distinction between polysemy and homonymy should be made by selecting synonyms. If synonyms have nothing in common, then these are homonyms: bur (drill) - bur ( coniferous forest) – boron (chemical element).
A number of scientists, without rejecting the mentioned criteria, also proposed taking into account derivational features: for example, reaction as a term various sciences has different word-formation series: reaction (biol., chemical) reagent, reactive, reactivity; reaction(political) – reactionary, reactionary, reactionary.
Homonyms often have different syntactic compatibility, different shapes controls: care from work and care for a child, for flowers; change plan, but change homeland. However, these delimitation criteria are not universal, so sometimes there are discrepancies in dictionaries. The sources of homonymy are the following:
Homonyms are a product of the collapse of polysemy: drying - drying and drying - type of product (steering wheel).
Derivative homonyms: buy (from the verb “buy”) and (from the verb “to bathe”).
Consequence historical change sound appearance of different words: IS (available) and IS (eat) coincided in sound mid-18th century c.: the sound “ê” (closed) or the Old Russian diphthong “ie” (transmitted in writing by the letter Ђ “yat”) began to be pronounced as [e], so the pronunciation of the words ceased to differ. In 1918, a spelling reform was carried out, some letters were abolished, including the letter Ђ, and the above words coincided not only in sound, but also in spelling. Let's give another example. Word lynx(animal) in ancient times sounded like “laugh” and was the same root as the words blush, red; then "ds" was simplified into "s". Word lynx just as the running of a horse goes back to the Old Russian “rist” (cf. ristalishche), later the final “t” “disappeared, and the “r” hardened.
The richest source of homonymy are borrowed words, for example: tour (bull - Old Russian) and tour (from French): waltz tour, beam (ravine - from Turkic languages) and beam (log - from German), marriage (marriage - Russian) and marriage (flaw - from German) and others.
Homonyms are divided into complete, or actually lexical homonyms, and incomplete homonyms, among which, in turn, several types are distinguished. TO actual lexical homonyms include, for example: English: flaw1 – crack; flaw2 – gust of wind; Russian: light1 – energy; light2 – world, universe. These words have the same sound, spelling and belong to the same part of speech. The types of incomplete homonyms are as follows:
1. Homophones - words and forms of different meanings, identical in sound, but different in spelling:
meadow (field) - bow (shooting weapon), ball (dance evening) - point (score).
2. Homographs - words that are different in meaning and sound, but identical in spelling:
atlas (fabric) – atlas (collection of geographical maps), zamok – castle.
3. Omoforms (morphological homonyms) – words that have the same sound and spelling in one or more grammatical forms:
swarm (noun) of bees – swarm (verb) hole, dear (noun) – dear (adj.), new saw (noun) – drank (verb) coffee, tourniquet (verb) grass – medical tourniquet ( noun).
Homonyms are adjacent to paronyms – Words that are similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. They are sometimes mistakenly used one instead of the other: subscription (the right to use something) and subscriber (a person who has a subscription); effective (effective) and spectacular (conspicuous); secretive (closed) person and hidden (invisible) mechanism and many others.
Homonyms are words that have different meanings, but are the same in sound and spelling.
Word homonym came from the Greek. homos - identical + onyma - name.
There are the most homonyms among nouns and verbs.
Example:
1. DEFEND - protect (defend a friend).
2. STAND - stand (stand in line).
3. STAND AWAY - to be at some distance from someone or something. (the airport is five kilometers from the city).
Reasons for the appearance of homonyms in the language
random coincidence of words:
Example:
1. ONION - borrowing A garden plant with a pungent taste.
2. ONION - historical-russian A hand-held weapon for throwing arrows, made from a flexible, elastic rod (usually wood) pulled into an arc by a bowstring.
coincidence in the formation of new words:
Example:
SEND - send on an errand. A person carrying out an assignment - 1. AMBASSADOR .
SALT - preserve something in a salty solution. Method of salting foods - 2. AMBASSADOR .
loss of semantic connection between the meanings of a polysemantic word.
Example:
This happened in ancient times with the word LIGHT :
LIGHT - 1) lighting, 2) earth, world, universe.
These meanings have become so distant that they have lost their semantic connection with each other. Now these are two different words.
1. LIGHT is radiant energy that makes the world around us visible.
2. LIGHT - Earth, world, universe.
Homonyms must be distinguished from ambiguous words. The meanings of homonyms are clear only in phrases and sentences. A single word GENUS unclear. But, if you introduce it into a phrase, it will become clear what we are talking about:
Example:
ancient genus , male genus .
Types of homonyms
Often homonyms, homoforms, homophones and homographs are used in puns - witty expressions, jokes.
Example:
You this umbrella is NOT MINE, because it is NOT MINE, you lost it Mute.
You must use homonyms, homoforms, homophones and homographs in your speech very carefully. Sometimes they lead to unwanted ambiguity.
Example:
Yesterday I visited Poetry Day. Day poetry? Or bottom poetry?
