- Complete (absolute) homonyms are homonyms in which the entire system of forms coincides. For example, key (for lock) - key (spring), forge (blacksmith) - bugle (wind instrument).
- Partial homonyms are homonyms in which not all forms have the same sound. For example, weasel (animal) And caress (show of tenderness) diverge in shape genitive case plural (caresses - caress).
- Graphic homonyms. See homographs. (Graphic homonyms in the Wikipedia project are presented in the category Polysemous terms)
- Phonetic homonyms. See homophones.
- Homonymous morphemes. See homomorphemes.
- Grammatical homonyms. See homoforms.
Examples
Words
- A scythe is on a girl’s head, a scythe is a tool for mowing, a scythe is geographical name(Curonian Spit)
- The key is a musical sign, the key is from the door, the key is natural spring water.
- Onion is a plant, onion is a weapon.
- A pen is a writing pen (gel, ballpoint, etc.), a pen is a human hand.
Phrases from homonyms
- Mowed with a scythe with a scythe (a well-known problematic phrase for foreigners):
See also
Homonymy in taxonomy
Links
- Homonym- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
See what “Homonyms” are in other dictionaries:
- (Greek) words that coincide with each other in their sound but have a complete discrepancy in meaning. Example: “bow” (weapon) “bow” (plant). Usually the appearance of O. in the language is explained coincidence once different foundations as a result of a series of... Literary encyclopedia
- (Greek homonymos, from homos similar, and onoma name). Words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings or are spelled differently but pronounced the same way. For example, a stove pipe and a musical pipe, flour like suffering, and ground flour... ... Dictionary foreign words Russian language
Homonyms- HOMONYMS words that have same sound, but different in meaning. For example, “swords” (from the word “sword”) and “swords” (from the word “throw”); “three” (number) and “three” (from the word “rub”), etc. A pun game is built on homonyms (see pun), and already with ... Dictionary literary terms
- (from the Greek homos identical and onyma name), different in meaning, but identical sounding and written units of language (words, morphemes, etc.), for example, trot running and lynx animal... Modern encyclopedia
- (from the Greek homos identical and onyma name) different, but identically sounding and written units of language (words, morphemes, etc.), for example. lynx running and lynx animal... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
HOMONYMS- (from Greek homos – identical + onyma – name). Words that belong to the same part of speech and sound the same, but have different meanings. There are O. complete (in which the entire system of forms is the same), partial (in which the sound is the same... ... New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)
HOMONYMS- (from Greek homos identical + onyma, onoma name) words with different meanings, which, however, are written and pronounced the same. For example, in English O.'s language includes the words pupil (student and pupil), as well as iris (iris of the eye and rainbow); in Russian language... ... Great psychological encyclopedia
homonyms- Identical terms denoting different entities. [GOST 34.320 96] Database topics EN homonyms ... Technical Translator's Guide
Homonyms- (from the Greek homos identical and onyma name), different in meaning, but identical sounding and written units of language (words, morphemes, etc.), for example, “trot” running and “lynx” animal. ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
homonyms- (ancient Greek ομος homos identical + onyma, ονυμά name) Words that have the same sound, but different meaning: braid1 (girl's hairstyle), scythe2 (tool), scythe3 (river spit, peninsula in the form of a narrow sandbank). Interlingual homonyms occur... ... Dictionary linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Books
- Homonyms of Russian dialect speech, M. Alekseenko, O. Litvinnikova. This is the first attempt at a dictionary of Russian homonyms dialect speech. Includes words of different grammatical classes. Refers to the partial explanatory type of dictionaries. Called...
Homonyms are words that sound and spell the same, but have nothing in common in meaning. The term comes from the Greek language: homos - “same”, onyma - “name”. Let's say onion– plant and onion- weapons for throwing arrows, drown stove And sink ships.
Let's consider types of homonyms.
1. Some words are written the same but pronounced differently: castle And castle, steam(linen, vegetables) and steam(in the clouds) worth it(bread in the store) and worth it(car, tree). Such words are called homographs , which translated from Greek means “spelled the same way.”
2. There are words that are pronounced the same, but they must be written differently. For example, pond And rod, metal And metal, five And span. This homophones , translated from Greek - “sounding the same.”
Among homophones there are many pairs that coincide not in all of their forms, but in some or even one. If you start changing words by cases and numbers, you will immediately notice a difference in their sound. Let's say by the pond, to the pond – two rods, hit with a rod. Word " three"can also be a numeral ( three apples, three things) and verb ( three is stronger!). But not all forms of these words will coincide: rub, rubbed – three, three. Identical forms of different words are called homoforms .
Homonyms can be a hindrance in language communication, especially great difficulty they represent for the translator. In this case, context helps, because... in natural conversation, words are rarely used in isolation. From the context it is quite easy to guess what meaning is meant: This is a very simple example. Equipment downtime is quite expensive.
§ 51. Homonymy and its types
The polysemy of words is a large and multifaceted problem; various issues of lexicology are associated with it, in particular the problem of homonymy. Homonyms – words that sound the same but have different meanings. The relationship between polysemy and homonymy is historically determined. With the development of language, “the same inner shell of a word acquires shoots of new meanings and meanings” [Vinogradov V.V. 1947: 14]. Homonyms in some cases arise from polysemy that has undergone a process of destruction: fist– hand with clenched fingers and fist- a wealthy peasant, a good strong owner, and then fist – peasant exploiter (class definition). The problem of distinguishing between polysemy and homonymy is complex; linguists offer various criteria for distinguishing between these phenomena. There are several approaches.
O.S. Akhmanova built the distinction between polysemy and homonymy, first of all, taking into account the nature of the relationship of the word with objective reality. If each value is an independent name a certain subject surrounding world and is independent of any other object, then these meanings belong to different homonym words. For example: hail (city) and hail (precipitation); braid (hairstyle), scythe (shoal) and scythe (tool).
E. M. Galkina-Fedoruk was of the opinion that the distinction between polysemy and homonymy should be made by selecting synonyms. If synonyms have nothing in common, then these are homonyms: bur (drill) - bur ( coniferous forest) – boron (chemical element).
A number of scientists, without rejecting the mentioned criteria, also proposed taking into account derivational features: for example, reaction as a term various sciences has different word-formation series: reaction (biol., chemical) reagent, reactive, reactivity; reaction(political) – reactionary, reactionary, reactionary.
Homonyms often have different syntactic compatibility, different shapes controls: care from work and care for a child, for flowers; change plan, but change homeland. However, these delimitation criteria are not universal, so sometimes there are discrepancies in dictionaries. The sources of homonymy are the following:
Homonyms are a product of the collapse of polysemy: drying - drying and drying - type of product (steering wheel).
Derivative homonyms: buy (from the verb “buy”) and (from the verb “to bathe”).
Consequence historical change sound appearance of different words: IS (available) and IS (eat) coincided in sound mid-18th century c.: the sound “ê” (closed) or the Old Russian diphthong “ie” (transmitted in writing by the letter Ђ “yat”) began to be pronounced as [e], so the pronunciation of the words ceased to differ. In 1918, a spelling reform was carried out, some letters were abolished, including the letter Ђ, and the above words coincided not only in sound, but also in spelling. Let's give another example. Word lynx(animal) in ancient times sounded like “laugh” and was the same root as the words blush, red; then "ds" was simplified into "s". Word lynx just as the running of a horse goes back to the Old Russian “rist” (cf. ristalishche), later the final “t” “disappeared, and the “r” hardened.
The richest source of homonymy are borrowed words, for example: tour (bull - Old Russian) and tour (from French): waltz tour, beam (ravine - from Turkic languages) and beam (log - from German), marriage (marriage - Russian) and marriage (flaw - from German) and others.
Homonyms are divided into complete ones, or actually lexical homonyms, and incomplete homonyms, among which, in turn, several types are distinguished. TO actual lexical homonyms include, for example: English: flaw1 – crack; flaw2 – gust of wind; Russian: light1 – energy; light2 – world, universe. These words have the same sound, spelling and belong to the same part of speech. The types of incomplete homonyms are as follows:
1. Homophones - words and forms of different meanings, identical in sound, but different in spelling:
meadow (field) - bow (shooting weapon), ball (dance evening) - point (score).
2. Homographs - words that are different in meaning and sound, but identical in spelling:
atlas (fabric) – atlas (collection of geographical maps), zamok – castle.
3. Omoforms (morphological homonyms) – words that have the same sound and spelling in one or more grammatical forms:
swarm (noun) of bees – swarm (verb) hole, dear (noun) – dear (adj.), new saw (noun) – drank (verb) coffee, tourniquet (verb) grass – medical tourniquet ( noun).
Homonyms are adjacent to paronyms – Words that are similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. They are sometimes mistakenly used one instead of the other: subscription (the right to use something) and subscriber (a person who has a subscription); effective (effective) and spectacular (conspicuous); secretive (closed) person and hidden (invisible) mechanism and many others.
Homonyms are words that have different meanings, but are the same in sound and spelling.
Word homonym came from the Greek. homos - identical + onyma - name.
There are the most homonyms among nouns and verbs.
Example:
1. DEFEND - protect (defend a friend).
2. STAND - stand (stand in line).
3. STAND AWAY - to be at some distance from someone or something. (the airport is five kilometers from the city).
Reasons for the appearance of homonyms in the language
random coincidence of words:
Example:
1. ONION - borrowing A garden plant with a pungent taste.
2. ONION - historical-russian A hand-held weapon for throwing arrows, made from a flexible, elastic rod (usually wood) pulled into an arc by a bowstring.
coincidence in the formation of new words:
Example:
SEND - send on an errand. A person carrying out an assignment - 1. AMBASSADOR .
SALT - preserve something in a salty solution. Method of salting foods - 2. AMBASSADOR .
loss of semantic connection between the meanings of a polysemantic word.
Example:
This happened in ancient times with the word LIGHT :
LIGHT - 1) lighting, 2) earth, world, universe.
These meanings have become so distant that they have lost their semantic connection with each other. Now these are two different words.
1. LIGHT is radiant energy that makes the world around us visible.
2. LIGHT - Earth, world, universe.
Homonyms must be distinguished from polysemantic words. The meanings of homonyms are clear only in phrases and sentences. A single word GENUS unclear. But, if you introduce it into a phrase, it will become clear what we are talking about:
Example:
ancient genus , male genus .
Types of homonyms
Often homonyms, homoforms, homophones and homographs are used in puns - witty expressions, jokes.
Example:
You this umbrella is NOT MINE, because it is NOT MINE, you lost it Mute.
You must use homonyms, homoforms, homophones and homographs in your speech very carefully. Sometimes they lead to unwanted ambiguity.
Example:
Yesterday I visited Poetry Day. Day poetry? Or bottom poetry?
You, of course, guessed that the boys did not understand each other because they were talking about different things, while calling them the same word. This is an example of homonyms. After all, oatmeal is a bird, and oatmeal is also a cereal.
Homonyms- words that are similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. The word "homonym" comes from two Greek words: homos- identical, onimo- Name.
Let's look at examples of homonyms, compare the sound, spelling and meaning of words.
Land strip in the sea
It's called a braid
And the girl has a braid
The colors of ripe oats.
There is dew on the grass -
The scythe mows the grass.
I have one question:
How many braids are there in the world?
Rice. 2. Homonyms: braid ()
Scythe- a narrow sandbank running from the shore.
Scythe- braided hair.
Scythe- a tool for cutting grass.
Porridge is ripe in the meadow.
The cow Mashka eats porridge.
Masha likes lunch:
There is nothing tastier!
Porridge- white clover.
Porridge- a dish made from grains boiled in water or milk.
Say "spring" -
And then it arose
Runs in the green thicket
A cheerful babbling key.
And we call the spring a key
(The door key has nothing to do with it).
Rice. 3. Homonyms: Key ()
Key- spring.
Key- device for the lock.
We are foxes
Friendly sisters.
Well, who are you?
We are foxes too!
What, with just one paw?
No, still with a hat.
Rice. 4. Homonyms: Chanterelles ()
Chanterelles- mushrooms.
Chanterelles- animals.
Come learn shooting with me
And look for me on the ridge.
I can hit the bird accurately,
I also end up in cabbage soup.
Rice. 5. Homonyms: Onion ()
Onion- plant.
Polysemantic words and homonyms are written the same way. The main difference The difference between them is that polysemantic words have something in common in their lexical meaning (color, shape), while homonyms have completely different lexical meanings.
If you are in doubt about the definition of a polysemantic word or homonym, it will come to your aid explanatory dictionary. Let's look at the difference in recording dictionary entries:
The root is a polysemantic word that has several meanings:
1. The underground part of plants.
2. Interior hair, tooth
3. Beginning, source of something (figurative meaning).
4. Significant part words.
In the dictionary, a polysemantic word has each meaning indicated by a number.
Let's look at how homonyms are presented in the dictionary. For example:
A tap is a shut-off device in the form of a tube for releasing liquid or gas.
A crane is a machine for lifting and moving loads over short distances.
In the dictionary, homonyms have a separate dictionary entry.
The meaning of homonyms can be determined only when the word is used in a phrase or sentence.
Let's complete the task.
Let's look at the pictures. Let's make sentences or phrases with homonyms to show their differences lexical meaning.
1. Fluffy mink.
2. Deep mink.
Rice. 11. Homonyms: Mink ()
1. We saw a picture of a predatory lynx.
2. The horse was trotting.
Rice. 12. Homonyms: Lynx ()
1. Do not pollute the environment.
2. Grandma will come on Wednesday.
Rice. 13. Homonyms: Wednesday ()
So, we learned that in the Russian language there are words that are written and pronounced the same, but have different lexical meanings. These words are called homonyms.
Homonyms are often used in puzzles and riddles, for example:
What fabric cannot be used to make a shirt?
From the railway.
Which tap can you not drink from?
From the lift.
In which cage are birds and animals not kept?
In the chest.
In which forests is there no game?
In construction.
What kind of belt should you not wear?
- Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
- Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass.
- Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard.
- Bukina-69.ucoz.ru ().
- Toyskola.ucoz.ru ().
- Festival pedagogical ideas "Open lesson" ().
- Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012. Part 2. Do the exercise. 33, 34 P. 25.
- Choose homonyms for these words. Make up sentences to make the meaning of the words clear.
Castle, foam, cream.
- * Using the knowledge acquired in class, come up with riddles or puzzles where the answers are homonym words.
In many languages of the planet there is such a thing as homonymy. It is based on the fact that words and morphemes that are identical in sound and spelling have different meanings. They are called "homonyms". Examples of them are found everywhere. We use them extremely often in ordinary speech.
Homonyms
Examples confirming this phenomenon, are known to many. These are the common words:
- “bow” in the meaning of plant and weapon;
- “escape”, in one case denoting a young branch, and in the other - an unauthorized hasty departure.
Out of context, it is difficult to determine in what exact meaning these homonyms are used. Example sentences with words will demonstrate this phenomenon clearly.
- Green onions are especially good in vegetable salads.
- A boy was given a toy bow and arrow for his birthday.
- The apple tree produced a young shoot, but the gardener pruned it in the fall.
- The Count of Monte Cristo escaped from prison in a creative way, replacing the prisoner's corpse with himself.
Examples of phrases will help you understand what homonyms mean:
- “green onions” and “sharp onions”;
- “maiden braid” and “river braid”;
- "three apples" and "three rag stain".
This phenomenon is quite entertaining, therefore it is often used by Russian language teachers as an entertaining technique in studying the subject, a way to expand vocabulary and the outlook of students.
Games with homonyms in lessons and extracurricular activities
To conduct this competition, you should prepare pairs of words that have the same pronunciation and spelling, but completely different meanings. Players are offered only meanings, and the words themselves (you can use the same spelling for both) are hidden under a cardboard picture that will serve as a point token, for example, a template of a tree leaf, an apple, a gold bar. The participant who correctly names the homonyms receives this emblem as a point after the correct answer. At the end of the game, the token points are tallied and a winner is chosen.
Homonyms are suitable for the competition, examples of which can be as follows (it should be recalled that only pictures are presented to participants and spectators, the words themselves are closed):
- “shop” as a piece of furniture and a small retail outlet;
- the word "lama", appearing in one sense as an animal, and in another - as a Tibetan monk.
During the lesson, you can offer students one or two pairs of words. Completing this task will only take a few minutes, but the benefits will be enormous. Indeed, in addition to the above, this type activities generate and strengthen interest in learning the Russian language.
Homonymy and polysemy
Many words have more than one meaning. Although they have the same spelling, they differ lexically. It is necessary to distinguish between homonyms and polysemantic words. Examples of polysemy are also quite common. For example, two words pronounced like “key” can act as homonyms in the following way:
- spring and device for opening.
But in the meanings of “violin”, “wrench”, “from a door lock”, “a device for rolling up cans”, “key” is one word. This is amazing linguistic feature, which should already be considered as a phenomenon of polysemy. After all, each listed option involves the key’s ability to open something: a line of music or some object. This is one word with different meanings, and not different homonyms.
There are a great many examples of such polysemantic words in Russian speech. Sometimes it is quite difficult to separate them from homonyms.
Polysemy sometimes occurs from the transition of a name based on external similarity. This is
- “sleeve” - a separate river bed and part of the shirt;
- "ribbon" - a device for a girl's hairstyle and long road, the moving part of the conveyor.
The ambiguity of these words arose from the external similarity of some features. For example, a sleeve in clothing is separated from a common large item. And the branching of the riverbed resembles the same phenomenon. Actually, the word “trouser leg” could have appeared in this version, but for some reason the Russian people chose “sleeve”.
The tape is a narrow, long object. Apparently, the person who invented the conveyor saw the similarity of its moving part with a device for a girl’s hairstyle. This is how the name transition occurred, the phenomenon of polysemy.
Etymological homonymy
A group of words belongs to homonyms unambiguously, since their very origin is already different. Therefore, in the task “Give examples of homonyms that differ etymologically,” you need to select words that came into Russian speech from different languages. To do this, you should look into the etymological dictionary.
These are the word “boron”, meaning chemical element, and its homonym is pine forest. The first noun came into Russian speech from Persian language, where it sounded like “borax”, that is, boron compounds. The name is pine forest is of Slavic origin.
Some linguists believe that the existence of the phenomenon of homonymy should be recognized only where the etymology of the words itself differs.
These same linguists do not see homonymy in the noun “ether” as organic matter and in the meaning of “radio broadcasting and television”. After all, historically both words have a common etymology. They come from the ancient Greek root αἰθήρ, which means “mountain air”. And if the task says: “Give examples of homonyms,” and the answerer uses the word “ether” in two meanings, then these scientists will consider the answer incorrect.
Disputes among linguists about polysemy and homonymy
However, not everyone can determine offhand historical origin words This often requires special dictionaries. Therefore, most people see that the meanings of the word “ether” are completely different and classify them as homonyms. Therefore, some linguists also do not see the polysemy here. TO different words The explanatory dictionary classifies them with different meanings.
Examples of homonyms that cause controversy among linguists are:
- “braid” in the meaning of a hairstyle and a tool for mowing, since some argue that there is a transition of the name based on external similarity (thin and long);
- “pen” as a tool for writing, a device for opening, turning on, since some people determine ambiguity by the fact that they overlap in the method of action (writing and opening with the hand);
- “feather” in the sense of “handle” and as a cutaneous horny formation of birds and some dinosaurs, considering that the first meaning came to the word from the historical method of writing with bird feathers.
Some linguists classify as homonymy all words in which polysemy can be traced. They consider polysemy to be only a special case.
Full homonyms
Linguists divide words that have the same pronunciation and spelling and have different meanings into two groups. Those belonging to one grammatical category full lexical homonyms. Examples of these: “braid”, “tongue”, “escape”, “key” and others. In all their forms, these words are the same in both spelling and pronunciation.
Incomplete or partial homonyms
Words that coincide only in some forms are also highlighted. These are grammatical homonyms. Examples of this phenomenon often relate to different parts speeches:
- "three" - 2nd person verb singular imperative mood with the initial form “rub” and “three” - a cardinal number;
- "oven" is a verb in indefinite form and “oven” is a noun feminine singular;
- “saw” is a feminine singular verb in the past tense and “saw” is a feminine singular noun.
Grammatical homonymy is also observed in words belonging to the same part of speech. For example, the 1st person singular verbs of the present tense are “I’m flying.” The first word is defined as an action related to medicine. Already the infinitive will sound like “to treat.” And the second verb has initial form“fly” and denotes the action of taking flight.
Partial homonymy is observed in words of the same grammatical category. This occurs when words differ in only one form. For example, the two nouns “caress” - animal and manifestation of tenderness - do not coincide only in the genitive plural. These homonyms in this form will look like “weasel” and “weasel”.
Homonyms and homophones
Some people confuse the phenomenon of homonymy with others. For example, homophones are the same sounding words, having different meanings, but differing in spelling. These are not homonyms! Examples of words that are homophones show this feature.
- “Cat” is a pet, and “code” is most often a certain set of symbols or sounds.
Everyone will notice that these words should be written differently. But it is almost impossible to hear the difference by ear. The word “code” must be pronounced with the final consonant stunned. This is where the sound similarity comes from.
Homonymy and homography
There are others linguistic phenomena, similar to the one we are considering. For example, homographs are interesting because they have the same spelling, but are pronounced differently, most often due to stress. These are also not homonyms. Examples of homograph words are:
- gate - gate;
- castle - castle;
- smell - smell.
Homographs are also interesting for composing tasks for competitions and games. Using picture riddles in which homographs are encrypted, you can diversify linguistic activities.
Homonyms- these are different in meaning, but identical sounding or spelling units of language - words, morphemes.
Derived from Greek homos- identical and onyma- Name.
There are several types of homonyms: full and partial, graphic and grammatical, phonetic and homonymous.
U full/absolute homonyms the entire system of forms coincides. For example, key(for castle) - key(spring), bugle(blacksmith) - bugle(wind instrument).
U partial Not all forms have the same sound. For example, weasel(animal) and weasel(show of tenderness) diverge in the genitive plural form - caress - caress.
Graphic homonyms or homographs- words that are the same in spelling, but differ in pronunciation (in Russian due to differences in stress).
From Greek homos- identical and graphic- I’m writing.
Atlas - atlas
lead - lead
whiskey - whiskey
road - road
castle - castle
smell - smell
great - great
goats - goats
lesok - lesok
little - little
flour - flour
hell - hell
pier - pier
forty - forty
Already - already
Grammatical homonyms or homoforms- words that sound the same only in some grammatical forms and most often belong to different parts of speech.
I'm flying by plane and I'm flying throat (in other forms - fly and heal, flew and treated, etc.); acute saw And saw compote (in other forms - saw and drink, saw and drink, etc.).
Homonymous morphemes or homomorphemes- morphemes that are the same in their sound composition, but different in meaning.
Derived from Greek homos- identical and morphe- form.
For example, the suffix -tel in nouns teacher(meaning actor) And switch(the meaning of the current item); suffix -ets in words sage, male, cutter and brother; suffix -k(a) in words river, training, extras and graduate student.
And the most interesting Phonetic homonyms or homophones- words that sound the same, but are spelled differently and have different meanings.
Derived from Greek ὀμόφωνο
- "sound-likeness".
Examples in Russian:
threshold - vice - park,
meadow - onion, fruit - raft,
mascara - mascara,
fall - you will fall,
ball - point,
inert - bony,
betray - give,
emit - imitate.
In the Russian language, the two main sources of homophony are the phenomenon of deafening consonants at the end of words and before another consonant and the reduction of vowels in an unstressed position.
Homophony also includes cases of phonetic coincidence of a word and a phrase or two phrases. The letters used can be completely identical and the difference in spelling is only in the placement of spaces:
in place - together,
in everything - at all,
from mint - crushed,
from the hatch - and the angry one,
not mine - dumb.
In English, homophones arose as a result of the historically established different designations in writing for the same consonant or vowel sound, for example:
whole-hole,
knew - new.
In French There are whole series of homophones consisting of three to six words, one of the reasons for which is that in French many final letters are not readable.
Sources: Wikipedia, Dictionaries, Directories
