The end of the revolution 1905 1907. List of used literature

Lecture 47

Russia in 1907-1914 Stolypin agrarian reform

In the summer of 1906, the youngest governor of Russia, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs and then Prime Minister by Nicholas II.

Agrarian reform was Stolypin's main and favorite brainchild.

Goals of the reform.

1. Socio-political. To create a strong support for the autocracy in the countryside in the form of strong peasant farms (prosperous peasant owners).

2. Socio-economic. Destroy the community, giving the peasants the opportunity to freely leave it: to determine their own place of residence and type of activity.

3. Economic. To ensure the rise of agriculture and accelerate the industrial development of the country.

4. Resettle land-poor peasants beyond the Urals, promoting more intensive development of the eastern regions of Russia.

The essence of the reform.

Decide agrarian question at the expense of the peasants themselves, leaving the landowners' lands intact, while at the same time eliminating the basis for possible social conflicts.

Results of the Stolypin agrarian reform

Positive:

Up to 1/4 of the farms were separated from the community, the stratification of the village increased, the rural elite provided up to half of the market grain,

3 million households moved from European Russia,

4 million des. communal lands were included in market circulation,

Consumption of fertilizers increased from 8 to 20 million poods,

Per capita income of the rural population increased from 23 to 33 rubles. per year.

Negative:

From 70 to 90% of peasants who left the community retained ties with the community,

0.5 million displaced people returned to Central Russia,

There were 2-4 dessiatines per peasant household, while the norm was 7-8 dessiatines. arable land,

The main agricultural implement was the plow (8 million pieces); 52% of farms did not have plows.

Wheat yield 55 pounds. with dec. in Germany - 157 pounds.

CONCLUSION.

Thanks to the successful progress of agrarian reform, Russia by 1914 had achieved great success in economic and financial development, which allowed it to play a prominent role in world politics. However, Russia's entry into the war and subsequent defeat again set the country back, increasing its gap with the leading European powers.

Lecture 48

Formation of political parties in Russia at the end XIX - early XX century

Workers and the growing strike movement with economic demands had a significant influence on the political life of the country. Grew up and peasant movement. It was caused by the agrarian crisis, the political lack of rights of the peasantry and the famine of 1901. From 1900 to 1904, 670 peasant uprisings took place.

Opposition sentiments at the beginning of the twentieth century. covered broad layers of the intelligentsia, the petty and middle bourgeoisie and students. The lack of freedom of public activity in Russia made it difficult to form legal political parties.

Party - this is the organization of the most active part of the class, which sets as its task the conduct political struggle for the interests of this class and most fully and consistently expresses and protects them. The main thing that interests a political party is state power.

At the beginning of the twentieth century. in Russia there were up to 50 parties, and in 1907 - more than 70. The largest and most influential among them were the following:

Illegal parties

Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) in 1901 – 1902 – completed the unification of revolutionary organizations into the party. Its number is several thousand (by 1907 - up to 40 thousand). Newspaper "Revolutionary Russia". Party leader, program author, newspaper editor, leading theorist - Viktor Chernov.

The goal of the party is to build a socialist society through revolution, but society is not a state, but a self-governing union of productive associations, whose members receive the same income.

Tactics are a combination of political terror in the “centers” and agrarian terror (violent actions against property or against the person of “economic oppressors”) in the countryside.

RSDLP (Russian Social Democratic Labor Party) founded in 1903 at the II Congress.

The main task is to build socialism through social revolution and establish the dictatorship of the proletariat. At the III Congress, the party split into two parts: the Bolsheviks (leader V. Ulyanov (Lenin) and the Mensheviks (Yu. Martov)). Martov opposed Lenin's idea of ​​the dictatorship of the proletariat, believing that the proletariat would not be able to play a leading role, since capitalism in Russia was in its early stages of development. He believed that “the bourgeoisie will still take its rightful place - the leader bourgeois revolution" Martov shared Herzen’s fears that “communism could become a Russian autocracy in reverse.” At the party conference in Prague (1912), the final split took shape organizationally.

Legal parties

Union of the Russian People founded in 1905. Printing organ - “Russian Banner”. (100 thousand people) Leaders – A. Dubrovin and V. Purishkevich.

Main ideas : Orthodoxy, autocracy, Russian nationality.

Main trends : acute nationalism, hatred of all “foreigners” and the intelligentsia. The bulk of the party members: small shopkeepers, janitors, cab drivers, lumpen (people of the “bottom”). They created fighting squads - “Black Hundreds” for pogroms and murders of progressive public figures and revolutionaries. This was the first Russian version of fascism.

Constitutional Democratic Party of People's Freedom (Cadets). Created in 1905 (100 thousand people). Edition "Rech". Leader P. Milyukov. Bourgeois reform party: an evolutionary path to revolution.

Union of October 17 (Octobrists). 30 thousand people Edition "Word". Leaders: Guchkov and Rodzianko. Party of the big bourgeoisie. With the help of reforms, achieve a constitutional monarchy coexisting with the Duma.

Conclusion: The creation of socialist and bourgeois parties is an indicator of a significant shift in social political development countries. An active part of the population realized the need to fight for democratic rights of freedom.

Lecture 49

Russia at the turnXIX- XXcenturies (90sXIXcentury - 1905). Russo-Japanese War.

Causes and nature of the war

The Russo-Japanese War was one of the first wars of the era of imperialism. Its main reason is the clash of interests of Japanese and Russian imperialism. The ruling classes of Japan have been plundering China for many years. They wanted to capture Korea, Manchuria, and gain a foothold in Asia. Tsarism also pursued an aggressive policy in the Far East; The Russian bourgeoisie needed new markets.

Exacerbation of contradictions between Japan, Russia, England and the United States due to influence in China.

Construction by Russia of the Siberian Railway (Chelyabinsk - Vladivostok) - 7 thousand km in 1891-1901, which caused discontent in Japan.

Russia's attempt to reduce Japan's aggressive plans as a result of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895. Russia issued an ultimatum (supported by Germany and France) that Japan renounce the Liaodong Peninsula.

The conclusion of a defensive alliance between Russia and China against Japan, according to which:

a) construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway Chita - Vladivostok began (via China)

b) China leased the Liaodong Peninsula with Port Arthur to Russia for 25 years

Interest European countries and the USA in the clash between Japan and Russia

II . Japan's preparation for war

Conclusion of the Anglo-Japanese Treaty against Russia

Japan's construction of a modern navy in England

England and the USA helped Japan with strategic raw materials, weapons, and loans. France took a neutral position and did not support its ally, Russia.

Conducting trial mobilizations, maneuvers, creating arsenals, training landings. The Japanese fleet spent the entire winter of 1903 at sea, preparing for naval battles.

Ideological indoctrination of the Japanese population. Imposing the idea of ​​the need to capture “ northern territories due to overpopulation of the Japanese islands.”

Conducting extensive reconnaissance and espionage activities in the future theater of military operations.

III . Russia's unpreparedness for war

Russia's diplomatic isolation

In terms of the total number of troops, Russia surpassed Japan (1 million people against an army of 150 thousand), but reserves from Russia were not brought up, and at the beginning of the war it deployed only 96 thousand people.

Difficulties in transporting troops and equipment over 10 thousand km (Near Lake Baikal Siberian railway was not completed. Cargo was transported by horse-drawn vehicles). WITH central Russia on Far East Only 2 divisions could be transferred per month.

The navy was dispersed, with twice as many cruisers and one-third as many destroyers as Japan.

Technical backwardness in weapons, sluggishness of the bureaucratic apparatus, embezzlement and theft of officials, underestimation enemy forces, the unpopularity of the war among the masses.

I V . The beginning and course of hostilities

Using the superiority of forces and the factor of surprise, on the night of January 27, 1904, without a declaration of war, 10 Japanese destroyers suddenly attacked the Russian squadron on the outer roadstead of Port Arthur and disabled 2 battleships and 1 cruiser. On the morning of January 27, 6 Japanese cruisers and 8 destroyers attacked the cruiser Varyag and the gunboat Koreets in the Korean port of Chemulpo. In the unequal 45-minute battle, the Russian sailors showed miracles of courage: both ships had four times fewer guns than the Japanese, but the Japanese squadron was seriously damaged, and one cruiser was sunk. The damage prevented the Varyag from breaking through to Port Arthur, Komanda both ships were switched to French and American ships, after which the “Korean” was blown up, and the “Varyag” was scuttled so that they would not fall to the enemy.

Commanding Pacific Fleet Vice Admiral S.O. Makarov began intensive preparations for active operations at sea. On March 31, he took his squadron to the outer roadstead to engage the enemy and lure him under fire coastal batteries. However, at the very beginning of the battle, the flagship Petropavlovsk hit a mine and sank within 2 minutes. Died most teams: S.O. Makarov, his entire staff, as well as the artist V.V. Vereshchagin, who was on the ship. After this, the fleet went on the defensive, since the commander-in-chief, the mediocre admiral E.I. Alekseev, refused active operations at sea.

On land, military operations were also unsuccessful. In February-April 1904, Japanese troops landed in Korea and on the Liaodong Peninsula. Commanding land army General A.N. Kuropatkin did not organize a proper response; as a result, the Japanese army cut off Port Arthur from the main forces in March 1904.

In August 1904, the first assault on Port Arthur took place. 5 days of fighting showed that the fortress could not be taken by storm; the Japanese army lost a third of its strength and was forced to move to long siege. At the same time, the stubborn resistance of Russian soldiers thwarted the Japanese offensive near Liaoyang. However, Kuropatkin did not use this success and gave the order to retreat, which made it easier for the enemy to launch a new attack on Port Arthur.

The second assault on Port Arthur in September 1904 was again repulsed. The defenders of the fortress led by talented general R.I. Kondratenko was shackled for almost half Japanese forces. The counter-offensive of Russian troops on the Shahe River at the end of September was unsuccessful. The third assault in October, the fourth in November of Port Arthur did not bring victory to the Japanese, although the defenders of the fortress were 3 times smaller than the enemy forces. Constant bombing destroyed most of the fortifications. On December 3, 1904, General Kondratenko died. Contrary to the decision of the Defense Council, on December 20, 1904, General Stessel surrendered Port Arthur. The fortress withstood 6 assaults over 157 days. 50 thousand Russian soldiers pinned down about 200 thousand enemy troops.

In 1905, Russia suffered two more major defeats: land (in February near Mukden) and sea (in May near the Tsushima Islands). Further waging the war was pointless. The Russian army was losing its combat effectiveness, hatred of incompetent generals grew among soldiers and officers, and revolutionary ferment intensified. In Japan the situation was also difficult. There were not enough raw materials and finances. The United States offered Russia and Japan its mediation for negotiations.

Under the peace treaty, Russia recognized Korea as a Japanese sphere of influence.

Russia transferred to Japan the right to lease part of the Liaodong Peninsula with Port Arthur and southern part Sakhalin Islands

The Kuril Islands ridge passed to Japan

Russia made concessions to Japan in fishing

V I . Results of the Russo-Japanese War

1. Russia spent 3 billion rubles on the war

   About 400 thousand people were killed, wounded, or captured (Japan had 135 thousand killed, 554 thousand wounded and sick)

   Death of the Pacific Fleet

   A blow to Russia's international prestige

   Defeat in the war accelerated the start of the revolution of 1905–1907.

CONCLUSION:

The adventure of the tsarist government in the Far East revealed the rottenness of the autocracy and its weakening. The autocracy came to a shameful defeat.

Lecture 50

Russia in the First World War: main military operations,

domestic political development, economics

The causes of World War I were the transition of leading European countries to imperialism, the formation of monopolies, the pursuit of monopoly high profits, which pushed capitalist states to fight for the redivision of the world, for new sources of raw materials and new markets.

On June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo, the Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, were killed by a member of the national-patriotic organization “Young Bosnia” G. Princip. The monarchical circles of Austria-Hungary and Germany decided to use the assassination of the Archduke as a direct pretext for world war.

This war was the result of inter-imperialist contradictions between two military-political blocs that formed in Europe at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries:

1882- Triple Alliance, which united Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.

1907 – Entente, uniting Russia, England and France.

Each of these countries had its own aggressive goals, except for Serbia and Belgium, which defended the territories of their states.

The following should be noted: there are different wars - large and small, just and aggressive, liberation and colonial, popular and anti-national, cold and hot, long and fleeting. There are also absurd ones. Just such a bloody and cruel massacre, which claimed millions of lives, was the one that began on August 1, 1914, with the declaration of war on little Serbia by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. All participants expected to implement their military plans within 3-4 months. However, already from the first days of the war, the calculations of leading military strategists on the lightning-fast nature of the war collapsed.

Suggested answer:

Character of the revolution: bourgeois-democratic, i.e. demands were put forward for democratic freedoms, the establishment of a democratic revolution, the formation of a representative form of government, the confiscation of landownership, and the establishment of an 8-hour working day.

Reasons:

1. The global economic crisis has become protracted in Russia, affecting first one or another area of ​​production
2. The concentration of capitalist production led to the concentration of the working class, which became involved in the political struggle.
3. The discrepancy between a dynamically developing capitalist economy and the conservatism of the political system
4. The Russian bourgeoisie had no political influence
5. The acute land need of the peasants
6. Defeats in the Russo-Japanese War undermined the prestige of the autocracy and worsened the socio-economic situation in the country.

In its development, the revolution went through 2 stages:

Stage I: January 1905 - December 1905 (from the "bloody" Sunday to the December armed uprising)

The revolution began on January 9, 1905 - “Bloody Sunday”. Apogee - October political strike. The highest rise of the revolution was the general political and economic strike, which took on an all-Russian character on October 7-13. Schools, post offices, telegraphs, banks, etc. did not operate in the country.

As the revolution grew, Nicholas II signed a manifesto on improvement on October 17 public order. He declared the basic principles of democratic freedom. In particular, the State Duma (a representative body of power) was approved and no law could be adopted without its approval. The population was granted civil rights and personal integrity was guaranteed, and democratic freedoms (of conscience, assembly and union) were proclaimed. At the same time, the Council of Ministers turned into a permanent government agency. Without discussion by the Council of Ministers, not a single law can be submitted to the State Duma.

The manifesto caused a split in the revolutionary movement: the liberal bourgeoisie moved away from the revolution and formed parties.

In December 1905, under the leadership revolutionary party an armed uprising was organized in Moscow, because these parties regarded the manifesto as a ploy of the autocracy. After the defeat of the uprising, the revolution began to decline.

In total, in the period 1906-1917. there were 4 state compositions. Duma: first 2 state. the Dumas turned out to be democratic in party composition and uncontrollable for the authorities, because of this they were dissolved ahead of schedule of your action.

The end of the revolution is considered to be the publication on June 3, 1907 of the tsar's manifesto on the dissolution of the Second State. Duma and changes to the election regulations: the provision that no law could be adopted without discussion in the Duma was abolished, representation from landowners was increased, and representation from workers and peasants was reduced.

Results:

1. The first representative government body with legislative powers was created
2. Democratic freedoms were granted and personal integrity was proclaimed
3. Legal political parties formed
4. softened national policy tsarism
5. The working hours were reduced to 9-10 hours
6. Cancellation of peasant redemption payments

First Russian revolution– time period from January 22, 1905 to July 16, 1907 More than 2 million people took part, of whom about 9,000 died. The result of the revolution was a reduction in the working day, the introduction of democratic freedoms and the resolution of moderate opposition.

The beginning of the 20th century for the Russian Empire turned out to be a series of severe trials that determined its political appearance. Important role in strategy historical development played two key events: Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905 and the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907. V. Lenin and I. Stalin addressed the events of this time more than once in their works.

The emergence of discontent among educated residents of Russia began to arise long before 1905. The intelligentsia gradually realized that in all spheres of society there were problems that the state did not want to solve.

Table of prerequisites for revolution

Causes of the first Russian revolution

The main reasons include:

• Low standard of living of the people;
• Social vulnerability of citizens;
• Untimely implementation of reforms (usually with great delay) by government bodies;
• The rise of the labor movement, the activation of radical intelligentsia in the early 1900s;
• Russia's defeat in Russian-Japanese war 1904, associated, first of all, with the mistakes of the commanding leadership and the technical superiority of the enemy.

Military defeat of Russia Japanese troops finally undermined the people's faith in the strength of the army, the professionalism of the commanders-in-chief, and also significantly reduced the authority of state power.

Beginning of the 1905 revolution

The reason for the uprising was the mass execution of civilians who went to the sovereign to demand compliance with their civil rights and freedom. This day, January 22, went down in history under the name Bloody Sunday. The reason people came out to demonstrate was the dismissal of 4 employees of the Kirov plant for their disagreement with state policy.

Main events of the first Russian revolution.

• January 9, 1905 - Bloody Sunday, execution of peaceful demonstrators.
• June 14, 1905 - the uprising on the battleship Potemkin was suppressed.
• October 1905 – All-Russian October political strike, signing of the “Manifesto of Freedoms” by the Tsar.
• December 1905 - armed uprising in Moscow, culmination.
• April 27, 1906 - opening of a new government body - the State Duma, the birth of parliament in Russia
• June 3, 1907 – dissolution of the State Duma. The revolution ended in defeat.

Participants of the revolution

Radical actions were simultaneously prepared by participants in three socio-political camps:

• Supporters of autocracy. These people knew the need for reforms, but without overthrowing the current government. This included representatives of the highest social strata, landowners, military personnel, and police officers.
• Liberals who wanted to limit royal power peacefully, without destroying it. These were the liberal bourgeoisie and intelligentsia, peasants, and office workers.
• Democratic revolutionaries. They, as the party most affected by the economic crisis, actively advocated for indigenous changes in government. It was in their interests to overthrow the monarchy. This camp includes peasants, workers and the petty bourgeoisie.

Stages of the 1905 revolution

When analyzing these events, historians identify several stages in the development of the conflict. Each of them was accompanied important points, determining the direction further actions both from the revolutionaries and from the authorities.

• The first stage (January - September 1905) was distinguished by the scale of the strikes. Strikes took place throughout the country, which prompted the authorities to take immediate action. The outcome was also influenced by the mass protests of the army and navy in 1905.
• The culmination of the events of 1905 was the December armed uprising in Moscow - the bloodiest and most numerous during the entire conflict. This marks the second stage: October – December. The Emperor created the first manifesto of the revolution - “On the establishment of a legislative body - the State Duma,” which did not give the right to vote to the majority of the population, and therefore was not approved by the revolutionaries. It was soon followed by a second manifesto, to the delight of political forces, “On the abolition of the unlimited monarchy in Russia.”
• The third stage (January 1906 – June 1907) saw a decline and retreat of the protesters.

The nature of the revolution

The rebellion was bourgeois-democratic in nature. Its participants advocated the establishment in Russia of those political, economic, social rights and freedoms that had long been established in Europe and hampered the development of the country.

Goals of the task and demands of the revolution:

• The overthrow of monarchism and the establishment of parliamentarism in Russia;
• Improving working conditions for workers;
• Return of lands lost due to industrialization to the peasant population;
• Promoting equality among all segments of the population

Political parties in the first Russian revolution

The driving forces of the rebellion were the Socialist Revolutionaries and liberals. The first belonged to the Socialist Revolutionary Party and advocated an aggressive and radical change in the existing system. This party was distinguished by the largest number. This included workers, peasants and the youngest representatives of the resistance to the authorities - students.

The Liberal Party and the Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets) differed in the level of education of their members. This included the most famous scientists and academicians, such as Vernandsky, Miliukov, Muromtsev and others. Liberals advocated changing the constitutional system.

The views of representatives of the RSDLP were divided into two opposing camps: Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. They were united by the desire to organize an armed uprising.

Chronology of revolutionary actions

• January 1905 – beginning
• June-October 1905 – uprisings and strikes throughout the country
• 1906 - decline of the revolution
• June 3, 1907 - suppression by authorities

Consequences of the first Russian revolution

The revolutionaries achieved the fulfillment of some of their demands. Working conditions were improved, autocracy was undermined, and democratic rights began to gradually be introduced into public life.

The meaning of revolution

The bourgeois revolution in Russia was a shock to the world community. It generated great resonance within the country. Peasants and workers realized what influence they could have on the authorities and political life countries. There was a huge change in worldview - the people were shown life without autocracy.

Peculiarities

This is the first nationwide event in Russia directed against the established system. At the first stages, it was characterized by cruelty - the authorities fought the protesters with particular zeal, shooting even peaceful demonstrations. Basic driving force workers became part of the revolution.

ANSWER:
1") The first Russian revolution.
Let's break it down according to plan:
1) Date: January 9, 1905 - June 3, 1907 (Participants: workers, peasants, intelligentsia, parts of the army)
2) Reasons: Industrial decline, monetary disorder, crop failure and huge national debt, grown up since the times Russian-Turkish war, entailed an increased need to reform activities and government bodies. Termination of period of significant significance subsistence farming, intensive form of progress industrial methods already in the 19th century they demanded radical innovations in administration and law. Following the abolition of serfdom and the transformation of farms into industrial enterprises, it was required new institute legislative power.

TO this can also be attributed to land hunger; numerous violations of workers' rights; dissatisfaction existing level civil liberties; the activities of liberal and socialist parties; the autocracy of the emperor, the absence of a national representative body and constitution.
3) The main goal of the revolution: Improving working conditions; redistribution of land in favor of peasants; liberalization of the country; expansion of civil liberties.
4) The result of the revolution: The revolutionaries achieved civil rights from the emperor (Nicholas 2) with the help of the Manifesto of October 17, where freedoms and rights were granted to citizens. Also not unimportant were establishment of parliament; June Third coup, reactionary politics authorities; carrying out reforms; partial elimination of the problems of the land issue, preservation of the problems of labor and national issues.

2") Stalypin reforms:
1) Agrarian reform(beginning 1906)
Goals: B A decree was adopted that made it easier for all peasants to leave the community. Coming out peasant community, her former member could demand that she be secured in personal property a piece of land allotted to him. Moreover, this land was not given to the peasant according to the principle of “strips”, as before, but was tied to one place. By 1916, 2.5 million peasants left the community. Just as good became the policy of resettling peasants. Through resettlement, Peter Arkadyevich hoped to reduce land hunger in the central provinces and populate the uninhabited lands of Siberia.
2) Education reform(start May 3, 1908)
Goals: In itIt was planned to introduce compulsory free primary education for children from 8 to 12 years old. From 1908 to 1914, the budget for public education was tripled, and 50 thousand new schools were opened.
3) Industry reform(beginning 1906)
Goals: The main stage in resolving the working issue during the years of Stolypin’s premiership was the work of the Special Meeting in 1906 and 1907, which prepared ten bills that affected the main aspects labor for industrial enterprises. These were questions about rules for hiring workers, insurance for accidents and illnesses, working hours, etc. Unfortunately, the positions of industrialists and workers (as well as those who incited the latter to disobedience and rebellion) were too far from each other and the compromises found did not suit either one or the other (which was readily used by all kinds of revolutionaries).
4) Work question
Goals: The Stolypin government made an attempt to solve, at least in part, the labor issue, and provided special commission, consisting of government representatives and entrepreneurs, to consider the draft labor legislation. The government proposal was very moderate - limiting the working day to 10.5 hours (at that time - 11.5), the abolition of mandatory overtime, the right to create government-controlled trade union organizations, the introduction of worker insurance, the creation of health insurance funds for the joint account of workers and the owner.
5) Judicial reform
Goals: The transformations in the sphere of judicial power should also be briefly mentioned. Their essence boiled down to the fact that, in accordance with Stolypin’s plan, in the most general terms, the local court, distorted by the reactionary reforms of Emperor Alexander III, was supposed to return to its original appearance.
6) Zemstvo
Goals: Being a supporter of zemstvo administration, Stolypin extended zemstvo institutions to some provinces where they had not existed before. It was not always politically simple. For example, holding zemstvo reform in the western provinces, historically dependent on the gentry, was approved by the Duma, which supported the improvement of the situation of the Belarusian and Russian population, which constituted the majority in these territories, but was met with sharp rebuff in the State Council, which supported the gentry.
7) National question
Goals: Stolypin perfectly understood the importance of this issue in such a multinational country as Russia. He proposed creating a special ministry of nationalities that would study the characteristics of each nation: history, traditions, culture, social life, religion, etc. - so that they flow into our great power with the greatest mutual benefit. Stolypin believed that all nations should have equal rights and responsibilities and be loyal to Russia.

1. In 1905 - 1907 The first revolution took place in Russia, sweeping the entire country. Its main results were:

— creation of a parliament and political parties in Russia;

— carrying out Stolypin reforms. Reasons for the revolution:

- the economic crisis of Russian capitalism at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries;

- unresolved peasant question and too difficult conditions for the abolition of serfdom (peasants for more than 40 years continued to pay redemption payments for land, which was provided for by the reform of 1861 and was a burden for the peasants);

— lack of social justice in most spheres of the country’s life;

— lack of representative bodies, obvious imperfection of the political system;

The day before, in December 1904, a mass strike began in St. Petersburg at the Putilov plant, which grew into a general one. By January 1905, 111 thousand people took part in the capital’s strike.

Pop Gapon, both a provocateur and an agent of the secret police, infiltrated among the workers, organized a procession of people to the Tsar. On January 9, 1905, workers began a mass march to Winter Palace with a request to the king for the introduction of fundamental rights and freedoms. The path to the procession was blocked by troops who began shooting at the demonstration.

The shooting of workers in St. Petersburg caused outrage throughout the country and led to the beginning revolutionary actions. Features of the revolution of 1905 - 1907 :

- its massive folk character- representatives of various strata of society took part in the revolutionary uprisings - workers, peasants, soldiers, intelligentsia;

- ubiquity - the revolution swept almost the entire country;

- the emergence of new people's bodies - councils, opposing themselves to the official authorities;

- the organization and strength of revolutionary uprisings - the authorities could not ignore the revolution.

The revolution took place in three stages:

- January - October 1905 - the development of the revolution is increasing;

- October 1905 - summer 1906 - the peak of the revolution, its transition into the political field;

- summer 1906 - summer 1907 - satisfaction of part of the demands of the bourgeois part of the leadership of the revolution, the attenuation of the revolution.

3. Most significant events first stage:

- a nationwide propaganda campaign condemning " bloody sunday", the growth of popular indignation;

- general strike of Ivanovo-Voznesensk weavers in May 1905;

- strikes in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Odessa;

— uprising on the battleship “Prince Potemkin Tauride” in the summer of 1905;

- creation of the first councils, the most influential of which were the Moscow and St. Petersburg councils;

- unrest in Crimea, uprising on the cruiser "Ochakov". The peak of the revolution was:

— All-Russian October strike of 1905;

— December armed uprising in Moscow.

During the All-Russian October strike One by one, the country's enterprises began to shut down, which threatened economic and political collapse. The strike covered 120 cities; large enterprises, transport, facilities stopped working mass media. The strike participants put forward socio-economic (8-hour working day) and political (providing rights and freedoms, holding elections) demands.

4. On October 17, 1905, Tsar Nicholas II issued a Manifesto, which legitimized fundamental rights and freedoms and established a parliament:

- the State Duma elected by the people together with the one appointed by the emperor State Council formed a bicameral parliament - the highest legislature countries;

— at the same time, elections to the State Duma were not democratic - universal and equal;

— voting rights women and “foreigners” were deprived - a number non-Slavic peoples;

- elections were held from different classes, and more deputies were elected from the propertied classes than from the same number of representatives of the poor - which initially reduced the representation of workers and guaranteed a majority to representatives of the middle and large bourgeoisie;

— The Duma was elected for 5 years, but could be dissolved by the tsar at any time.

Despite its half-heartedness, the Manifesto of October 17, 1905 had great historical significance- Russia moved from autocracy to a constitutional monarchy.

Most of the bourgeoisie was satisfied with the results of the revolution and began to prepare for elections. The formation of bourgeois parties began, the leading of which were:

- “Union of October 17th” (Octobrists) (leader industrialist A. Guchkov) - a right-wing party that advocated further development parliamentarism and capitalist relations;

- the Cadets Party (leader, history professor P. Milyukov) - a centrist party that advocated the improvement of the constitutional monarchy, the continuity of historical traditions, and the strengthening of Russia’s influence in world politics;

- “Union of Michael the Archangel” (finally formed in 1907, popularly called the “Black Hundred”) (leader Purishkevich) - Russian radical nationalist party.

5. The proletariat, whose main socio-economic problems were not resolved by the Manifesto and deprived of electoral prospects by the electoral law, on the contrary, intensified revolutionary activity.

In December 1905, an attempt was made to seize power in Moscow by armed means - the December Armed Uprising. This uprising was suppressed royal troops. The battles between troops and work detachments at Krasnaya Presnya were especially fierce.

6. After the suppression of the December armed uprising of 1905 revolutionary actions began to decline, the revolution moved to the political plane.

On April 23, 1906, the Tsar issued the “Basic State Laws,” which became the prototype of the Constitution and established fundamental rights and freedoms and the procedure for electing the State Duma. Also in April 1906, the first elections to the State Duma in Russian history took place. Due to the peculiarities of the electoral legislation (disproportionate representation in favor of the propertied), the party of constitutional democrats - the Cadets - won the elections. Despite the victory of the centrist Cadets and the representation of mainly bourgeois parties, the First State Duma was radical for its time. Bourgeois deputies occupied principled position on almost all issues and entered into confrontation with the tsar and the tsarist government, which came as a surprise to him. Having worked for only 72 days, on July 9, 1906, the First State Duma was dissolved ahead of schedule by the Tsar. The Second State Duma, elected in February 1907, again found itself beyond the control of the tsar and laid claim to real power. On June 3, 1907, the Tsar prematurely dissolved the 11th Duma, which had worked for about 100 days.

7. In order to prevent the revolutionism of the following Dumas, simultaneously with the dissolution of the Second Duma, it was published new law about elections, which became even more undemocratic than the first. This law increased the property qualification for participation in elections and further changed the proportion of representation in favor of the propertied (the vote of 1 landowner was equal to the votes of 10 peasants).

As a result of changes in the law /// the State Duma should-. and was to represent only the upper strata of society, at that time the proletariat, peasantry, petty bourgeoisie, who made up the majority of the population, due to their insignificant representation in parliament, were thrown out of political process. New, III State The Duma, elected in 1907 under the new law, became a formal body obedient to the tsar and worked for all 5 years.

The dissolution of the II revolutionary State Duma and the introduction of an undemocratic electoral law on June 3, 1907 occurred in violation of the Fundamental state laws, which did not allow changing the electoral legislation without the consent of the Duma. These events went down in history as the “June Third Coup d’Etat,” and the reactionary conservative regime that was established after it, which lasted 10 years until 1917, was called the “June Third Monarchy.” Along with tightening political regime the tsarist government began economic reforms. In 1906, P.A. was appointed the new head of the Russian government. Stolypin, who undertook to carry out agrarian reform and crush the revolution. One of the first steps of the government was the radical and historic decision from January 1, 1907, cancel redemption payments for land introduced after the abolition of serfdom.

This step meant final abolition serfdom of its consequences and removed from the peasants the last burden remaining from serfdom. This decision was approved by the majority of the peasants and reduced the revolutionary intensity among the peasants. At the same time, the government of P. Stolypin began to pursue a policy of brutal suppression of revolutionary uprisings. The justice system was limited and emergency tribunals were introduced for revolutionaries. The number of death sentences and exiles increased sharply. This also contributed to a decrease revolutionary movement in the country. The coup of June 3, 1907 is considered the end of the first Russian revolution of 1905 - 1907.