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In two peasant characters, Turgenev presented the fundamental forces of the nation that determine its viability, their prospects further growth and becoming. But further growth and development is impossible if serfdom, which has a detrimental effect not only on peasants, but also on nobles.
Turgenev shows that this is a national evil.
The ferret is one of the main characters of the story. He is a positive, practical person, an administrative head, a rationalist. Having settled in the swamp, Khor managed to get rich. He settled down, “accumulated some money,” got along with the master and other authorities, raised a large family, obedient and unanimous. Khor spoke little, chuckled to himself, he saw right through his master. Khor stood closer to people, to society, he was occupied with administrative and state issues. His knowledge was quite extensive, in its own way, but he could not read. Khor could not live without work, he was constantly doing something: either repairing a cart, propping up a fence, or revising harnesses. He lived in an estate that rose in the middle of the forest, in a cleared and developed clearing. This is how Khor appears before us.
Kalinich too main character story, but he is not at all like his friend Khorya. Kalinich was one of the idealists, romantics, enthusiastic and dreamy people. He walked in bast shoes and managed to get by somehow. He once had a wife, whom he was afraid of, but had no children: Kalinich, unlike Khor, was in awe of his master, explained himself passionately, “although he did not sing like a nightingale, like a lively factory man.” Kalinich was gifted with such advantages that Khor himself recognized: “he charmed blood, fear, rabies, driving out worms; the bees were given to him, his hand was light.” Kalinich stood closer to nature, he was more touched by the descriptions of mountains and waterfalls than by administrative and government issues. He lived in a low hut and could not support the farm. He could read, sang well and played the balalaika. Only Khor and Kalinich liked music; it united them.
Khor really loved the song “Share, you are mine, share! “And Kalinich knew this well.
As soon as he starts playing, Khor begins to chime in with a plaintive voice.
Here the theme of the musical talent of the Russian people manifests itself for the first time. This is how Kalinich appears before us. The story “Khor and Kalinich” in the series “Notes of a Hunter” reveals internal forces of a Russian person, the prospects for his further growth and development, reveals their giftedness, talent, and their high spiritual qualities.
Turgenev leads the reader to the idea that the whole “ living Russia, not only peasant, but also noble.
“Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev immediately attracted attention after it was published as a separate publication. They came out in 1852.
J.I.H. Tolstoy noted that Turgenev “managed, in the era of serfdom, to illuminate peasant life and highlight its poetic aspects.” He found “more good than bad” in the Russian people, and it was this vision of the beauty of the peasant’s soul in “Notes of a Hunter” that gave significant meaning and dignity to the work.
The difficult and sometimes tragic life of a simple peasant was not poeticized or embellished by Turgenev; he wrote the truth about this life. According to the writer, “in the Russian person the germ of future great deeds, great people's development" And it is thanks to this deep conviction in the Russian peasant, in his spiritual strength, moral power, the works of I. Turgenev carried a new understanding of peasant life. These works were the writer's main argument against the ugliness of serfdom.
His "Notes of a Hunter" was opened new world for the Russian reader - the peasant world. I.S. Turgenev was a successor to the traditions of N.V. Gogol, who showed Russia in his work “ Dead souls"as a country not only with " dead souls» Chichikovs, Plyushkins, Manilovs, but also people's Russia with the coachman Mikheev, the carpenter Stepan Probka, and Abakum Fyrov, who escaped to freedom.
Turgenev's men are living souls who have real prototypes and written with authenticity. It was this principle that the writer always adhered to when describing the peasants. His characters reflect the Russian soul, the Russian national character. Despite “distrust of violent passions and impulses, they possess truly wise calm, show restraint in spiritual and physical strength" But this does not mean that the heroes of “Notes of a Hunter” are infantile and indifferent to everything that happens.
Comparing the men of the Oryol and Kaluga provinces in the story “Khor and Kalinich”, the writer tries to penetrate the mystery of the character of the Russian peasant. I.S. Turgenev compares two psychological type: the calm, practical and reasonable Khorya and the poetic and dreamy Kalinich. Outwardly it is completely two different people, these are two sides of the same coin, two parts of the Russian character. The ferret is “bald, short in stature, broad-shouldered and dense. The shape of his face was reminiscent of Socrates: the same high, knobby forehead, the same small eyes, the same snub nose.” His character contained such traits as practicality and rationalism. He “understood reality, that is, he settled down, saved some money, got along with the master.” Terse. However, he understood a lot to himself. Khor's family was large: six sons, daughters-in-law and a wife, and it was unanimous and submissive.
Unlike Khorya, Kalinich was a dreamy, romantic and enthusiastic person. “Kalinich was a man of the most cheerful, meek disposition, constantly humming in a low voice, carefreely looking in all directions.”
Re-reading “Notes of a Hunter,” we are proud of the noble and spiritual nature of their creator. The richness of the author's personality and the height of his ideal are the guarantee of the immortality of a work of art. The beauty of the soul of a simple Russian peasant is reflected beautiful soul the writer himself. He saw the “spark of God” in another because he had it himself. But Kalinich had talents that Khor also recognized - he spoke of blood, fear, rage, and his hand was light. Comparing these characters, we can say that Kalinich was the personification of the poetry of life, he was closer to nature. As an “ambassador of nature”, he comes with a bunch of strawberries to his friend Khor.
I.S. Turgenev shows that Khor understands people better, and Kalinich understands nature better. However, the difference in character did not interfere with the devoted and sincere friendship between these two men, “they form a unity whose name is humanity.” I. Turgenev portrays his heroes with love, his attitude towards them shows us that he is proud of them.
With this story, the writer denies that the reforms of Peter I tore Russia away from the people. His story shows that Khor and Peter I - soul mates. Just as Peter I broke the old foundations of life of his time, transformed Russia, so Khor is not averse to breaking himself, he boldly looks forward, and both of them are confident in their strengths, in their strength. This is precisely evident from Khor’s conversations, as well as from his character.
The story “Singers” is one of best stories series “Notes of a Hunter”. This is a story about two singers - a rower and Yakov Turk. I.S. Turgenev saw in these heroes not only the beauty of the Russian soul, but also talent, “the spark of God.” Thus, the singing of a rower, lively and virtuosic, decorated with unimaginable tints, according to Turgenev’s definition, is an art, above which it is no longer possible to rise. But this impression persists until it becomes possible to compare this mastery with mastery that comes from the depths of the soul, genuine art, from which “the heart boils and tears rise to the eyes.” Such talent is possessed by Yakov Turka, in whose image I.S. Turgenev invested everything that is in a simple Russian person. “He had genuine deep passion, and youth, and strength, and sweetness, and some kind of fascinatingly carefree, sad grief. The Russian, truthful, ardent soul sounded and breathed in him and grabbed you by the heart, grabbed you right by its Russian strings. He sang, and from every sound of his voice there was something familiar and vastly wide, as if the familiar steppe was opening up before you, stretching into an endless distance.” The Russian, truthful, ardent soul sounded and breathed in him and just grabs us by the heart, grabs us right by its Russian strings. According to I.S. Turgenev, beauty is the only immortal thing, and its influence extends even over death. And where, if not in human individuality, can beauty shine?
The writer had a very hard time experiencing the order and state of things that existed in feudal Russia. He hated a society that allowed humiliation of human dignity, and he could not live in this society. The writer went abroad and most one of the most Russian works not only in theme, but also in spirit, written by him far from Russia. Turgenev himself admitted that: “I only know that I, of course, would not have written “Notes of a Hunter” if I had remained in Russia.” The writer saw evil in serfdom, and, despite the gentleness of his character, he was adamant on this issue. This was expressed in his works - the truth about plight the Russian people, whose love of life and talent was glorified by I. Turgenev.
Composition
“Notes of a Hunter” by I. S. Turgenev was published in 1852. In them the writer reflected his vision and understanding of the peasant world, the simple Russian people.
“Notes of a Hunter” immediately aroused the discontent of the authorities. The government saw in “Notes of a Hunter” a book calling for the abolition of serfdom. Turgenev showed the miserable life of a Russian peasant, on the verge of starvation. And, at the same time, with his work Turgenev argued that the Russian people were not as stupid, inactive and weak-willed as was commonly believed in the highest circles of society. Readers liked Notes of a Hunter. They opened a rich spiritual world a simple peasant, his talented and creative nature, his strength and power. The stories “Bezhin Meadow” and “Biryuk” confirm this.
“Bezhin Meadow” tells about village boys who went into the night. Around the fire they have fascinating conversations, which the narrator unwittingly overhears. There are five boys: Fedya, Pavlusha, Ilyusha, Kostya and Vanya. They are all very different: both in age and in social status, both in appearance and in character.
But there is something in common that unites them. This is their complete “immersion” in the world folk beliefs, will accept. All the heroes believe that brownies, goblins and merman exist. The whole world is filled with spirits for them. Nature, in their opinion, lives its own life, separate from humans. This consciousness makes the heroes not just uneducated and downtrodden village children. Such a faith, consisting of a mixture of pagan and Christian, allows you to see boys as developed and full-fledged children. We understand that these are boys just like everyone else, just like noble children. In addition, we notice the poetic soul of the characters, their interests and hobbies.
Each of the characters in the story is a personality. It is not for nothing that the writer describes his characters in detail and emphasizes the differences between the boys during the conversation. Fedya is the eldest, handsome and well dressed, apparently from a rich village family. Petya, despite his unprepossessing appearance, “looked... very smart and direct, and there was strength in his voice.” The face of the third boy, Ilyusha, “expressed some kind of dull, painful solicitude.” Kostya attracted the narrator’s attention “with his thoughtful and sad gaze.” The smallest one, Vanya, did not crawl out from under the matting during the entire conversation. He was afraid of the boys' stories, but curiosity overpowered him. Vanya listened quietly, wrapped in matting.
At the center of the story “Biryuk” there is one hero - the forester Foma. In the surrounding villages there were legends about him as the most strict and severe forester. It was known that if you “fall into his clutches,” then do not expect mercy.
And now the narrator himself encounters this hero. Foma is a real hero. His dashing appearance (“He was tall, broad-shouldered and well-built,” courageous face, stern look) delight the narrator. It turns out that this hero sad fate. His wife left him, leaving him with two children.
Biryuk lives poorly, but he never takes advantage of his position to get hold of something. Biryuk always fulfills his duties honestly: he does not eat “the master’s bread for nothing.” But the stern soul of this hero could not help but take pity on the poor peasant whom Thomas caught stealing. This poor man started stealing out of despair, seeing his children dying of hunger. If Biryuk took his horse away, he would doom the poor man’s entire family to death.
Biryuk doubts and rushes about. But, in the end, the soul in this hero defeated the sense of duty. Thomas lets the peasant go home along with his horse.
In “Notes of a Hunter” Turgenev showed the peasants as talented, intelligent individuals striving for freedom and in part. These people have morals moral principles, culture. These people deserve to be free independent life. It was this idea of the writer, it seems to me, that frightened the authorities so much, and so pleased the Russian reader.
In the era when moral principles and Turgenev’s beliefs, when Turgenev the citizen was being formed, the issue of liberating peasants from serfdom was already brought to the fore. Little by little, voices were heard louder and louder, first hinting at the need for such a reform, then advising its introduction, and then directly demanding such a reform. Turgenev turned all his efforts against the most shameful phenomenon of Russian life - serfdom.
Turgenev is a wonderful painter of the Russian world, and the plan he conceived, walking with a hunter’s knapsack through various places and nooks and crannies of Russia, to introduce us to many people and characters, was a complete success. We see this in “Notes of a Hunter.”
What is the history of the creation of the series of stories “Notes of a Hunter”? The first stories from this series were published in the late 40s of the 19th century, at a time when the foundations of serfdom were firmly in place. The power of the noble landowner was not limited by anything and was not controlled. As a person, Turgenev saw serfdom as the highest injustice and cruelty; because of this, with both his mind and heart Turgenev hated serfdom, which for him was, in his own expression, personal enemy. He gave himself the well-known “Annibal oath” to never lay down arms against this enemy. The “Notes of a Hunter” became the fulfillment of this oath, which is not only a socially significant work, but also has great advantages from a literary and artistic point of view.
In 1852, “Notes of a Hunter” was first published as a separate edition.
What was the main goal of I.S. Turgenev in creating this work? Main goal“Notes of a Hunter” is a denunciation of serfdom. But the author approached the realization of his goal in an original way. The talent of an artist and thinker suggested to Turgenev that the priority should be placed not on extreme cases of cruelty, but on living images. This is how the artist will reach the Russian soul, Russian society. And he managed to do this to the fullest. Effect of work of art turned out to be complete and amazing.
“Notes of a Hunter” is a cycle consisting of 25 stories, otherwise called essays, from the life of serfs and landowners. In some stories, the author “takes revenge” on his enemy (serfdom) very carefully, in others he completely forgets about the enemy, and remembers only the poetry of nature, the artistry of everyday paintings. It should be noted that there are many stories of this kind. Of the twenty-five stories, one can discern a direct protest against serfdom in the following: “Ermolai and the Miller’s Wife”, “The Burmist”, “Lgov”, “Two Landowners”, “Petr Petrovich Karataev”, “Date”. But even in these stories this protest is expressed in a delicate form; it is such an insignificant element, along with purely artistic elements stories. In the remaining stories, no protest is heard; they illuminate aspects of the life of the landowner and peasant.
The main theme of “Notes of a Hunter” is the fate of the peasantry in the era of serfdom. Turgenev showed that serfs are also people, that they are also at the mercy of complex mental processes, and they are characterized by a multifaceted moral life.
The main idea of “Notes of a Hunter” is “the thought of human dignity”, of humanity. Serfdom is an evil, it separated the peasants with an impassable abyss from the rest human society, in general from mental culture. The peasant had to on our own and in your own environment seek satisfaction of urgent needs human soul. All around are people who are either indifferent or hostile to him. Next to him there are those who are just as “humiliated and insulted” as he is. Anyone who stood out above the dark environment in any way by his abilities and natural inclinations must have felt deep, painful loneliness. There is no one to take your soul to, no one to trust the deep feelings that were so inopportunely invested in the heart of the serf.
What is characteristic feature this large-scale work by Turgenev? First of all, it is necessary to note the complete realism of “Notes of a Hunter”. This realism forms the basis of Turgenev's creativity. According to Belinsky's fair instructions, Turgenev would not have been able to artistically depict a character that he had not met in reality. This type of creativity made it possible for Turgenev to reveal the universal human essence peasant soul and draw two main peasant types: Khorya and Kalinich. In the story “Bezhin Meadow” he indicated the same two main types among children: Pavlusha - the future Khor, Vanya - Kalinich. Having comprehensively depicted the peasantry and the landowner environment, Turgenev took a major step forward towards realism, in comparison with the greatest of the realists who preceded him - Gogol. But Gogol saw reality in his own way. Turgenev was able to examine the same reality comprehensively, and for him life unfolds in its entirety. And with such a complete, comprehensive coverage of life, Turgenev shows perfect objectivity in “Notes of a Hunter.”
“Notes of a Hunter” does not represent a direct attack on serfdom, but deals a severe blow to it indirectly. Turgenev portrayed evil as such not with the explicit purpose of fighting it, but because he saw it as disgusting, outrageous to the senses human dignity. The consequence of his realism and objectivity is the depiction in “Notes of a Hunter” of types of positive and negative, attractive and repulsive, both in the peasant environment and among the landowners. At the same time, Turgenev needed to have high degree observation. Similar observation skills were noted in Turgenev by Belinsky, who wrote that Turgenev’s talent was to observe phenomena and convey them, passing them through his imagination, but not relying only on fantasy.
Thanks to his powers of observation, Turgenev outlined his characters and their appearance, both moral and external, in everything that was characteristic of them, both in clothing and in the manner of expression and even in gestures.
“Notes of a Hunter” have high artistic merit. They present a complete and vivid picture of Russian life, depicted as it happened before the author. And this true picture led the reader to think about the injustice and cruelty prevailing towards the people. The great artistic merit of “Notes of a Hunter,” in addition to their impartiality, lies in the completeness of the picture painted in them. All types of modern Turgenev's Russia are covered, both attractive and repulsive faces are outlined, both peasants and landowners are characterized.
The external advantage of “Notes of a Hunter” is the power of influence that they have on the reader, thanks to the language in which they are written, and, especially, the liveliness and beauty of the descriptions. An example of such descriptions is the scene of Jacob the Turk singing; the reader, together with the author, experiences everything that this singing inspired on the listeners, and one cannot help but succumb to the poetic charm of the memories of the swan, inspired on the author by Jacob’s singing. No less poetic and powerful in their impact on the reader’s soul are the descriptions found in the stories “Date”, “Bezhin Meadow”, “Forest and Steppe”.
All the advantages of “Notes of a Hunter” as a work of art, in connection with the highly humane ideas that permeate the stories, ensured their lasting success not only among Turgenev’s contemporaries, but also among subsequent generations.
