Chronological framework of the Russian-Japanese War. Chronology of the war

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Russo-Japanese War 1904 - 1905

Lesson plan: Causes of war Balance of forces Progress of military operations Results of the war Causes of defeat Consequences of the war

The problematic question is “Do we need a small victorious war.”

Expanding lexicon: Priority - primacy, advantage, primacy of something. Expansion - expansion of spheres of influence as economic methods, and non-economic. Flagship ship-ship from which the commander controls subordinate forces.

Reasons for Russian- Japanese war. - clash of Russian and Japanese interests in the Far East; - an attempt to capture foreign markets for a developing domestic economy; - Russian imperial expansion to the East; - the desire of Russia and Japan to enrich themselves with the wealth of Korea and China. - the desire of the tsarist government to distract the people from revolutionary actions. S.Yu.Witte V.K.Pleve

Disposition and balance of forces Russian government was confident of victory. However, the balance of forces in the Far East was not in favor of Russia. Russian army (in the Far East): near Vladivostok - 45 thousand people; in Manchuria - 28.1 thousand people; garrison of Port Arthur - 22.5 thousand people; railway troops- 35 thousand people; fortress troops (artillery, engineering departments and telegraph) - 7.8 thousand people. In total about 150 thousand people. Japanese army: after mobilization, numbered about 442 thousand people. Japanese fleet

Filling out the table: “Main battles Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Dates Battle Results

The course of military operations in 1904-1905. Cruiser "Varyag" Beginning of the war: Attack of the Japanese squadron on January 27, 1904 on the Russian fleet in Port Arthur. On the morning of the same day, as a result of an unequal battle, the cruiser "Varyag" and the gunboat "Koreets" were killed in the Korean port of Chemulpo Russian-Japanese War 1904 -1905 Second Pacific Squadron.

1904 The death of the flagship battleship Petropavlovsk on Japanese mines. 29 officers and 652 sailors were killed. March 31, 1904 Death of the Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Fleet S. O. Makarov. The famous battle painter V.V. also died. Vereshchagin. Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin Battle painter Stepan Osipovich Makarov Commander of the Pacific Fleet, Vice Admiral.

February 1904 60,000th 1st Japanese army landed in Korea. In an unequal battle near the city of Tyurenchen, Russian troops were defeated and retreated to Liaoyang. And April, on the Liaodong Peninsula, in the rear of Port Arthur, the 50,000-strong Japanese 2nd Army landed. The enemy captured the port of Dalny, turning it into a springboard for operations against Port Arthur. And in August 1904, Russian troops repelled all attacks of the Japanese army at Port Arthur and in Manchuria. August 1904 Defeat of Russian troops near Liaoyang. September 1904 Defeat of Russian troops on the Shakhe River October 1904. From the Baltic port of Libau, the 2nd Pacific Squadron Z.P. came to the rescue of Port Arthur. Rozhestvensky. December 20, 1904 General A.M. Stoessel surrendered the Port Arthur fortress to the enemy. 1904

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Military operations at sea and on land In February 1905, the advantage and initiative passed to the Japanese side. February 25, 1905 Japanese troops occupied Mukden. On April 14, 1905, the 2nd Pacific Squadron entered the Tsushima Strait. May 14 – 15, 1905 defeat of the 2nd Pacific Squadron under the command of Rozhestvensky near the island of Tsushima. In June 1905, Japan landed two divisions on Sakhalin Island. The unequal struggle for the island lasted two months. 1905

Results of the war July 27, 1905. Russian-Japanese negotiations began in the small seaside town of Portsmouth (USA). On August 23, 1905, Russia and Japan signed a peace treaty. Russia recognized Korea as a sphere of Japanese interests. Both sides pledged to withdraw their troops from Manchuria. Russia ceded the lease of Port Arthur to Japan and southern part Sakhalin Islands. Russia granted Japan fishing rights along the Russian coasts in the Seas of Japan, Okhotsk and Bering Seas.

The reasons for the defeat were unpreparedness for war; military-technical lag; difficulties in transporting troops and equipment to the Far East; underestimation of the opponent and mediocrity of command; diplomatic isolation.

The significance of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, the war demonstrated the failure of power in two important areas - military and foreign policy; became one of the prerequisites for the brewing of an internal political crisis in the country.

Sinkwine War - and imperialist, aggressive - killed, destroys, destroys, cripples victims, losses, devastation, fears...

Homework: § 4 2. Write an essay. “It was not Russia that was defeated by the Japanese, not the Russian army, but our order, or more correctly, our boyish management of the 140 million population in last years" S.Yu.Witte Do you agree with this assessment? 3. Material for additional study: Nowadays, a monument to the cruiser “Varyag” of 1905-2010 has been opened in Scotland.

1904-1905, the reasons for which are known to every schoolchild, had big influence on the development of Russia in the future. Despite the fact that now it is very easy to “sort out” the prerequisites, causes and consequences, in 1904 it was difficult to imagine such an outcome.

Start

The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, the causes of which will be discussed below, began in January. The enemy fleet without warning and obvious reasons attacked the ships of Russian sailors. This happened for no apparent reason, but the consequences were great: the powerful ships of the Russian squadron became unnecessary broken garbage. Of course, Russia could not ignore such an event and on February 10 war was declared.

Causes of the war

Despite the unpleasant episode with the ships, which dealt a significant blow, the official and main reason the war was different. It was all about Russia's expansion to the east. This root cause war broke out, but it began under a different pretext. The reason for the fury was the annexation of the Liaodong Peninsula, which previously belonged to Japan.

Reaction

How did the Russian people react to such an unexpected start to the war? This clearly outraged them, because how could Japan dare to take on such a challenge? But the reaction of other countries was different. The USA and England determined their position and sided with Japan. Press reports, which were numerous in all countries, clearly indicated negative reaction on the actions of the Russians. France declared a neutral position, as it needed Russian support, but soon it entered into an agreement with England, which worsened relations with Russia. In turn, Germany also declared neutrality, but Russia’s actions were approved in the press.

Events

At the beginning of the war, the Japanese occupied a very active position. The course of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 could change dramatically from one extreme to the other. The Japanese were unable to conquer Port Arthur, but made many attempts. An army of 45 thousand soldiers was used for the assault. The army met powerful resistance Russian soldiers and lost almost half of its employees. It was not possible to hold the fortress. The cause of the defeat was the death of General Kondratenko in December 1904. If the general had not died, the fortress could have been held for another 2 months. Despite this, Reis and Stoessel signed the act, and the Russian fleet was destroyed. More than 30 thousand Russian soldiers were captured.

Only two battles of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 were truly significant. The Mukden land battle took place in February 1905. It was rightfully considered the largest in history. It ended disastrously for both sides.

The second most important battle is Tsushima. It happened at the end of May 1905. Unfortunately, for the Russian army it was a defeat. The Japanese fleet was 6 times larger than the Russian fleet. This could not but affect the course of the battle, so the Russian Baltic squadron was completely destroyed.

The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, the causes of which we analyzed above, benefited Japan. Despite this, the country had to pay dearly for its leadership, because its economy was depleted to the point of impossibility. This is what prompted Japan to be the first to propose the terms of a peace treaty. In August, peace negotiations began in the city of Portsmouth. The Russian delegation was headed by Witte. The conference was a major diplomatic breakthrough for domestic side. Despite the fact that everything was moving towards peace, violent protests took place in Tokyo. The people did not want to make peace with the enemy. However, peace was still concluded. At the same time, Russia suffered significant losses during the war.

What is it worth just the fact that Pacific Fleet was completely destroyed, and thousands of people sacrificed their lives for the sake of the Motherland. And yet, Russian expansion in the East was stopped. Of course, people could not help but discuss this topic, because it was clearly clear that tsarist policy no longer has such power and strength. Perhaps this is what caused revolutionary sentiments to spread in the country, which ultimately led to the well-known events of 1905-1907.

Defeat

The results of the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905 are already known to us. And yet, why did Russia fail and could not defend its policy? Researchers and historians believe that there are four reasons for this outcome. Firstly, the Russian Empire was very isolated from the world stage diplomatically. That is why only a few supported her policy. If Russia had support in the world, it would be easier to fight. Secondly, Russian soldiers were not ready for war, especially in difficult conditions. The effect of surprise, which played into the hands of the Japanese, cannot be underestimated. The third reason is very banal and sad. It consists of multiple betrayals of the Motherland, betrayal, as well as the complete mediocrity and helplessness of many generals.

The results of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 were also losing because Japan was much more developed economically and military spheres. This is what helped Japan gain a clear advantage. The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, the causes of which we examined, was negative event for Russia, which exposed everything weak sides.

One of the largest military conflicts of the early 20th century is the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905. Its result was the first, in modern history, victory Asian state over Europe, in a full-scale armed conflict. The Russian Empire entered the war expecting an easy victory, but the enemy turned out to be underestimated.

IN mid-19th century, Emperor Mutsuhio carried out a series of reforms, after which Japan turned into a powerful state with modern army and the fleet. The country has emerged from self-isolation; her claims to dominance East Asia intensified. But another one was also trying to gain a foothold in this region. colonial power- Russian empire.

Causes of the war and the balance of power

The cause of the war was the clash in the Far East of the geopolitical interests of two empires - modernized Japan and Tsarist Russia.

Japan, having established itself in Korea and Manchuria, was forced to make concessions under pressure from the European powers. Russia was given the Liaodong Peninsula, captured by the island empire during the war with China. But both sides understood that a military conflict could not be avoided and were preparing for military action.

By the time hostilities began, the opponents had concentrated significant forces in the conflict zone. Japan could field 375-420 thousand people. and 16 heavy warships. Russia had 150 thousand people who were in Eastern Siberia and 18 heavy ships (battleships, armored cruisers, etc.).

Progress of hostilities

The beginning of the war. Defeat of Russian naval forces in the Pacific Ocean

The Japanese attacked before war was declared, on January 27, 1904. The blows were struck on various directions, which allowed the fleet to neutralize the threat of opposition from Russian ships on sea communications, and parts of the Japanese imperial army land in Korea. By February 21, they occupied the capital Pyongyang, and by the beginning of May they blocked the Port Arthur squadron. This allowed the Japanese 2nd Army to land in Manchuria. Thus, the first stage of hostilities ended in Japanese victory. The defeat of the Russian fleet allowed the Asian empire to invade the mainland with land units and ensure their supplies.

Campaign of 1904. Defense of Port Arthur

The Russian command hoped to take revenge on land. However, the very first battles showed the superiority of the Japanese in the land theater of operations. The 2nd Army defeated the Russians opposing it and was divided into two parts. One of them began to advance on the Kwantung Peninsula, the other on Manchuria. Near Liaoyang (Manchuria), the first major battle between ground units warring parties. The Japanese attacked continuously and Russian command, previously confident of victory over the Asians, lost control of the battle. The battle was lost.

Having put his army in order, General Kuropatkin went on the offensive and tried to unblock the Kwantung fortified area, which had been cut off from his own. A major battle unfolded in the Shahe River valley: there were more Russians, but Japanese Marshal Oyama managed to hold back the onslaught. Port Arthur was doomed.

1905 campaign

This sea fortress had a strong garrison and was fortified on land. In conditions complete blockade, the garrison of the fortress repelled four assaults, inflicting significant losses on the enemy; During the defense, various technical innovations were tested. The Japanese kept between 150 and 200 thousand bayonets under the walls of the fortified area. However, after almost a year of siege, the fortress fell. Almost a third of Russian soldiers and officers captured were wounded.

For Russia, the fall of Port Arthur was a severe blow to the prestige of the empire.

The last chance to turn the tide of the war for the Russian army was the battle of Mukden in February 1905. However, the Japanese were no longer opposed by a formidable force great power, and units suppressed by continuous defeats, located far from native land. After 18 days, the left flank of the Russian army wavered, and the command gave the order to retreat. The forces of both sides were exhausted: a positional war began, the outcome of which could only be changed by the victory of Admiral Rozhdestvensky’s squadron. After many months spent on the way, she approached the island of Tsushima.

Tsushima. Final Japanese victory

At the time Battle of Tsushima, the Japanese fleet had an advantage in ships, experience in defeating Russian admirals and high morale. Having lost only 3 ships, the Japanese completely defeated the enemy fleet, scattering its remnants. Russia's maritime borders were left unprotected; a few weeks later the first amphibious landings landed on Sakhalin and Kamchatka.

Peace treaty. Results of the war

In the summer of 1905, both sides were extremely exhausted. Japan had undeniable military superiority, but its supplies were running low. Russia, on the contrary, could use its advantage in resources, but for this it was necessary to rebuild the economy and political life for military needs. The outbreak of the 1905 revolution excluded this possibility. Under these conditions, both sides agreed to sign a peace treaty.

According to the Treaty of Portsmouth, Russia lost the southern part of Sakhalin, the Liaodong Peninsula, and the railway to Port Arthur. The Empire was forced to withdraw from Manchuria and Korea, which became de facto protectorates of Japan. The defeat accelerated the collapse of the autocracy and subsequent disintegration Russian Empire. Its enemy, Japan, on the contrary, has significantly strengthened its position, becoming one of the leading world powers.

The Land of the Rising Sun consistently increased its expansion, becoming one of the largest geopolitical players, and remained so until 1945.

Table: chronology of events

Strengths and weaknesses of opponents

Military-political reasons for Russia's defeat

Negative factors that determined military defeat The Russian army and navy were: remoteness from the theater of military operations, serious shortcomings in the supply of troops and ineffective military leadership.

The political leadership of the Russian Empire, with a general understanding of the inevitability of a collision, did not purposefully prepare for war in the Far East.

The defeat hastened the collapse of the autocracy and the subsequent disintegration of the Russian Empire. Its enemy, Japan, on the contrary, has significantly strengthened its position, becoming one of the leading world powers. The Land of the Rising Sun consistently increased its expansion, becoming the largest geopolitical player and remained so until 1945.

Other factors

• Economic and military-technical backwardness of Russia
• Imperfection of management structures
• Poor development of the Far Eastern region
• Embezzlement and bribery in the army
• Underestimation of the Japanese Armed Forces

Results of the Russo-Japanese War

In conclusion, it is worth noting the importance of defeat in the Russo-Japanese War for the continued existence of the autocratic system in Russia. The inept and ill-conceived actions of the government, which caused the death of thousands of soldiers who faithfully defended it, actually led to the beginning of the first revolution in the history of our country. The prisoners and wounded returning from Manchuria could not hide their indignation. Their evidence, combined with visible economic, military and political backwardness, led to a sharp surge of indignation, primarily in the lower and middle strata Russian society. In fact, the Russo-Japanese War exposed long-hidden contradictions between the people and the government, and this exposure happened so quickly and imperceptibly that it baffled not only the government, but also the participants in the revolution themselves. In many historical printed publications There is an indication that Japan managed to win the war due to betrayal on the part of the socialists and the nascent Bolshevik Party, but in fact such statements are far from the truth, since it was the failures of the Japanese War that provoked a surge of revolutionary ideas. Thus, the Russo-Japanese War became a turning point in history, a period that forever changed its further course.

“It is not the Russian people,” wrote Lenin, “but Russian autocracy the beginning of this colonial war, which turned into a war between the new and old bourgeois world. It was not the Russian people, but the autocracy that came to a shameful defeat. The Russian people benefited from the defeat of the autocracy. The capitulation of Port Arthur is the prologue to the capitulation of tsarism.”

The Russo-Japanese War in brief.

Reasons for the outbreak of war with Japan.

During the period of 1904, Russia actively developed the lands of the Far East, developing trade and industry. The Land of the Rising Sun blocked access to these lands; at that time it occupied China and Korea. But the fact is that one of the territories of China, Manchuria, was under Russian jurisdiction. This is one of the main reasons for the start of the war. In addition to this, Russia, by decision Triple Alliance, the Liaodong Peninsula, which once belonged to Japan, was given over. Thus, differences arose between Russia and Japan, and a struggle for dominance in the Far East arose.

The course of events of the Russo-Japanese War.

Using the effect of surprise, Japan attacked Russia at Port Arthur. After disembarkation airborne troops Japan on the Kwantung Peninsula, Port Athrut remained cut off from outside world, and accordingly helpless. Within two months he was forced to resort to capitulation. Next, the Russian army loses the Battle of Liaoyang and the Battle of Mukden. Before the start of the First World War, these battles were considered the largest in the history of the Russian state.

After the Battle of Tsushima, almost the entire Soviet flotilla was destroyed. The events took place on the Yellow Sea. After another battle, Russia loses the Sakhalin Peninsula in an unequal battle. General Kuropatkin, leader Soviet army for some reason he used passive fighting tactics. In his opinion, it was necessary to wait until the enemy’s forces and supplies were running out. And the king at that time did not attach any importance to this of great importance, since a revolution began on Russian territory at that time.

When both sides of the hostilities were morally and materially exhausted, they agreed to sign a peace treaty in the American Portsmouth in 1905.

Results of the Russian-Japanese War.

Russia lost the southern part of its Sakhalin Peninsula. Manchuria has now become neutral territory, and all troops were withdrawn from there. Oddly enough, but the agreement was conducted on equal terms, and not as a winner with a loser.

One of the largest confrontations is the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905. The reasons for this will be discussed in the article. As a result of the conflict, guns from battleships, long-range artillery, and destroyers were used.

The essence of this war was which of the two warring empires would dominate the Far East. Emperor Nicholas II of Russia considered it his first priority to strengthen the influence of his power in East Asia. At the same time, Emperor Meiji of Japan sought to gain complete control of Korea. War became inevitable.

Prerequisites for the conflict

It is clear that the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905 (the reasons are related to Far East) did not start immediately. She had her own reasons.

Russia has advanced in Central Asia to the border with Afghanistan and Persia, which affected the interests of Great Britain. Unable to expand in this direction, the empire switched to the East. There was China, which, due to complete exhaustion in the Opium Wars, was forced to transfer part of its territory to Russia. So she gained control of Primorye (the territory of modern Vladivostok), the Kuril Islands, and partly the island of Sakhalin. To connect distant borders it was created Trans-Siberian Railway, which provided communication between Chelyabinsk and Vladivostok along the railway line. In addition to the railway, Russia planned to trade along the ice-free Yellow Sea through Port Arthur.

Japan was undergoing its own transformations at the same time. Having come to power, Emperor Meiji stopped the policy of self-isolation and began modernizing the state. All his reforms were so successful that a quarter of a century after they began, the empire was able to seriously think about military expansion to other states. Its first targets were China and Korea. Japan's victory over China allowed it to gain rights to Korea, the island of Taiwan and other lands in 1895.

A conflict was brewing between the two strong empires for dominance in East Asia. The result was the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. The causes of the conflict are worth considering in more detail.

Main causes of war

It was extremely important for both powers to show their military achievements, so the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905 unfolded. The reasons for this confrontation lie not only in claims to Chinese territory, but also in the internal political situations that had developed by this time in both empires. A successful campaign in war not only provides the winner with economic benefits, but also increases its status on the world stage and silences opponents of the existing government. What did both states count on in this conflict? What were the main causes of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905? The table below reveals the answers to these questions.

It was precisely because both powers sought an armed solution to the conflict that all diplomatic negotiations did not bring results.

Balance of forces on land

The causes of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 were both economic and political. On Eastern front the 23rd was sent from Russia artillery brigade. As for the numerical advantage of the armies, the leadership belonged to Russia. However, in the East the army was limited to 150 thousand people. Moreover, they were scattered over a vast territory.

• Vladivostok - 45,000 people.
• Manchuria - 28,000 people.
• Port Arthur - 22,000 people.
• Security of the CER - 35,000 people.
• Artillery, engineering troops- up to 8000 people

The biggest problem Russian army there was a distance from the European part. Communication was carried out by telegraph, and delivery was carried out by the CER line. However, according to railway could be delivered limited quantity cargo. In addition, the leadership did not have accurate maps of the area, which negatively affected the course of the war.

Japan before the war had an army of 375 thousand people. They studied the area well, had enough accurate maps. The army was modernized by English specialists, and the soldiers were loyal to their emperor to death.

Relationships of forces on water

In addition to land, battles also took place on water. The Japanese fleet was led by Admiral Heihachiro Togo. His task was to block the enemy squadron near Port Arthur. In another sea (Japanese), the squadron of the Land of the Rising Sun opposed the Vladivostok group of cruisers.

Understanding the reasons for the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, the Meiji power thoroughly prepared for battles on the water. The most important ships of its United Fleet were produced in England, France, and Germany and were significantly superior to Russian ships.

Main events of the war

When in February 1904 Japanese forces began to cross over to Korea, Russian command did not attach any importance to this, although they understood the reasons for the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905.

Briefly about the main events.

• 09.02.1904. The historical battle of the cruiser "Varyag" against the Japanese squadron near Chemulpo.
• 27.02.1904. The Japanese fleet attacked the Russian Port Arthur without declaring war. The Japanese used torpedoes for the first time and disabled 90% of the Pacific Fleet.
• April 1904. A clash of armies on land, which showed Russia's unpreparedness for war (inconsistency of uniform, lack of military maps, inability to fencing). Due to the presence of white tunics among Russian officers, Japanese soldiers they were easily identified and killed.
• May 1904. Capture of the port of Dalny by the Japanese.
• August 1904. Successful Russian defense of Port Arthur.
• January 1905. Surrender of Port Arthur by Stessel.
• May 1905. Sea battle near Tsushima, destroyed the Russian squadron (one ship returned to Vladivostok), while not a single Japanese ship was damaged.
• July 1905. Invasion Japanese troops to Sakhalin.

The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, the causes of which were economic in nature, led to the exhaustion of both powers. Japan began to look for ways to resolve the conflict. She resorted to the help of Great Britain and the USA.

Battle of Chemulpo

Held famous battle 02/09/1904 off the coast of Korea (city of Chemulpo). The two Russian ships were commanded by Captain Vsevolod Rudnev. These were the cruiser "Varyag" and the boat "Koreets". The Japanese squadron under the command of Sotokichi Uriu consisted of 2 battleships, 4 cruisers, 8 destroyers. They blocked Russian ships and forced them into battle.

In the morning, in clear weather, the “Varyag” and the “Koreyets” weighed anchor and tried to leave the bay. Music played for them in honor of leaving the port, but after only five minutes the alarm sounded on deck. The battle flag went up.

The Japanese did not expect such actions and hoped to destroy the Russian ships in the port. The enemy squadron hastily raised anchors and battle flags and began to prepare for battle. The battle began with a shot from the Asama. Then there was a battle using armor-piercing and high-explosive shells on both sides.

IN unequal forces The Varyag was badly damaged, and Rudnev decided to turn back to the anchorage. There, the Japanese could not continue shelling due to the danger of damaging the ships of other states.

Having lowered the anchor, the Varyag crew began to examine the condition of the ship. Rudnev, meanwhile, went for permission to destroy the cruiser and transfer its crew to neutral ships. Not all officers supported Rudnev’s decision, but two hours later the team was evacuated. They decided to sink the Varyag by opening its floodgates. The bodies of the dead sailors were left on the cruiser.

It was decided to blow up the Korean boat, having evacuated the crew first. All things were left on the ship, and secret documents burned.

The sailors were received by French, English and Italian ships. After all necessary procedures they were delivered to Odessa and Sevastopol, from where they were disbanded by the fleet. According to the agreement, they could not continue to participate in the Russian-Japanese conflict, so they were not allowed into the Pacific Fleet.

Results of the war

Japan agreed to sign the peace treaty with the complete surrender of Russia, in which the revolution had already begun. According to the Portsmoon Peace Treaty (08/23/1905), Russia was obliged to fulfill the following points:

1. Give up claims to Manchuria.
2. Give up the Kuril Islands and half of Sakhalin Island in favor of Japan.
3. Recognize Japan's right to Korea.
4. Transfer to Japan the right to lease Port Arthur.
5. Pay Japan an indemnity for the “maintenance of prisoners.”

In addition, defeat in the war meant for Russia Negative consequences in economic terms. Stagnation began in some industries, as their lending from foreign banks decreased. Life in the country has become significantly more expensive. Industrialists insisted on a speedy conclusion of peace.

Even those countries that initially supported Japan (Great Britain and the USA) realized how difficult the situation in Russia was. The war had to be stopped in order to direct all forces to fight the revolution, which the world states equally feared.

Began mass movements among workers and military personnel. A striking example is the mutiny on the battleship Potemkin.

The causes and results of the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905 are clear. It remains to be seen what the losses were in human equivalent. Russia lost 270 thousand, of which 50 thousand were killed. Japan lost the same number of soldiers, but more than 80 thousand were killed.

Value judgments

The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, the causes of which were economic and political in nature, showed serious problems inside the Russian Empire. He also wrote about this. The war revealed problems in the army, its weapons, command, as well as mistakes in diplomacy.

Japan was not entirely satisfied with the outcome of the negotiations. The state has lost too much in the fight against the European enemy. She expected to get more territory, however, the United States did not support her in this. Discontent began to brew within the country, and Japan continued on the path of militarization.

The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, the causes of which were considered, brought many military tricks:

• use of spotlights;
• use of wire fences under high voltage current;
• field kitchen;
• radio telegraphy made it possible for the first time to control ships from a distance;
• switching to petroleum fuel, which produces no smoke and makes ships less visible;
• appearance of ships - minelayers, which began to be produced with the proliferation of mine weapons;
• flamethrowers.

One of the heroic battles of the war with Japan is the battle of the cruiser “Varyag” at Chemulpo (1904). Together with the ship "Korean" they confronted an entire squadron of the enemy. The battle was obviously lost, but the sailors still made an attempt to break through. It turned out to be unsuccessful, and in order not to surrender, the crew led by Rudnev sank their ship. For their courage and heroism they were praised by Nicholas II. The Japanese were so impressed by the character and stamina of Rudnev and his sailors that in 1907 they awarded him the Order Rising Sun. The captain of the sunken cruiser accepted the award, but never wore it.

There is a version according to which Stoessel surrendered Port Arthur to the Japanese for a reward. It is no longer possible to verify how true this version is. Be that as it may, because of his action, the campaign was doomed to failure. For this, the general was convicted and sentenced to 10 years in the fortress, but he was pardoned a year after his imprisonment. He was stripped of all titles and awards, leaving him with a pension.