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Area of ​​Chuvashia. Appearance of the Chuvash: characteristic features and features

home Nature in literature
Subject of the Russian Federation (AE level 1)
Chuvash Republic - Chuvashia
Chuvash. Chӑvash Republic - Chӑvash En
Anthem of the Chuvash Republic
A country
Included in - Volga Federal District
- Volgo-Vyatka economic region
Administrative center
Head of the Republic Pavel Sergeevich Ilyushin
Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers Ivan Motorin
Chairman of the State Council Valery Filimonov
GDP
  • GDP per capita

RUB 261.6 billion (2016) (57th)

  • 211.6 thousand rub.
official languages Russian, Chuvash
Population ↘ 1,231,117 people (2018) (41st place)
Density 67.12 people people/km²
Square 18,343 km² (75th place)
Timezone MSK
ISO 3166-2 code RU-CU
OKATO code 97
Code of the subject of the Russian Federation 21

Official site
Audio, photo and video on Wikimedia Commons

Chuvash Republic - Chuvashia(Chuvash. Chavash Republic) (briefly: Chuvashia(Chuvash. Chăvash En)) is a subject of the Russian Federation, a republic within it. The capital is a city.

In the economy of Chuvashia the share rural industry in the structure of GRP is twice the average for the Russian Federation (9.4 and 4.9%, respectively), 31% of GRP comes from industry (the average for the Russian Federation is 33.2%).

Republican industry is mainly located in and (this agglomeration produces three quarters of industrial production). JSC "Promtractor"- the only plant in Russia and the CIS countries, one of the four world leading enterprises in the production of heavy bulldozer-ripper and pipe-laying equipment. The machines produced by the company are used in the oil and gas, mining and construction industries. Cheboksary Instrument-Making Plant(the modern official name is OJSC "Research and Production Complex "ELARA" named after G. A. Ilyenko", former name - JSC ChNPPP "Elara") - a large Russian enterprise producing complex electronic devices for civil and military industries. The enterprise is converting production and developing new types of products: manufacturing devices for the automotive industry, producing medical computed tomographs. OJSC "Cheboksary Aggregate Plant" is an industrial enterprise in Russia specializing in the production of spare parts for automotive, industrial and agricultural machinery. Russian leader in the production of spare parts for running systems of tractor equipment. Closed Joint Stock Company "Cheboksary Electrical Equipment Plant" (CJSC "CHEAZ")- one of the oldest and largest electrical engineering enterprises in Russia. An enterprise producing low-voltage control devices, microprocessor-based relay protection devices and distribution equipment electrical energy for voltages from 0.4 to 110 kV.

The equipment is necessary for power plants and substations, gas compressor stations, gas and oil refineries, metallurgical, machine-building enterprises, etc. Novocheboksarsk is home to the center of the electric power industry - the Cheboksary Hydroelectric Power Station, as well as the Khimprom plant - one of the largest in Russia in its industry (in terms of environmental hazards does not pose a danger to the population). In 2007, Khimprom OJSC was included in the Renova Orgsintez holding, and a technical innovation zone for the production of solar battery modules was created on the basis of the chemical plant.

There are auto component and car repair factories, there are instrument-making factories, and the production of vans and special vehicles has been established.

There used to be a military man in the village Chemical plant, now a plant for mixed preparations operates in its place. The remaining 20 municipalities account for only 6% of industrial production.

Transport, infrastructure, communications

Telephony

  • "Infanet"
  • Rostelecom
  • "Infolink"
  • "Etherway"

cellular

  • MTS (GSM/UMTS/LTE)
  • Beeline (GSM/UMTS/LTE)
  • Megafon (GSM/UMTS/LTE)
  • SMARTS (SMARTS-Cheboksary, (Ё)) (GSM)
  • Tele2 Russia (GSM/UMTS/LTE)
  • Yota (LTE)

Mail

FSUE Russian Post

Internet

  • "NetByNet" (until 2015 "ChebNet")
  • "VIP technologies"
  • Rostelecom
  • "Orionet"
  • "Infanet"
  • "NKTV" ("NovoNet", "Akvilon")
  • "Etherway"
  • "Er-Telecom" ("Dom.Ru")
  • "Infolink"
  • "Enforta"
  • "New Reality"
  • LockNet.

Healthcare

4 registered in Chuvashia federal institutions health care and 68 health care institutions subordinate to the Ministry of Health and social development republics employing more than 30,000 people, including more than 5 thousand doctors, about 13 thousand nurses and brothers and more than 12 thousand junior medical personnel.

Education and Science

The strategy for the development of education in the Chuvash Republic until 2040, approved by Decree of the President of the Chuvash Republic dated March 21, 2008 No. 25, states: “Currently in the republic there are 344 Chuvash, 177 Russian, 17 Tatar national schools, in 4 general education institutions students study the Mordovian language. The existing network makes it possible to satisfy children’s requests for receiving quality education in a multicultural space."

According to the Ministry of Education of Chuvashia, in 2009 in the republic there were 65% of schools with Chuvash, 31% with Russian, 3% with Tatar languages ​​of instruction. The Chuvash language was taught as a native language in 344 Chuvash schools and as official language- in all other 198. In grades 1-5 of Chuvash and Tatar national schools, education was conducted in the native language.

Culture and art

Creative unions

  • Union of Chuvash Writers

Theaters

Museums

mass media

Republican media

  • "Sovetskaya Chuvashia" - daily socio-political newspaper;
  • "Khypar" - a daily newspaper in the Chuvash language;
  • “Tӑvan Atol” is a literary magazine in the Chuvash language.
  • Ҫamrӑksen haҫachӗ;
  • Khreschen sassi;
  • Tӑvan Atӑl;
  • Kapkăn;
  • News of Chuvashia;
  • Collection of legislation of the Chuvash Republic;
  • Tantosh;
  • Samant;
  • Edges;
  • "Yalav";
  • "Kanash"

Radio

  • Russian radio
  • National Radio of Chuvashia;
  • Radio Russia - Radio Chuvashia;
  • Tӑvan Radio ( , )
  • Radio Rodnykh Dorog

A television

  • Branch of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise VGTRK "GTRK" Chuvashia ";
  • National Television and Radio Company of Chuvashia;
  • TV channel YuTV (not to be confused with the all-Russian TV channel Yu and the media holding YuTV Holding)

Sport

  • Chuvashia Football Championship

Notes

  1. Gross regional product per capita by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2016. MS Excel document
  2. Gross regional product by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2016. (Russian) (xls). Rosstat.
  3. Gross regional product by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2016. (Russian) (xls). Rosstat.
  4. Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2018. Archived July 26, 2018.
  5. Chuvashia // F. L. Ageenko Dictionary of proper names of the Russian language: dictionary. - M.: “Peace and Education”, 2010.
  6. Constitution of the Chuvash Republic. Chapter 1. Fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Chuvash Republic. Article 1, paragraph 2. The names Chuvash Republic and Chuvashia are equivalent.
  7. Constitution of the Russian Federation. Art. 5, pp. 12
  8. Constitution of the Chuvash Republic. Article 8
  9. Constitution of the Chuvash Republic. Article 10
  10. Scribe book of the Kazan district of 1602-1603: publ. text / Comp. R. N. Stepanov, articles by Ermolaeva I. P., Stepanova R. N. - Kazan: Kazan Publishing House. University, 1978. - pp. 17-18.
  11. Tatars. - M.: Nauka, 2001. - P. 104-105.
  12. Komissarov G. I. Chuvash of the Kazan Trans-Volga region. // News of the Society of Archaeology, History and Ethnography at the Imperial Kazan University. T. XXVII, issue. 5. - Kazan: Typo-lithography of the Imperial University, 1911. - P. 323.
  13. Denisov P.V. Ethnocultural parallels of the Danube Bulgarians and Chuvashs / ​​author. preface I. D. Kuznetsov. - Cheboksary: ​​Chuvash. book publishing house, 1969. - 176 pp.: fig.
  14. In February 1918, the national congress of the Mari decided to abolish the name “Cheremisy” due to its non-national origin and replace it with the historical national self-name “Mari” (Formation of the Mari Autonomous Region - Yoshkar-Ola, 1966. - P. 39).
  15. Law of the RSFSR of May 24, 1991 “On amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR”
  16. Law of the Chechen Republic of February 13, 1992 “On changing the name of the Chuvash Soviet Socialist Republic»
  17. We consider the renaming of the Chuvash Republic to the “Republic of Chuvashia - Volga Bulgaria” to be unfounded and inappropriate
  18. Chuvash historians and writers ask to rename the republic to Volga Bulgaria
  19. Scientists have proposed renaming Chuvashia to Volga Bulgaria
  20. The Chuvash intelligentsia proposes to rename the region Volga Bulgaria
  21. Having considered your collective appeal to rename the Chuvash Republic
  22. Cultural heritage of Chuvashia / State and political figures
  23. Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2017 (July 31, 2017). Retrieved July 31, 2017. Archived July 31, 2017.
  24. Area map. Cheboksary district of the Chuvash Republic. Retrieved February 23, 2011. Archived August 23, 2011.
  25. All-Russian population census 2010. Population of urban districts, municipal districts, urban and rural settlements, settlements of the Chuvash Republic. Retrieved March 23, 2015. Archived March 23, 2015.
  26. Population of the regions of the Chuvash Republic. Retrieved March 23, 2015. Archived March 23, 2015.
  27. Electoral passport of the Yantikovsky rural settlement. Retrieved October 10, 2015. Archived October 10, 2015.
  28. Article in the newspaper "Vedomosti of the Chuvash Republic"
  29. Information materials on the final results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census
  30. All-Russian population census 2002. National composition of the population by regions of Russia
  31. Tele2 launched a 4G network in Cheboksary and Novocheboksarsk
  32. Healthcare facilities of Chuvashia. "Healthy Chuvashia". Retrieved February 25, 2018.
  33. Doctors of Chuvashia. "Healthy Chuvashia". Retrieved February 25, 2018.
  34. Decree of the President of the Chuvash Republic dated March 21, 2008 No. 25 “On the Strategy for the Development of Education in the Chuvash Republic until 2040”
  35. UNESCO experts classify the Chuvash language as endangered

Literature

  • Filippov V.R. Chuvashia in the nineties. Ethnopolitical essay. - M.: Center of Civilization. and region. research RAS, 2001. - 250 p.
  • Research into the socio-political history of Chuvashia in the 20th century. Digest of articles. - Cheboksary: ​​ChGIGN, 2002. - 106, p.
  • Brief Chuvash Encyclopedia

Links

  • Official portal of the authorities of the Chuvash Republic
  • Official news from the authorities of the Chuvash Republic
  • Legislation of the Chuvash Republic
  • Constitution of the Russian Federation
  • Constitution of the Chuvash Republic (in DOC format)
  • Decree of the President of Russia No. 849 “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in federal district» from May 13, 2000
  • Map of Chuvashia on Google Maps
  • Chamber of Commerce and Industry: about Chuvashia

Cheboksary is the capital of the Chuvash Republic. Founded in 1469. The population is 474,025 people.

View of the central part of the city.

Merchant Efremov Boulevard is pedestrian.

“We pay attention to the very beautifully located city of Cheboksary” - Kisa, is it really beautifully located? .. “Currently there are 7702 residents in Cheboksary.” Kitty! Let's give up the pursuit of diamonds and increase the population of Cheboksary to 7704 people...

/ Twelve Chairs, Chapter 35. /

Chuvash Drama Theatre. Founded in 1918.

View of the old part of the city and the Holy Trinity Monastery.

The Holy Trinity Monastery was founded in 1566.

On the territory of the Holy Trinity Monastery.

Decoration for Trinity.

View of the old city.

Vvedensky Cathedral and the house of the merchant Zeleyshchikov.

Church of St. Michael the Archangel. Built in 1702.

Assumption Church. 1763

Old and new.

Embankment.

Relaxation on the water.

Sculpture of the Patroness Mother on the embankment.

On Merchant Efremov Boulevard.

In Victory Park.

River port.

Church of the Ascension of Christ. 1758

Date of publication: 07/07/15

1.
elena.shustrova 07/10/15 04:15:30

The city seems so calm, solid, pleasing to the eye))

2.
Petrik 07/14/15 16:47:37

Clean, beautiful, like a picture) Sunny Gallery.

3.
Nitro73 07.27.15 12:05:36

How many times have I been to Cheboksary, I never paid attention to its architecture; for me it was an industrial monster of Russia. It turns out that the city has many ancient Orthodox churches and funny avenues.

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Home / Russia / Cheboksary

The city of Cheboksary (Chuvash name Shupashkar), like the neighboring autonomous capitals, has its own identity and subtly differs from simple regional centers. But Cheboksary is also larger and more picturesque, because the city stands on the steep bank of the Volga and stretches along the river for 16 km. The Cheboksarka River flows into the Volga within the city, forming a bay at the mouth, which brings extra point into the urban landscape. And it is quite difficult - there are several ravines and five bridges in Cheboksary. Today's Cheboksary occupies a worthy place on the map of Volga cities, and there is now no trace left of the “shame of the Volga region,” which the city was called in the 90s.

It takes half a day to explore the city. Almost all the attractions of Cheboksary are located around the bay formed by the mouth of the Cheboksary. From the railway station (1939, reconstruction 2003) trolleybuses No. 1, 4, 12 go there along Lenin Avenue. And so it turns out that one of the main places of worship in Cheboksary is the hero’s memorial Civil War and numerous anecdotes of Vasily Chapaev is located nearby, two stops from the station (Lenin Ave., 46 a). Vasily Ivanovich was an ethnic Chuvash, the surname Chapaev is generally very common here. We recommend that you go there immediately.

Walking tour of Cheboksary

In 1887, when Chapaev was born, there was no city of Cheboksary yet, but only the suburban village of Budaika. The current hut, where Chapaev was “born,” was specially built in the 70s (the original house was sold in 1912, and it was then dismantled and taken away), the Chuvash life of the late 19th century was recreated inside. And the equestrian monument to Chapaev (1960) is one of the best in Cheboksary. The Chapaev Museum building was also specially built and opened in 1974 (architect M. Suslov). On the facade of the museum there is a copper sculptural group “Chapaev’s Cavalry” and bas-reliefs of the commanders Frunze, Tukhachevsky, Kuibyshev, Kutyakov and Furmanov. The main exhibits are the burka and the cart. Near the stop there is a small but significant sign for the Chuvash, dedicated to cosmonaut Adrian Nikolaev. It was the Chuvash who was the third person, after the Russian and the American, to travel into space. By the way, remember - the Chuvash, besides Chapaev and Nikolaev, have three more heroes: the poet Konstantin Ivanov, the linguist Ivan Yakovlev and the current president Nikolai Fedorov.

Lenin Avenue, the main street of Cheboksary, is an almost continuous chain of Khrushchev-era buildings. At the next stop after the museum there is a monument to Gagarin (1976), if you get off and go left, there will be a central market, and to the right a Russian drama theater. Then on the right - National Library(2006-2009) and in front of it is a monument to the founder of Chuvash writing, Ivan Yakovlev (1970). Then the street turns right, and Lenin Avenue turns into Karl Marx Street. At first there is little interesting there either, but then the monumental buildings of the republican FSB and the Ministry of Internal Affairs appear on the right (No. 43 and 41, 1950, architect F. Sergeev), and then Republic Square opens on the left. Its ensemble along the perimeter consists of buildings from the Soviet 50s: in the direction of the trolleybus, in the back is the Chuvash Pedagogical University (1956), on the right is the Chuvash Agricultural Academy of the Chechen State Agricultural Academy (1957), better known as the house with a tower, next to it is a small Nativity Church (2000) , in front is the Cheboksary City Hall (1954, architect Sergeev), and on the left is the House of the Government of Chuvashia (1985). In the center there is a not very prominent monument to V.I. Lenin (1960). The square is popular for parties and is informally called a “garden.” And at the next stop we should get off.

We cross the street of composers Vorobyovs (formerly Volodarsky), which is named in honor of father and son. Vasily Vorobyov (1887-1954) organized the Chuvash folk choir, and his son Gennady, having lived only 21 years, at the age of 8 composed the “Chuvash Melody”, and then the first Chuvash symphony. After this, we find ourselves on the small pedestrian boulevard of Merchant Ephraim and here we see the mansion of this very merchant (No. 8, 1884), who did a lot for the improvement of the pre-revolutionary district town. An attraction in Cheboksary that cannot be missed is the Beer Museum (No. 4), recognizable by its entrance, designed in the shape of a beer barrel. The excursion lasts half an hour, the exhibition itself is made up of Soviet banners and reports of the hop harvest in Chuvashia, but the most interesting thing is an illustration of the preparation of beer by Chuvash peasants. The bar allows you to taste the best samples. At special curiosity You can also look into the free geological museum (No. 12) - there are mineralogical compositions formed according to the signs of the Zodiac.

Having passed the boulevard to the end, we find ourselves on the small embankment of the bay, called here Red Square. On the right is the Chuvash National Museum (Krasnaya Square, 5) in an old house, reconstructed in the “Luzhkov style”. There are three halls: archeology, Chuvash history and ethnography, Soviet period. Next to the museum is a monument to Chuvash symbols (2009). On the left is a classic example of Soviet architecture called the Chuvash Drama Theater (1961, architect A. Maksimov) and a monument to the poet Konstantin Ivanov (1995) standing next to it. The embankment ensemble also makes up the so-called Alley of Champions with the names of outstanding athletes of Chuvashia who won international competitions. To the right of the square you can see the white Church of the Resurrection (1758), standing at a distance, and on the very banks of the Volga there is a river station, shining with the novelty of a glamorous reconstruction, which the locals for some reason call Manhattan.

Then you need to cross the bay. And there are two ways - along the pedestrian bridge with lanterns, which will lead directly to the sculpture of the Mother, or along the dam. Since we have to go around the bay, we will still go along the dam.

We find ourselves on the so-called Western slope, in the historical center of Cheboksary, in the center of its antiquity. Immediately in front of us is the Assumption Church (1763) with blue domes, standing, one might say, at the confluence of the bay with the Volga, and further on is the Trinity Monastery, welcoming with green domes and towers (K.

Ivanova, 1 a). It is mistakenly called the Kremlin, which is what the walls provoke. But this is a common thing, in Yaroslavl it’s the same story. We should also mention the Solovtsov House adjacent to the monastery, now an art school - one of the few 18th-century houses in the city.

We go from there uphill along Ivanova Street, on the first corner on the left is the Church of Michael the Archangel (1702), and a little further on the right - art Gallery(K. Ivanova St., 4) in the mansion of the merchant Efremov (1911), there are good examples of Russian and foreign art of the 18th-19th centuries. On the left stands the Vvedensky Cathedral (No. 21, 1655-1657), the main and oldest temple of Chuvashia. It is very squat on the outside and very dark on the inside. However, perhaps this gives more charm to the frescoes of the 17th century. The cathedral also contains four valuable icons - it was not closed during Soviet times and escaped destruction. We pass further along Ivanova Street, turn left, and then left again, into the parallel Sespel Street. There is the oldest house in Cheboksary, Kadomtsev or Zeleyshchikov (No. 17, 1697), built in the style of 17th-century chambers, and a three-story newfangled cottage, apparently belonging to one of the top officials of the republic (No. 12). Having finally got out of these streets, we go back down to the bay and see the central building and symbol of not only Cheboksary, but the whole of Chuvashia - the sculpture “Patron Mother” (2003). The 46-meter sculpture allegorically personifies Chuvashia and vaguely resembles Christ in Rio de Janeiro.

We go further along the bay, cross Moskovsky Avenue, and on the right above us is the monstrous-looking white marble Chuvash Opera House (1985). Behind it are beautiful high-rise buildings, fountains flow beautifully over the bay. If you are tired, here you can finish our walking tour of the sights of Cheboksary, take a trolleybus on Moskovsky Prospekt and go about your business. If not, walk along the bay embankment and look at the other shore. And there is the administrative and official facade of Cheboksary in the form of a skyscraper of the Presidential Administration and Supreme Court, also not the last building in the city. This was all built in 2002-2005 on Presidential Boulevard (actually the bay embankment). If you wish, you can get there from Republic Square, which we passed. And where the bay curves, an open space is formed, occupying a gentle hillside, with stairs and lanterns. This is the so-called Singing field. Having gone around the bay completely, you can get to the so-called. Vladimirskaya Hill. Spaso-Preobra is located there convent(St. Kommunalnaya Sloboda, 32), consisting of the Vladimir Church (1716) and the Church of John of Kronstadt (1910-1911, architect E. Malinovsky), which occupies the building of the former tomb of the merchant Ephraim, in whose honor the pedestrian boulevard is named.

What else to see in Cheboksary:

The Vozrozhdenie club house is located in an ecologically clean area on one of the oldest streets - Sespel - surrounded by public gardens and historical and architectural monuments of the 19th - early 20th centuries.

The building fits in harmoniously and has already absorbed the spirit and atmosphere of the heart of Cheboksary.

Restaurants and cafes, theaters and museums are absolutely nearby, this will allow you to always be in the thick of social life. Within walking distance are the main attractions of the city and the favorite vacation spots of Cheboksary residents - Moskovskaya embankment, bay, Rechport, Vvedensky Cathedral, Cape of Love.

The place itself has unique feature: the apartments are located at the same time in the very center of the city, but at the same time away from busy traffic, so it is always calm and quiet here.

Convenient parking is provided for residents of the house and guest parking, and even small children can walk safely in the closed courtyard with landscape design. The territory of the house is equipped with entry and exit access control systems, which allows you to monitor the courtyard of the house around the clock.

Report: Cheboksary

The city of Cheboksary, the capital of Chuvashia, is located in the middle reaches of the Volga River between Kubinka and the Urals. July 3, 1986 city awarded the order Red Banner of Labor.

Distance to Moscow 661 km. Distance to other nearest centers of neighboring regions: Kazan - 181 km; N. Novgorod - 247 km; Ulyanovsk - 244 km; Yoshkar-Ola - 93 km. Cheboksary Airport is located within the city. The distance to the nearest airport in Yoshkar-Ola is 70 km. Administratively, the city is divided into 3 districts - Moskovsky, Leninsky, Kalininsky and the territory of Zavolzhye, subordinate to the Moscow district.

Population: 440,800 people (2002). Men: 45.0%.

Women: 55.0%.

There are several interpretations about the origin of the city's name. According to some scientists, the word “Shupashkar” (as Cheboksary is called in Chuvash) means “city or fortified settlement of the Chuvash.” Others believe that it comes from the Turkic word “su bashi”, which means “head of the army.” Consequently, the Chuvash name means “city (fortified place) of a military commander.”

Cheboksary is a city with a long history. IN written sources Cheboksary has been mentioned since 1469, when Russian soldiers stopped here on their way to Khanate of Kazan. However, as a settlement it existed much earlier. According to archaeological excavations in its place from the turn of the 13th-14th centuries. there was a Bulgarian-Chuvash settlement.

Since July 1555, after the voluntary entry of the Chuvash region into the Moscow state, a fortress was founded here to protect the eastern borders of the country. From the late 17th to early 18th centuries, Cheboksary was considered a famous trading city in the Volga region, and in 1781 it acquired the status of a provincial city in the Kazan province. At the beginning of the 19th century, its population was five and a half thousand inhabitants, and industry was limited to a sawmill and several small factories.

Chuvashia is a poor region natural resources. According to Nikolai Vasilyevich Fedorov, the first president of the Chuvash Republic, out of 89 regions of Russia, Chuvashia is in 89th place in terms of mineral resources. The main resources of the Republic are hops (2/3 of Russian hops are produced in the Chuvash Republic), intellectual potential (a large number of high-tech industries are concentrated in Cheboksary) and local brewers who have become famous not only in Russia.

After the crisis of August 1998, many factories (Cheboksary Instrument-Making Plant, Cheboksary Knitwear, Cheboksary Industrial Tractor Plant, Kontur Plant, ZEIM, etc.) are experiencing economic recovery, mastering new technologies, new types of products oriented both to external and to the domestic market.

Many enterprises are already having difficulty coping with the volume of orders received from consumers, so they are increasing production volumes, increasing the employment of workers, introducing new equipment and increasing production capacity.

The following industries are well developed in Cheboksary: ​​electronics, electrical engineering, relay manufacturing, mechanical engineering, textile and heavy engineering. Small medium-sized businesses are also developing in the field of furniture production, provision of services to the population, food production and information services. In terms of the pace of housing construction, Cheboksary, as Mayor Luzhkov admitted, is even ahead of Moscow.

The industry of Cheboksary, in many respects, occupies a leading position in the industrial production of the Chuvash Republic. The city's industrial enterprises produce about 65% of the industrial products produced in Chuvashia. Mechanical engineering, electronics industry, and metalworking are developed. Factories - industrial tractors, machine-building, aggregate, electrical equipment, "Chuvashkabel", etc. Light, food industry. Production of building materials. Hydroelectric power station.

The leading university of the Chuvash Republic is the Chuvash State University.

The Agricultural Academy and Pedagogical Institute. Many central universities of Russia have their branches here: Moscow Cooperative Institute; Institute of Tourism and Service, Moscow Humanitarian-Economic Institute, Moscow State Open University.

Cheboksary today is a unique city where history and modernity are equally interesting, where there are completely original and one-of-a-kind museums and monuments, where cultures - Russian and Chuvash - have been closely intertwined over the centuries and complement each other.

The city is famous for its many churches (25 churches and 4 monasteries), and Cheboksary bells were known in London and Paris.

Theaters: Chuvash Academic Drama named after. K.V. Ivanov, Chuvash musical, Russian dramatic, young audience, puppet. Philharmonic. Art Museum. Local history museum with branches - the Museum of V.I. Chapaev and literary.

Merchant Efremov Boulevard(popularly Cheboksary Arbat) is a pedestrian street in the historical district of the city of Cheboksary.

One of the busiest places in the city, where there are a lot of different museums, stalls with souvenirs, works of artisans and artists.

Boulevard named after a merchant Procopy of Efremovich Efremov, protector of the Chuvash, a peasant by birth, philanthropist, founder of the Efremov dynasty, which did a lot for the improvement of Cheboksary.

At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. on the boulevard (then still Blagoveshchenskaya Street) there were houses of P.E. Efremov and his relatives.

Installed on the boulevard architectural composition of three stones“sun, love and happiness” brought from the Taganay Range in the Southern Urals.

There is a belief that if you put your hand on a stone and make a wish, it will definitely come true.

There is also a small fountain and a monument. A sculpture depicting the heroes of the novel “12 Chairs” by Ilya Ilf and Evgeny Petrov, Ostap Bender and Kisa Vorobyaninov.

ATTRACTIONS OF CHEBOKSARY

The Chuvash people are quite numerous; more than 1.4 million people live in Russia alone. Most occupy the territory of the Republic of Chuvashia, the capital of which is the city of Cheboksary. There are representatives of the nationality in other regions of Russia, as well as abroad. Hundreds of thousands of people each live in Bashkiria, Tatarstan and the Ulyanovsk region, and a little less in the Siberian territories. The appearance of the Chuvash causes a lot of controversy among scientists and geneticists about the origin of this people.

Story

It is believed that the ancestors of the Chuvash were the Bulgars - tribes of Turks who lived from the 4th century. on the territory of the modern Urals and in the Black Sea region. The appearance of the Chuvash speaks of their kinship with the ethnic groups of Altai, Central Asia and China. In the 14th century, Volga Bulgaria ceased to exist, the people moved to the Volga, to the forests near the Sura, Kama, and Sviyaga rivers. At first there was a clear division into several ethnic subgroups, but over time it smoothed out. The name "Chuvash" in Russian-language texts appears with early XVI centuries, it was then that the places where these people lived became part of Russia. Its origin is also associated with the existing Bulgaria. Perhaps it came from the nomadic tribes of the Suvars, who later merged with the Bulgars. Scholars were divided in their explanation of what the word meant: a person's name, a geographical name, or something else.

Ethnic groups

The Chuvash people settled along the banks of the Volga. The ethnic groups living in the upper reaches were called Viryal or Turi. Now the descendants of these people live in the western part of Chuvashia. Those who settled in the center (anat enchi) are located in the middle of the region, and those who settled in the lower reaches (anatari) occupied the south of the territory. Over time, the differences between subethnic groups have become less noticeable; now they are the people of one republic, people often move and communicate with each other. In the past, the way of life of the lower and upper Chuvashes was very different: they built their homes, dressed, and organized their lives differently. According to some archaeological finds it is possible to determine which ethnic group the item belonged to.

Today, there are 21 districts in the Chuvash Republic, and 9 cities. In addition to the capital, Alatyr, Novocheboksarsk, and Kanash are among the largest.

External features

Surprisingly, only 10 percent of all representatives of the people have a Mongoloid component that dominates their appearance. Geneticists claim that the race is mixed. It belongs predominantly to the Caucasoid type, which can be seen from the characteristic features of the appearance of the Chuvash. Among the representatives you can find people with brown hair and light-colored eyes. There are also individuals with more pronounced Mongoloid characteristics. Geneticists have calculated that the majority of Chuvash have a group of haplotypes similar to that characteristic of residents of countries in northern Europe.

Among other features of the appearance of the Chuvash, it is worth noting short or average height, coarse hair, more dark color eyes than Europeans. Naturally curly hair is a rare phenomenon. Representatives of the people often have epicanthus, a special fold at the corners of the eyes, characteristic of Mongoloid faces. The nose is usually short in shape.

Chuvash language

The language remained from the Bulgars, but differs significantly from others Turkic languages. It is still used in the republic and in surrounding areas.

There are several dialects in the Chuvash language. The Turi living in the upper reaches of the Sura, according to researchers, are “okai”. The ethnic subspecies anatari placed greater emphasis on the letter “u”. However, clear features currently not available. Modern language in Chuvashia, it is rather close to that used by the Turi ethnic group. It has cases, but lacks the category of animation, as well as the gender of nouns.

Until the 10th century, the runic alphabet was used. After reforms it was replaced by Arabic symbols. And since the 18th century - Cyrillic. Today the language continues to “live” on the Internet; even a separate section of Wikipedia has appeared, translated into the Chuvash language.

Traditional activities

The people were engaged in agriculture, growing rye, barley and spelt (a type of wheat). Sometimes peas were sown in the fields. Since ancient times, the Chuvash raised bees and ate honey. Chuvash women were engaged in weaving and weaving. Patterns with a combination of red and white flowers on fabric.

But other bright shades were also common. The men carved, cut dishes and furniture from wood, and decorated their homes with platbands and cornices. Matting production was developed. And since the beginning of the last century, Chuvashia began to seriously engage in the construction of ships, and several specialized enterprises were created. The appearance of the indigenous Chuvash is somewhat different from the appearance of modern representatives of the nationality. Many live in mixed families, marry with Russians, Tatars, and some even move abroad or to Siberia.

Suits

The appearance of the Chuvash is associated with their traditional types clothes. Women wore tunics embroidered with patterns. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the lower Chuvash women have been wearing colorful shirts with ruffles from different fabrics. There was an embroidered apron on the front. For jewelry, Anatari girls wore tevet - a strip of fabric trimmed with coins. They wore special caps on their heads, shaped like a helmet.

Men's trousers were called yem. In the cold season, the Chuvash wore foot wraps. As for footwear, leather boots were considered traditional. There were special outfits worn for the holidays.

Women decorated their clothes with beads and wore rings. Bast sandals were also often used for footwear.

Original culture

Many songs and fairy tales, elements of folklore remain from the Chuvash culture. It was customary for the people to play instruments on holidays: the bubble, the harp, the drums. Subsequently, a violin and an accordion appeared, and new drinking songs began to be composed. Since ancient times, there have been various legends, which were partly related to the beliefs of the people. Before the annexation of the territories of Chuvashia to Russia, the population was pagan. They believed in different deities, spiritualized natural phenomena and objects. IN certain time made sacrifices as a token of gratitude or for the sake of a good harvest. The main deity among other deities was considered the god of Heaven - Tur (otherwise - Torah). The Chuvash deeply revered the memory of their ancestors. The rituals of remembrance were strictly observed. Columns made of trees of a certain species were usually installed on the graves. Linden trees were placed for deceased women, and oak trees for men. Subsequently, most of the population accepted the Orthodox faith. Many customs have changed, some have been lost or forgotten over time.

Holidays

Like other peoples of Russia, Chuvashia had its own holidays. Among them is Akatui, celebrated in late spring - early summer. It is dedicated to agriculture, the beginning preparatory work to sowing. The duration of the celebration is a week, during which time special rituals are performed. Relatives go to visit each other, treat themselves to cheese and a variety of other dishes, and pre-brew beer from drinks. Everyone sings a song about sowing together - a kind of hymn, then they pray for a long time to the god of Tours, asking him for a good harvest, the health of family members and profit. Fortune telling is common during the holiday. Children threw an egg into the field and watched whether it broke or remained intact.

Another Chuvash holiday was associated with the veneration of the sun. There were separate days of remembrance of the dead. Agricultural rituals were also common when people caused rain or, conversely, wished it to stop. Large feasts with games and entertainment were held for the wedding.

Dwellings

Селились чуваши вблизи рек в небольших поселениях, именуемых ялами. Планировка расселения зависела от конкретного места жительства. На южной стороне дома выстраивались вдоль линии. А в центре и на севере использовался гнездовой тип планировки. Каждая семья селилась на определенном участке деревни. Родственники жили рядом, в соседних домах. Уже в XIX веке стали появляться деревянные пост