Some voiced and voiceless consonants form pairs.

When forming consonants [p], [l], [m], [n], [j],

Voiceless [x], [x"], [ts], [ch"], [sh"] do not have paired pits of voiced consonants.

Notes

1. Sound [j] in school practice denoted by [th"].

2. The sound [w"] is indicated in writing by the letter ь or some combinations of consonants. A horizontal line at the top means that the sound is long.

Paired voiced consonants at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants, i.e. weak position, sound like their paired voiceless consonants. This phenomenon is called stunning.

Paired voiceless consonants in front of paired voiced consonants, i.e. in a weak position, sound like their paired voiced consonants. This phenomenon is called voicing.

Strong positions for deafness-voicing for consonant sounds are positions before vowels, before sonorants and c.

Consonant sounds are divided into hard and soft. When pronouncing hard and soft sounds different position language. Some consonant sounds form pairs based on hardness and softness.

When writing, the softness of consonants is indicated:

1) using a soft sign: dove, dictionary:

2) using the letters e, e, yu, i, and: remote, linden.

Before soft consonants, the softness of the consonants is not always indicated: bow - ba[n"t"]ik.

Why do you need to write voiceless and voiced consonants correctly in Russian?

Some people treat writing culture superficially. They justify their ignorance in this area with such a common phrase: “What difference does it make how it’s written, it’s still clear what it’s about!”

In fact, errors in spelling words indicate a low level of personal culture. You can't consider yourself developed person, not knowing how to write correctly in their native language.

There is one more fact that testifies in favor of the rule of error-free writing. After all, voiceless and voiced consonants are sometimes found in words that are homophones in oral speech. That is, they sound the same, but are written differently. Incorrect use of a letter in them is fraught with loss or change in the meaning of the context.

For example, the words “pond” - “rod”, “cat” - “code”, “horn” - “rock” are included in this list.

Shameful loss

During your Russian language lesson, you can tell schoolchildren a funny episode from your life. It should be based on the fact that several children did not know how to correctly write in words the letters denoting voiced and voiceless consonant sounds.

And this happened during the school team game “Treasure Hunters”. In its rules it was noted that it was necessary to move along the route indicated in the notes. Moreover, the place where the next letter was hidden was not indicated precisely. The note contained only a hint of him.

The teams received the first letters with the following text: “Road, meadow, stone.” One group of guys immediately ran towards the lawn and found a stone there, under which the letter was hidden. The second one, having mixed up the homophone words “meadow” and “onion”, ran to the garden bed. But, naturally, they did not find any stone among the bright green rows.

You can change history in such a way that the notes were written by an illiterate scribbler. It was he who, when giving instructions to his team members, used “bow” instead of the word “meadow”. Not knowing how to write paired voiced and voiceless consonants, the “letterer” misled the children. As a result, the competition was canceled.

The rule for writing dubious paired consonants according to deafness and voicedness

In fact, checking which letter should be written in a particular case is quite simple. Paired voiced and voiceless consonants raise doubts about the spelling only when they are at the end of a word or are followed by another consonant voiceless sound. If one of these cases occurs, you need to choose a cognate or change the form of the word so that the dubious consonant is followed by a vowel sound. You can also use the option where the letter being tested is followed by a voiced consonant.

Mug - mug, snow - snow, bread - bread; carving - carved, sweat - sweaty.

Didactic game “Connect the word being tested with the test word”

To get more done during class, you can play a game that reinforces skills without recording. Its condition will be a task in which children are asked only to connect test words with the trait being tested. It takes less time, and the work done will be extremely effective.

The game will become more interesting if it is played in the form of a competition. To do this, three variants of tasks are made, where two columns are used. One contains test words. In the other, you need to include those in which voiced and voiceless consonants are in a dubious position. Examples of words could be like this.

First column: bread, ponds, snow, onion, meadows, twig. Second column: onion, bread, meadow, twig, snow, pond.

To complicate the task, you can include in the column with test words those that are not suitable for verification, that is, they are not the same root as those whose spelling there are doubts: snacks, servant, octopus.

Table of consonants according to voicedness and voicelessness

All consonant sounds are divided according to several parameters. During the phonetic analysis of a word in school, characteristics such as softness-hardness, sonority or deafness are indicated. For example, the sound [n] is a consonant, hard, sonorous. And the sound [p] differs from it in only one characteristic: it is not voiced, but dull. The difference between the sounds [р] and [р’] lies only in softness and hardness.

Based on these characteristics, a table is compiled, thanks to which you can determine whether the sound has a softness-hardness pair. After all, some consonants are only soft or only hard.

They also separate voiced and voiceless consonants. The table presented here shows that some sounds do not have a pair on this basis. For example, these are

y, l, m, n, r;
x, c, h, sch.

Moreover, the sounds of the first row are voiced, and the sounds of the second are unvoiced. The remaining consonants are paired. It is they that make writing difficult, since a dull sound is often heard where the letter denoting a voiced consonant is written.

Only paired consonants - voiced and voiceless - require verification. The table reflects this point. For example, the sound “b”, falling into the final position or finding itself in front of another voiceless consonant, is itself “deafened”, turning into “p”. That is, the word “hornbeam” (wood species) is pronounced and heard as [grap].

The table shows that these sounds are paired in terms of voicedness and deafness. The same can be called “v” - “f”, “g” - “k”, “d” - “t”, “g” - “w” and “z” - “s”. Although you can add the sound “x” to the “g”-“k” pair, which often sounds in a deafened position in place of “g”: soft - soft[m'ahk'ii], easy - light[l’ohk’ii].

Didactic lotto game “Doubtful consonants”

So that classes in which the spelling of voiced and voiceless consonants is studied do not turn into a tedious routine, they should be diversified. For a didactic game, teachers and parents can prepare special small cards with pictures and words that contain dubious consonant sounds. A dubious consonant can be replaced with dots or asterisks.

Additionally, larger cards should be made, which will contain only letters indicating paired consonants in terms of voicedness and deafness. Cards with pictures are laid out on the table.

At the leader’s signal, the players take them from the table and cover with them the letters on the large card that they think are missing. Whoever closes all the windows before others and without mistakes is considered the winner.

Extracurricular activities in Russian language

Advantageous options for developing interest in this area of science are evenings, competitions, and KVNs. They are held outside school hours for everyone.

It is very important to create an exciting scenario for such an event. Special attention Care should be taken to design activities that are both rewarding and fun. Such activities can be carried out with students of all ages.

Interesting tasks can also be those that contain an element literary creativity. For example, it is useful to offer the guys:

Make up a story about how the sounds “t” and “d” quarreled;

Come up with as many words with the same root as possible for the word “horn” in one minute;

Write short quatrain with rhymes: meadow-onion, twig-pond.

Alternation of consonants in Russian

Sometimes, contrary to the laws of spelling, some letters in words are replaced by others. For example, “spirit” and “soul”. Historically (etymologically) they are the same root, but have different letters the roots are “x” and “w”. The same process of alternation of consonants is observed in the words “burden” and “to wear.” But in the latter case the sound “sh” alternates with the consonant “s”.

However, it should be noted that this is not an alternation of voiced and voiceless consonants making up a pair. This special kind the replacement of one sound by another, which occurred in ancient times, at the dawn of the formation of the Russian language.

The following consonant sounds alternate:

z - f - g (example: friends - to be friends - friend);
t - h (example: fly - fly);
ts - ch - k (example: face - personal - face);
s - w - x (examples: forester - goblin, arable land - to plow);
w - d - railway (example: leader - driver - driving);
z - st (example: fantasy - fantastic);
shch - sk (example: polished - gloss);
sh - st (example: paved - paved).

Alternation is often called the appearance in verbs of the sound “l”, which is present in in this case beautiful name“el epentheticum.” Examples could be pairs of words “love - love”, “feed - feed”, “buy - buy”, “graph - graph”, “catch - catch”, “ruin - ruin”.

The Russian language is so rich, the processes occurring in it are so diverse, that if a teacher tries to find exciting options for working in the classroom, both in the classroom and outside of class, then many teenagers will plunge into the world of knowledge and discovery, and will become truly interested in this school subject.

Phonetics is a branch of the science of language in which sounds and their alternations, as well as stress, intonation, and syllable division are studied.

Graphics is a branch of the science of language that studies the shapes of the letters of the alphabet and their relationship with the sounds of speech.

Modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters, 10 of which are intended to indicate vowel sounds and are accordingly called vowels. 21 consonant letters are used to represent consonant sounds. In addition, in modern Russian there are two letters that have no sounds are not indicated: ъ(hard sign), b(soft sign).

Vowels and consonants

All sounds of the Russian language are divided into vowels and consonants.

1. Vowel sounds- These are sounds that are formed with the participation of the voice. There are six of them in Russian: [a], [e], [i], [o], [u], [s].

2. Consonants- These are sounds that are formed with the participation of voice and noise or noise alone.

A) Consonant sounds are divided into hard and soft. Most hard and soft consonants form pairs according to hardness-softness: [b] - [b′], [c] - [v′], [d] - [g′], [d] - [d′], [z] - [z′], [j] - [k'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'], [n] - [n'], [p] - [p'], [p] - [p'], [s] - [s′], [t] - [t′], [f] - [f′], [x] - [x′] (the apostrophe at the top right indicates softness consonant sound). For example, bow - [bow] and hatch - [l′uk].

b) Some consonant sounds do not have correlative pairs of hardness-softness, that is, they exist in the language unpaired hard consonants[zh], [w], [ts] (i.e. they are always only solid) and unpaired soft consonants[sh ′], [th], [h] (i.e. they are always only soft).

Notes:

for sounds [й], [ч] it is not customary to denote softness with an apostrophe, although in some textbooks it is indicated;
the sound [ш ′] is indicated in writing by the letter sch;
the overbar indicates double (long) sound. For example, cheek - [sh ′ika], thicket - [bowl ′a], bath - [van a], cash desk - [kas a]. In some textbooks they indicate long consonants like this: [van:a] - bath.

V) Consonant sounds formed with the participation of voice and noise are called sonorous(for example, [d], [d′], [z], [z′], etc.); if only noise is involved in the formation of sounds, then such sounds are called deaf consonants (for example, [t], [t′], [s], [s′], etc.). Most voiced and voiceless consonants in Russian form voiced-voiceless pairs: [b] - [p], [b′] - [p′], [c] - [f], [v′] - [f′], [g] - [k], [g′] - [k′], [d] - [t], [d′] - [t′], [z] - [s], [z′] - [s′], [g] - [w]. Wed: beat - drink, year - cat, live - sew.

G) The sounds [th], [l], [l′], [m], |m′], [n], [n′], [р], [р′] do not form a correlative pair with voiceless consonants, therefore they are unpaired voiced(unpaired voiced consonants are also called sonorous, these are sounds in the formation of which both voice and noise participate). Conversely, voiceless consonants that do not form pairs with voiced ones are unpaired deaf. These are the sounds [h], [ts], [x], [x′].

3. In a stream of speech, the sound of one sound can be likened to the sound of another sound. This phenomenon is called assimilation. So, in the word life the sound [z], standing nearby with a soft [n′], it also softens, and we get the sound [z′]. Thus, the pronunciation of the word life is written like this: [zhyz′n′]. Sound convergence is also possible for sounds that are paired in terms of sonority and deafness. Thus, voiced consonants in positions before deaf ones and at the end of a word are similar in sound to paired deaf ones. Therefore, it happens stun consonants. For example, a boat is a lo[t]ka, a fairy tale is a jump[s]ka, a cart is a vo[s]. The opposite phenomenon is also possible, when voiceless consonants in the position before voiced ones also become voiced, that is misspoke. For example, mowing is ko[z′]ba, asking is about [z′]ba.

Indication of softness of consonants in writing

In Russian, the softness of consonants is indicated in the following ways:

1. Using a letterb(soft sign) at the end of a word and in the middle between consonants: benefit - [pol′za], elk - [los′], etc.

Note. Soft sign does not indicate softness of consonants in the following cases:

a) if it serves to separate consonants, the second of which th(yot): leaves - fox[t′ya], linen - be[l′yo];

b) to differentiate grammatical categories: rye (3 rounds, oil) - knife (2 rounds, small);

c) to distinguish the forms of words (after hissing ones): read (2 sheets, singular), cut (form imperative mood), help ( indefinite form verb-la), as well as adverbs: jump, back.

2. Through lettersAnd,e, e, yu, I, indicating the softness of the preceding consonant sound and conveying the vowel sounds [i], [e], [o], [u], [a]: forest - [l′es], honey - [m′ot], lil - [l′il], hatch - [l′uk], crumpled - [m′al].

3. Using subsequent soft consonants: cog - [v′in′t′ik], plum - [s′l′iva].

Sound meaning of letters e, e, yu, i

1. The letters e, ё, yu, i can meantwo sounds: [ye], [yo], [yu], [ya]. This happens in the following cases:

at the beginning of a word: for example, spruce - [ye]l, hedgehog - [yo]zh, yula - [yu]la, pit - [ya]ma;
after a vowel sound: washes - mo[ye]t, sings - po[yo]t, give - yes[y]t, bark - la[ya]t;
after separating ь,ъ: eat - eat [e]m, drink - drink [yo]t, pour - l[y]t, zealous - zealous.

In addition, after the separation b the letter will represent two sounds And: nightingales - nightingale [yi].

2. The letters e, e, yu, i indicate the softness of the preceding consonant in the position after consonants, paired in hardness-softness: fur - [m′eh], carried - [n′os], hatch - [l′uk], crumpled - [m′al].

Memo:

The sounds [th], [l], [m], [n], [r] are voiced (do not have a voiced-voiceless pair)
The sounds [x], [ts], [ch], [sh ′] are dull (do not have a hardness-softness pair)
The sounds [zh], [sh], [ts] are always hard.
The sounds [th], [h], [sh ′] are always soft.

Phonetic analysis of the word ( sound-letter analysis words)- this is an analysis of a word, which consists in characterizing syllable structure And sound composition of the word; phonetic analysis of a word involves elements graphical analysis. Word for phonetic analysis in school textbooks denoted by the number 1: for example, earth 1 .

When conducting a phonetic analysis of a word, it is necessary to pronounce the word out loud. You cannot automatically convert alphabetic notation into audio, this leads to errors. It must be remembered that it is not the letters that are characterized, but the sounds of the word.

Phonetic order(sound-letter) word analysis (according to school tradition):

1. Write it down given word, divide it into syllables, orally indicate the number of syllables.

2. Put emphasis on the word.

3. Write it down phonetic transcription words (we write the word in letters in a column, opposite each letter we write the sound in square brackets).

4. Describe the sounds (in front of each sound we put a dash and write its characteristics, separating them with commas):

characteristics of a vowel sound: indicate that the sound is a vowel; stressed or unstressed;

characteristics of a consonant sound: indicate that the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or dull. You can also indicate paired or unpaired in terms of hardness-softness, sonority-dullness.

5. Indicate the number of sounds and letters.

Phonetic samples(sound-letter) word parsing(basic level)

Earth - earth
z[z′] - consonant, soft, voiced
e[i] - vowel, unstressed
m [m] - consonant, hard, voiced
l[l′] - consonant, soft, voiced
e[e] - vowel, stressed
__________
5 letters, 5 sounds

They turn black - they turn black
h[h] - consonant, soft, unvoiced
e[i] - vowel, unstressed
r[r] - consonant, hard, voiced
n[n′] - consonant, soft, voiced
e[e] - vowel, stressed
yu[y] - consonant, soft, voiced
[u] - vowel, unstressed
t[t] - consonant, hard, deaf.
___________
7 letters, 8 sounds

What is the difference between vowels and consonants and letters and sounds? What rules do they obey? How are the hardness and softness of sounds and letters indicated? You will receive answers to all these questions in this article.

General information about vowels and consonants

Vowels and consonants represent the basis of the entire Russian language. After all, with the help of their combinations, syllables are formed that form words, expressions, sentences, texts, etc. That is why quite a lot of hours are devoted to this topic. high school.

and sounds in Russian

A person learns what vowels and consonants are in the Russian alphabet already from the first grade. And despite the apparent simplicity of this topic, it is considered one of the most difficult for students.

So, in the Russian language there are ten vowel letters, namely: o, i, a, y, yu, i, e, e, u, e. During their immediate pronunciation, you can feel how the air passes freely through oral cavity. At the same time, we hear our own quite clearly own voice. It should also be noted that vowel sounds can be drawn out (a-a-a-a, uh-uh-uh, i-i-i-i-i, u-u-u-u-u and so on ).

Features and letters

Vowels are the basis of a syllable, that is, they are the ones who organize it. As a rule, Russian words have as many syllables as vowels themselves. Let's give clear example: u-che-ni-ki - 5 syllables, re-bya-ta - 3 syllables, he - 1 syllable, o-no - 2 syllables and so on. There are even words that consist of only one vowel sound. Usually these are interjections (A!, Oh!, Oooh!) and conjunctions (and, a, etc.).

Endings, suffixes and prefixes are very important topics in the Russian Language discipline. After all, without knowing how such letters are written in a particular word, it is quite problematic to compose a literate letter.

Consonants and sounds in Russian

Vowels and consonants letters and sounds vary significantly. And if the first ones can be easily pulled out, then the latter ones are pronounced as briefly as possible (except for hissing ones, since they can be pulled out).

It should be noted that in the Russian alphabet the number of consonant letters is 21, namely: b, v, g, d, zh, z, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, ts, h, w, shch. The sounds they denote are usually divided into dull and voiced. How are they different? The fact is that during the pronunciation of voiced consonants, a person can hear not only the characteristic noise, but also his own voice (b!, z!, r!, etc.). As for the deaf, there is no way to pronounce them loudly or, for example, shout. They only create a kind of noise (sh-sh-sh-sh-sh, s-s-s-s-s, etc.).

Thus, almost everything is divided into two different categories:

voiced - b, c, d, d, g, z, j, l, m, n, r;
deaf - k, p, s, t, f, x, c, ch, sh.

Softness and hardness of consonants

Not everyone knows, but vowels and consonants can be hard and soft. This is the second the most important sign in Russian (after voicing and voicelessness).

A distinctive feature of soft consonants is that during their pronunciation the human tongue takes a special position. As a rule, it moves slightly forward, and its entire middle part rises slightly. As for when pronouncing them, the tongue is pulled back. You can compare your situation speech organ independently: [n] - [n’], [t] - [t’]. It should also be noted that voiced and soft sounds sound slightly higher than solid ones.

In the Russian language, almost all consonants have pairs based on softness and hardness. However, there are also those who simply do not have them. These include hard ones - [zh], [sh] and [ts] and soft ones - [th"], [h"] and [sh"].

Softness and hardness of vowel sounds

Surely few people have heard that the Russian language has soft vowels. Soft consonants are sounds quite familiar to us, which cannot be said about the above-mentioned ones. This is partly due to the fact that in secondary school practically no time is devoted to this topic. After all, it is already clear with the help of which vowels the consonants become soft. However, we still decided to dedicate you to this topic.

So, those letters that are capable of softening the consonants preceding them are called soft. These include the following: i, e, i, e, yu. As for letters such as a, y, y, e, o, they are considered hard because they do not soften the consonants in front. To see this, here are a few examples:

Indication of the softness of consonant letters during phonetic analysis of a word

Phonetics studies the sounds and letters of the Russian language. Surely, in high school you were asked more than once to make a word. During such an analysis, it is imperative to indicate whether it is separately considered or not. If yes, then it must be designated as follows: [n’], [t’], [d’], [v’], [m’], [p’]. That is, at the top right next to the consonant letter facing the soft vowel, you need to put a kind of dash. The following soft sounds are marked with a similar icon - [th"], [h"] and [w"].

Today, almost all children know letters and the alphabet already in early childhood. However, it is recommended to learn letters without naming the letters as they sound in the alphabet. Letters must be taught with sounds. When talking about the letter “B”, it is necessary to call it [b], and not “be”. This is necessary so that it will be easier for the child to combine letters into syllables and words.

However, the world of sounds does not end there. And when the baby grows up, he will have to master such concepts as vowel sounds, hard, soft, paired, voiceless and voiced consonants. I invite you to talk about these today different sounds. We will talk about this in a fairy-tale form, in a form closest to children's perception. I invite you to phonetic tale . This is an expanded version of the tale of sounds, presented in.

So, friendly letters live in a hospitable place. And sounds created a large Kingdom called Phonetics.

Kingdom of sounds - Phonetics

In the kingdom of sounds of the Russian language Phonetics we lived together and got along vowels And consonants sounds. Each sound had its own house. For vowels, the houses were painted red, and for consonants, blue. But the roofs of all the houses were white and changed on their own when the sounds visited each other.

Total in the kingdom 42 inhabitants: 6 vowel sounds [a], [e], [o], [u], [i], [s] and 36 consonants. They lived amicably and often visited each other. And every time they visited each other, magic happened: as soon as they held hands, new sounds were created for new words.

Vowel sounds loved to be sung. Therefore, there was always music playing in their houses. But with consonant sounds it was not possible to sing at all. But they were very pliable and always “agreed” with the vowels in everything. At the same time, they could become hard or soft . For example, the sound [p]. In a word "saw" sounds soft, but in words "dust"- firmly. And all because the sound [i] softened the [p], and the sound [s], on the contrary, made it harder.

This is how consonant sounds, joining hands with vowels, become soft or hard at their request.

However, there were also “naughty” sounds in the kingdom. And although they lived in blue houses and were called consonants, they did not want to change in any way. And this happened on the day when, sitting idly on benches, they argued about who was more important: vowels or consonants. And sounds [and],[w] And [ts] decided to become independent and not obey anyone, especially vowel sounds. They declared themselves hard sounds, which will never become soft under any circumstances! And to prove their firm decision, they painted the white roofs of their houses dark blue.

But compliant and non-conflicting sounds [sch],[th] And [h] They were very upset and afraid that the balance of the ratio of sounds in the kingdom would be upset and decided to remain soft forever. And so that all the residents of Phonetics knew about this, they painted the roofs of their houses green.

However, soon 2 more inhabitants appeared in the kingdom of Phonetics - soft and solid marks. But they did not violate the unity of the sound world. The soft sign helped the consonants become soft, and the hard sign helped the consonants become hard. They built themselves white houses and everyone lived peacefully and amicably.

But not only with their hard and soft characters The inhabitants of the Kingdom of Phonetics were famous. Many of them had and still have their own special preferences. Some sounds loved the sound of falling leaves, while others loved the sound of rain. They even built separate quarters for themselves so that in one the bell always rings loudly, and in the other, as if under a dome, it is dull and noisy... This is how they appeared voiced and voiceless consonants . And a river flows between the blocks.

So in the quarter with the bell the sounds [r], [l], [m], [n], [y], [b], [g], [v], [d], [z], [z] settled . And in a quiet quarter - [p], [f], [t], [w], [s], [k], [x], [ts], [h], [sch]. And some letters became so friendly that they connected their houses with bridges. So there is a bridge between sounds p-b, f-v, t-d, sh-zh, s-z and k-g. This paired consonants .

This is how the amazing Kingdom of Phonetics lives. The sounds visit each other, change, adjust, make noise, shout, sing... They have fun. And in this fun words are born, from them the sentences that make up our speech. By the way, speech happens... However, we’ll talk about this another time.

How to learn soft and hard consonants

These are the complex relationships between sounds. To make it easier for my son to draw phonetic diagrams of words, he and I made very convenient clouds. Using them, it is very easy to determine the hardness or softness of consonant sounds.

Read about how we taught hard and soft consonants using clouds.

How to distinguish between voiced and voiceless consonants

And a very simple technique helped us make it easier for the child to distinguish between voiced and voiceless consonants. When naming the sound, press your palm to your neck. If the sound is ringing, then vibration (shaking) is felt vocal cords. If the sound is dull, there will be no vibration.

For the same purposes, we used the picture with houses and bridges across the river, which you saw above.

Enjoy your acquaintance with the world of Phonetics!

All the best!